1
|
Yan X, Xiang P, Zhao Y, Yu Z, Yan H. Determination of 5-MeO-DIPT in Human Urine Using Gas Chromatography Coupled with High-Resolution Orbitrap Mass Spectrometry. J Anal Toxicol 2020; 44:461-469. [PMID: 32020169 DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkaa005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
5-Methoxy-N,N-Diisopropyltryptamine (5-MeO-DIPT) is a designer hallucinogen derived from tryptamine and its use has been banned by many countries. In this study, a qualitative and quantitative method was developed for determining 5-MeO-DIPT in urine by gas chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry. 5-hydroxy-N,N-diisopropyltryptamine (5-OH-DIPT) and 5-methoxy-N-isopropyltryptamine (5-MeO-IPT) were identified as 5-MeO-DIPT metabolites in abusers’ urine. 5-MeO-DIPT was extracted from urine by liquid–liquid extraction with ethyl acetate under alkaline conditions. The extract was analyzed by GC-Orbitrap-MS in full scan mode with a resolution of 60,000 full width at half maxima (FWHM). The linear range of this method was 2–300 ng/mL with r > 0.99, and the limit of detection was 1 ng/mL. The accuracy and precision were 93–108.7% and 3.1–10.3%, respectively. This method is simple and sensitive. It has been successfully used to detect 5-MeO-DIPT in drug abusers’ urine, which showed that the concentrations of 5-MeO-DIPT were between 1 and 2.8 ng/mL. 5-OH-DIPT and 5-MeO-IPT, two urinary major metabolites of 5-MeO-DIPT, were identified in urine samples from 5-MeO-DIPT users. Furthermore, the stability of 5-MeO-DIPT in human urine was investigated. It was discovered that the concentration of 5-MeO-DIPT in urine decreased by 22.8, 33.2 and 38.2% after samples were stored for 24 h at 25°C, 5 days at 4°C and 7 days at 4°C, respectively. And 5-MeO-DIPT in urine were stable after they were stored for 30 days at −20°C. Therefore, it is recommended that urine should be stored under freezing conditions before performing 5-MeO-DIPT analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiuying Yan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Wenhua Road 103, Shenyang 110016, China
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai Key laboratory of Forensic Medicine, 1347 West Guangfu Road, Shanghai 20063, China
| | - Ping Xiang
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai Key laboratory of Forensic Medicine, 1347 West Guangfu Road, Shanghai 20063, China
| | - Yunli Zhao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Wenhua Road 103, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Zhiguo Yu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Wenhua Road 103, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Hui Yan
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai Key laboratory of Forensic Medicine, 1347 West Guangfu Road, Shanghai 20063, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Proposal of 5-methoxy- N -methyl- N -isopropyltryptamine consumption biomarkers through identification of in vivo metabolites from mice. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1508:95-105. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Revised: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 06/03/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
3
|
Graham DL, Herring NR, Schaefer TL, Holland KD, Vorhees CV, Williams MT. Electroencephalographic and convulsive effects of binge doses of (+)-methamphetamine, 5-methoxydiisopropyltryptamine, and (±)-3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine in rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 5:1-8. [PMID: 25995775 DOI: 10.2174/1876523801205010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The abuse of drugs such as methamphetamine (MA), 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (Ecstasy, MDMA), and 5-methoxydiisopropyltryptamine (5-MeO-DIPT; Foxy) is global. Symptoms from taking these drugs include tachycardia, agitation, hyperpyrexia, and sometimes seizures. We compared the EEG effects of these drugs in male Sprague-Dawley rats (~300 g) implanted with cortical electroencephalographic (EEG) electrodes prior to testing. Animals received four subcutaneous injections of MA, MDMA, or Foxy (10 mg/kg each as freebase, administered every 2 h), or saline as these doses produce lasting effects on learning, memory, and monoamines. EEG tracings were recorded before, during, and after treatment. Animals receiving MDMA showed no significant EEG abnormalities or myoclonus. MA treatment resulted in myoclonic activity and in brief (<10 s) EEG epileptiform activity in ~50% of the rats. Longer seizure activity (10 s to 5 min) was recorded in some MA-treated rats following the third and fourth doses. The onset of myoclonic activity following Foxy treatment occurred shortly after the first dose. All rats receiving Foxy showed seizures by the second dose and this continued throughout the treatment regimen. The results show that binge doses of MA and MDMA, which mimic the neurochemical changes seen in chronic users, increase EEG abnormalities after MA but not after MDMA. While the neurochemical effects of Foxy are not known in humans, this drug causes severe EEG abnormalities and overt seizures in 100% of tested animals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Devon L Graham
- Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH ; Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Nicole R Herring
- Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH ; Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Tori L Schaefer
- Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH ; Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Katherine D Holland
- Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH ; Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Charles V Vorhees
- Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH ; Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Michael T Williams
- Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH ; Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Compton DM, Dietrich KL, Selinger MC, Testa EK. 5-Methoxy-N,N-di(iso)propyltryptamine hydrochloride (Foxy)-induced cognitive deficits in rat after exposure in adolescence. Physiol Behav 2011; 103:203-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2011.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2010] [Revised: 01/14/2011] [Accepted: 01/24/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
5
|
Graham DL, Herring NR, Schaefer TL, Vorhees CV, Williams MT. Glucose and corticosterone changes in developing and adult rats following exposure to (+/-)-3,4-methylendioxymethamphetamine or 5-methoxydiisopropyltryptamine. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2009; 32:152-7. [PMID: 19737610 DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2009.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2009] [Revised: 08/21/2009] [Accepted: 08/29/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The use of the club drugs 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and 5-methoxy-n,n-diisopropyltryptamine (Foxy) is of growing concern, especially as many of the effects, particularly during development, are unknown. The effects of these drugs upon homeostasis may be important since both are known to stimulate the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. The purpose of this experiment was to examine alterations in rats in corticosterone and glucose following an acute exposure to these drugs at different stages of development: preweaning, juvenile, and adulthood. Both MDMA and Foxy increased corticosterone levels significantly at all ages examined, while glucose was elevated at all stages except at the juvenile time point (postnatal day 28). For both measures, there were no differences between the sexes with either drug. The data indicate that an acute exposure to these drugs alters CORT and glucose levels, raising the possibility that these changes may have effects on behavioral and cognitive function, as we and others have previously demonstrated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Devon L Graham
- Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, & Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3039, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Comparison of the developmental effects of 5-methoxy-N,N-diisopropyltryptamine (Foxy) to (+/-)-3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (ecstasy) in rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2009; 204:287-97. [PMID: 19198809 PMCID: PMC2888297 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-009-1459-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2008] [Accepted: 12/30/2008] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE We have previously shown that (+/-)-3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) treatment from postnatal days (P)11 to P20 leads to learning and memory deficits when the animals are tested as adults. Recently, the club drug 5-methoxy-N,N-diisopropyltryptamine (5-MeO-DIPT) has gained popularity. OBJECTIVE Due to the similarities between MDMA and 5-MeO-DIPT and the substitution of 5-MeO-DIPT for MDMA, the purpose of this study was to compare the developmental effects of these drugs. METHODS Within a litter, animals were treated from P11 to P20 with either MDMA, 5-MeO-DIPT, or saline. RESULTS MDMA-treated animals showed increased anxiety in a measure of defensive marble burying, as well as deficits in spatial and path integration learning. 5-MeO-DIPT-treated animals showed spatial learning deficits; however, there were no deficits observed in spatial memory or path integration learning. 5-MeO-DIPT-treated animals also showed hyperactivity in response to a challenge dose of methamphetamine. CONCLUSIONS The results show that treatment with either 5-MeO-DIPT or MDMA during development results in cognitive deficits and other behavioral changes but the pattern of effects is distinct for each drug.
Collapse
|
7
|
Kuwahara T, Nakakura T, Oda S, Mori M, Uehira T, Okamoto G, Yoshino M, Sasakawa A, Yajima K, Umemoto A, Takada K, Makie T, Yamamoto Y. Problems in three Japanese drug users with Human Immunodeficiency Virus infection. THE JOURNAL OF MEDICAL INVESTIGATION 2008; 55:156-60. [PMID: 18319560 DOI: 10.2152/jmi.55.156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Numbers of individuals infected with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) are increasing in Japan. The majority of them are Men who have sex with men and a part of them take drugs as 'Sex drug' at their sexual intercourse. Especially, Amyl nitrite, Methamphetamine, 5-methoxy-N, N-diisopropyltryptamine (5-MeO-DIPT; Foxy), and 3, 4-methylenedioxy- methamphetamine (MDMA; Ecstasy) are used, and they sometimes cause the physical and mental disorders. However, the actual drug inducing troubles among Japanese HIV-infected drug users had not yet been discussed enough. In this report, we describe three cases with HIV infection; a case developed severe neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS) after taking 5-MeO-DIPT, a case with persistent convulsion due to multiple drug intake and a case with rhabdomyolysis due to the non-subjective methamphetamine intake. Through these cases, we raise and discuss several underlying problems associated with drug use among HIV-infected individuals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Kuwahara
- Department of Pharmacy, Osaka National Hospital, National Hospital Organization, Osaka, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Narimatsu S, Yonemoto R, Masuda K, Katsu T, Asanuma M, Kamata T, Katagi M, Tsuchihashi H, Kumamoto T, Ishikawa T, Naito S, Yamano S, Hanioka N. Oxidation of 5-methoxy-N,N-diisopropyltryptamine in rat liver microsomes and recombinant cytochrome P450 enzymes. Biochem Pharmacol 2008; 75:752-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2007.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2007] [Revised: 09/20/2007] [Accepted: 09/21/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
9
|
Sogawa C, Sogawa N, Tagawa J, Fujino A, Ohyama K, Asanuma M, Funada M, Kitayama S. 5-Methoxy-N,N-diisopropyltryptamine (Foxy), a selective and high affinity inhibitor of serotonin transporter. Toxicol Lett 2007; 170:75-82. [PMID: 17382495 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2007.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2006] [Revised: 02/14/2007] [Accepted: 02/14/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
5-Methoxy-N,N-diisopropyltryptamine (5-MeO-DIPT) is a synthetic orally active hallucinogenic tryptamine derivative, known also as Foxy or Foxy methoxy. However, few studies have examined its effects in vitro. In the present study, we investigated the actions of 5-MeO-DIPT against monoamine neurotransmitter transporters, including the transporters for dopamine (DAT), norepinephrine (NET), and serotonin (SERT), using COS-7 cells heterologously expressing these transporters and rat brain synaptosomes. 5-MeO-DIPT specifically inhibited the uptake of [3H]serotonin (5-HT) by the SERT-expressing COS-7 cells and rat striatal synaptosomes in a high affinity manner at concentrations similar to those for cocaine. The effect was reversible and competitive. 5-MeO-DIPT failed to stimulate reverse transport of [3H]5-HT through SERT, while it prevented the releasing action of methamphetamine. 5-MeO-DIPT induced cell toxicity at high concentrations in COS-7 cells, and it was not influenced by the expression of SERT. These results demonstrated that 5-MeO-DIPT acts as a competitive SERT inhibitor and has an inability to cause reverse transport, underlying its serotonergic actions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Sogawa
- Department of Dental Pharmacology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shikata 2-5-1, Okayama 700-8525, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|