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Cao Z, Wang L, Ma R, Hu Y, Bao B, Liu X, Li M, Wang X, Liu P, Li X. Access to essential and innovative anti-cancer medicines: a longitudinal study in Nanjing, China. BMC Health Serv Res 2024; 24:802. [PMID: 38992687 PMCID: PMC11242009 DOI: 10.1186/s12913-024-11285-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the availability, cost, affordability of anti-cancer medicines in Nanjing, Jiangsu. METHODS A longitudinal tracking investigation study was performed to collect information about 24 essential anti-cancer medicines (EAMs) and 17 innovative anti-cancer medicines (IAMs) in 26 healthcare institutions in Nanjing from 2016 to 2020. The availability, cost, drug utilization and affordability of EAMs and IAMs were investigated. RESULTS The availability of EAMs showed no significant changes in Nanjing, but the availability of IAMs showed a significant increase in 2018 and 2019 and tended to stabilize in 2020. For EAMs, the DDDc(Defined Daily Dose cost) of LPGs (Lowest-Priced Generics) showed no significant changes, and the DDDc of OBs (Originator Brands) and IAMs significantly decreased. The DDDs(Defined Daily Doses) of EAMs (LPGs) showed a decreasing trend since 2016 and rose again in 2019. Overall, the DDDs of EAMs (LPGs) decreased by 25.18% between 2016 and 2020, but the proportion selected for clinical treatment remained at 67.35% in 2020. The DDDs of EAMs (OBs) and IAMs both showed an increasing trend year by year, with a proportional increase of 207.72% and 652.68%, respectively; but the proportion selected for clinical treatment was only 16.09% and 16.56% respectively in 2020. EAMs (LPGs) had good affordability for urban residents but poor affordability for rural residents; the affordability of EAMs (OBs) and IAMs was poor for both urban and rural residents. CONCLUSIONS There were no significant changes in the availability and cost of EAMs (LPGs), whose lower prices showed better affordability. Although their relative change in drug utilization showed a decreasing trend, they still dominated clinical treatment. Driven by the national drug price negotiation (NDPN) policy, the availability of IAMs was on the rise. It is necessary to further develop and strengthen policies for essential medicines procurement assessment to improve the accessibility of EAMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoliu Cao
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China
- Nanjing City Qixia District Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210046, China
| | - Lili Wang
- Nanjing City Qixia District Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210046, China
| | - Rui Ma
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China
| | - Yun Hu
- Essential Medicine Division of Qixia District Health Commission of Nanjing City, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210046, China
| | - Baiyi Bao
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China
| | - Xiaohua Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Province Hospital, the First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, China
| | - Mengyuan Li
- Department of Pharmacy, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210011, China
| | - Xiao Wang
- School of Health Policy and Management, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China
| | - Pingyu Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210011, China.
| | - Xin Li
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China.
- School of Health Policy and Management, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China.
- Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China.
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Zhou Y, Naci H, Chen D, Bai L, Shi L, Guan X, Wagner AK. Overall survival benefits of cancer drugs in the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines, 2015-2021. BMJ Glob Health 2023; 8:e012899. [PMID: 37775106 PMCID: PMC10546158 DOI: 10.1136/bmjgh-2023-012899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We examined overall survival (OS) benefits for targeted cancer drugs recommended for List of Essential Medicines (EMLs) since 2015. We assessed consistency of decisions in 2019 and 2021 with more specific criteria: OS benefit >4 months and high scores on European Society for Medical Oncology-Magnitude of Clinical Benefit Scale (ESMO-MCBS). METHODS We identified applications for cancer drug in WHO EMLs from 2015 to 2021. We extracted evidence of OS benefit documented in WHO Technical Report Series (TRS) and compared it to evidence from pivotal trial(s) documented in Food and Drug Administration-approved labels. We retrieved published ESMO-MCBS scores. We summarised availability and magnitude of OS benefit and ESMO-MCBS scores and assessed consistency of inclusion decisions against WHO criteria. RESULTS 22/54 targeted cancer drug indications were recommended. Among them, 68.2% and 31.8% had OS benefit evidence documented in WHO-TRS and pivotal trials, respectively. Among those not recommended, 59.4% and 56.3% had OS benefit evidence documented in WHO-TRS and pivotal trials, respectively. Of 11 cancer drug indications recommended in 2019 and 2021, 54.5% and 9.1% had evidence of OS benefit >4 months in WHO-TRS and pivotal trials, respectively; 45.5% met ESMO-MCBS criteria. Ten targeted cancer drugs had more than one application for the same indications. Five of those were eventually recommended, including three without new evidence of OS benefit. Additional factors, such as reduced cost, and increased treatment options, seemed to be important factors in the selection. CONCLUSION While WHO has defined approval criteria for cancer drugs EML, we identified areas where adherence of these criteria and communication of the EML approval decision-making processes can be improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Department of Pharmacy, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Huseyin Naci
- Department of Health Policy, London School of Economics and Political Science, London, UK
| | - Dingyi Chen
- Department of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Bai
- Department of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Luwen Shi
- Department of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
- International Research Center for Medicinal Administration, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaodong Guan
- Department of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
- International Research Center for Medicinal Administration, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Anita Katharina Wagner
- Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Xu R, Li S, Mu T, Xie X, Xu C, Lv X. Substantial Increase in Accessibility to Essential Anticancer Medicines in Anhui, China: A Longitudinal Study. INQUIRY : A JOURNAL OF MEDICAL CARE ORGANIZATION, PROVISION AND FINANCING 2023; 60:469580231151783. [PMID: 36722617 PMCID: PMC9893346 DOI: 10.1177/00469580231151783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The study aimed to evaluate the change in accessibility of essential anticancer medicines, from 2015 to 2018 in a pilot province for health care reform in China. Data on access to 23 essential anticancer medicines was obtained from 6 provincial tertiary hospitals. A comprehensive analysis was applied to explore these trends. The total utilization of anticancer medicines had increased by an average of 2.57 times (P < .001) during the study period, of which targeted anticancer medicines had the fastest growth rate of 6.45 times (P < .001). The prices of all targeted medicines and original brands (OBs) were showing a downward trend, with the average change rate of -32% and -28% respectively (both P < .001). In contrast, the price of non-targeted medicines and lowest-price generics (LPG) increased by an average of 98% (P < .001) and 117% (P < .004) respectively. All targeted anticancer medicines were found to be unaffordable under this standard of this study, but the affordability of these medicines is on the rise. The study suggested positive changes in the utilization, price, and affordability of the most essential anticancer medicines. In the future, comprehensive strategies need to be conducted to further increase the affordability of targeted anticancer medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rixiang Xu
- School of Huamanities and Management,
Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Zhejiang Province, China,School of pharmacy, Anhui Medical
University, Anhui Province, China
| | - Shuting Li
- School of pharmacy, Anhui Medical
University, Anhui Province, China
| | - Tingyu Mu
- School of Nursing, Zhejiang Chinese
Medical University, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xuefeng Xie
- School of pharmacy, Anhui Medical
University, Anhui Province, China
| | - Caiming Xu
- School of Huamanities and Management,
Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Zhejiang Province, China,School of Law, Zhejiang University City
College, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xiongwen Lv
- School of pharmacy, Anhui Medical
University, Anhui Province, China,Xiongwen Lv, School of Pharmacy, Anhui
Medical University, Hefei 230032 China.
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Pan M, Hu S, Zhang J, Xiang C, Babar ZUD, Yang C. Procurement of medicines to treat cancer, 2015-2020, China. Bull World Health Organ 2022; 100:758-768. [PMID: 36466206 PMCID: PMC9706353 DOI: 10.2471/blt.22.288420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To assess the procurement of medicines to treat cancer in China. Methods We conducted a descriptive analysis of the national procurement data for 20 anti-cancer medicines in China from 2015 to 2020. We estimated the number of defined daily doses procured per year in three areas of China for essential medicines and medicines for targeted therapies. We adjusted the data by the number of cancer patients in each region for each year. Findings Between 2015 and 2020, the number of defined daily doses per patient decreased from 40.87 to 35.86 (-12.27%) for essential medicines, while the number increased from 0.85 to 12.52 (1381.15%) for target medicines. The procurement of three out of 10 essential medicines decreased, whereas procurement of all 10 targeted medicines increased. In 2020, the eastern area procured the most essential medicines (44.98 doses per patient) and targeted medicines (16.55 doses per patient), but had the smallest relative change in procurement of both essential medicines (-22.76%) and targeted medicines (978.16%). The central area had the largest increase in procurement of both essential medicines (9.64%; from 25.25 to 27.68 doses per patient) and targeted medicines (4587.81%; from 0.23 to 10.64 doses per patient). Conclusion Procurement of anti-cancer medicines varied across regions. Specific policies are needed at the national level to eliminate inequalities in access to these medicines. Two issues that need attention are the lower access to many essential anti-cancer medicines in some provinces and the increase in use of targeted medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyuan Pan
- Department of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Xi’an Jiaotong University, 76 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Shuchen Hu
- Department of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Xi’an Jiaotong University, 76 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Jieqiong Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Xi’an Jiaotong University, 76 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Cheng Xiang
- Department of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Xi’an Jiaotong University, 76 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | | | - Caijun Yang
- Department of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Xi’an Jiaotong University, 76 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, China
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Ml H, T W, Jq Z, Yj S, Tj G, Lk Z, J L, Jf Y. Evaluation of external contamination on the vial surfaces of some hazardous drugs that commonly used in Chinese hospitals and comparison between environmental contamination generated during robotic compounding by IV: Dispensing robot vs. manual compounding in biological safety cabinet. J Oncol Pharm Pract 2021; 28:1487-1498. [PMID: 34162245 PMCID: PMC9465550 DOI: 10.1177/10781552211023571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Objectives The aims of the study were to evaluate the external contamination of
hazardous drug vials used in Chinese hospitals and to compare environmental
contamination generated by a robotic intelligent dispensing system (WEINAS)
and a manual compounding procedure using a biological safety cabinet
(BSC). Methods Cyclophosphamide, fluorouracil, and gemcitabine were selected as the
representative hazardous drugs to monitor surface contamination of vials. In
the comparative analysis of environmental contamination from manual and
robotic compounding, wipe samples were taken from infusion bags, gloves, and
the different locations of the BSC and the WEINAS robotic system. In this
study, high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with double mass
spectrometer (HPLC-MS/MS) was employed for sample analysis. Results (1) External contamination was measured on vials of all three hazardous
drugs. The contamination detected on fluorouracil vials was the highest with
an average amount up to 904.33 ng/vial, followed by cyclophosphamide
(43.51 ng/vial), and gemcitabine (unprotected vials of 5.92 ng/vial,
protected vials of 0.66 ng/vial); (2) overall, the environmental
contamination induced by WEINAS robotic compounding was significantly
reduced compared to that by manual compounding inside the BSC. Particularly,
compared with manual compounding, the surface contamination on the infusion
bags during robotic compounding was nearly nine times lower for
cyclophosphamide (10.62 ng/cm2 vs 90.43 ng/cm2), two
times lower for fluorouracil (3.47 vs 7.52 ng/cm2), and more than
23 times lower for gemcitabine (2.61 ng/cm2 vs
62.28 ng/cm2). Conclusions The external contamination occurred extensively on some hazardous drug vials
that commonly used in Chinese hospitals. Comparison analysis for both
compounding procedures revealed that robotic compounding can remarkably
reduce environmental contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Ml
- School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Wang T
- Department of Pharmacy, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhu Jq
- Department of Pharmacy, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Song Yj
- Department of Pharmacy, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Gong Tj
- Department of Pharmacy, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Zou Lk
- School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Liu J
- School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Yan Jf
- School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China.,Department of Pharmacy, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
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Bioguided Fractionation of Local Plants against Matrix Metalloproteinase9 and Its Cytotoxicity against Breast Cancer Cell Models: In Silico and In Vitro Study (Part II). Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26051464. [PMID: 33800366 PMCID: PMC7962846 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26051464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In our previous work, the partitions (1 mg/mL) of Ageratum conyzoides (AC) aerial parts and Ixora coccinea (IC) leaves showed inhibitions of 94% and 96%, respectively, whereas their fractions showed IC50 43 and 116 µg/mL, respectively, toward Matrix Metalloproteinase9 (MMP9), an enzyme that catalyzes a proteolysis of extracellular matrix. In this present study, we performed IC50 determinations for AC n-hexane, IC n-hexane, and IC ethylacetate partitions, followed by the cytotoxicity study of individual partitions against MDA-MB-231, 4T1, T47D, MCF7, and Vero cell lines. Successive fractionations from AC n-hexane and IC ethylacetate partitions led to the isolation of two compounds, oxytetracycline (OTC) and dioctyl phthalate (DOP). The result showed that AC n-hexane, IC n-hexane, and IC ethylacetate partitions inhibit MMP9 with their respective IC50 as follows: 246.1 µg/mL, 5.66 µg/mL, and 2.75 × 10−2 µg/mL. Toward MDA-MB-231, 4T1, T47D, and MCF7, AC n-hexane demonstrated IC50 2.05, 265, 109.70, and 2.11 µg/mL, respectively, whereas IC ethylacetate showed IC50 1.92, 57.5, 371.5, and 2.01 µg/mL, respectively. The inhibitions toward MMP9 by OTC were indicated by its IC50 18.69 µM, whereas DOP was inactive. A molecular docking study suggested that OTC prefers to bind to PEX9 rather than its catalytic domain. Against 4T1, OTC showed inhibition with IC50 414.20 µM. In conclusion, this study furtherly supports the previous finding that AC and IC are two herbals with potential to be developed as triple-negative anti-breast cancer agents.
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