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Reynolds PM, Altiere RJ, Franson KL, Brock TP, Malhotra JV, Wagmaister R, Gleason SE. Predicting the Success of International Pharmacists in a Distance-Based US Doctor of Pharmacy (PharmD) Program: Results from a 5-Year Cohort. PHARMACY 2022; 10:pharmacy10050129. [PMID: 36287450 PMCID: PMC9611323 DOI: 10.3390/pharmacy10050129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: To establish the predictors of success in an international-trained PharmD (ITPD) program between admission criteria and academic performance. Methods: The primary outcome of this study was the correlation of admission criteria with didactic and experiential grade point averages (GPA) for the first 5 years. Candidates meeting the minimum criteria completed a competency exam or the US-Foreign Pharmacy Graduate Equivalency Exam (US-FPGEE). Tests of English language proficiency (TOEFL(R) and ACTFL’s Oral Proficiency Interview) plus interview with faculty, students, and alumni were also required. Scores were correlated with both didactic and experiential GPAs. Results: The 23 students admitted to the ITPD program had a cumulative GPA of 3.72. There was a significant correlation between total admissions score and the median pharmacy and healthcare course category GPA (ρ 0.53), but not other categories. The composite TOEFL did not predict any performance but TOEFL writing and speaking did correlate with advanced pharmacy practice experience (APPE) performance. The OPI scores were associated with higher GPAs overall, in advanced integrated clinical sciences, and APPEs. The admission interview scores consistently and significantly correlated with preceptor-rated APPE GPA, practitioner skills, and professionalism (ρ > 0.5; p < 0.05). Performance in early courses significantly predicted the performance in advanced courses and experiential performance (ρ 0.48−0.61). Conclusion: The correlations between early and late course performance demonstrated the cohesiveness of this program. Further study is needed between the predictors of success using non-cognitive admission criteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul M. Reynolds
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Skaggs, 12850 E Montview Blvd, V20 1116G, Aurora, CO 12850, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(303)-724-3595
| | - Ralph J. Altiere
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Skaggs, 12850 E Montview Blvd, V20 1116G, Aurora, CO 12850, USA
| | - Kari L. Franson
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Skaggs, 12850 E Montview Blvd, V20 1116G, Aurora, CO 12850, USA
- Titus Family Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Southern California School of Pharmacy, 1985 Zonal Ave, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Tina P. Brock
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Skaggs, 12850 E Montview Blvd, V20 1116G, Aurora, CO 12850, USA
| | - Jodie V. Malhotra
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Skaggs, 12850 E Montview Blvd, V20 1116G, Aurora, CO 12850, USA
| | - Rachel Wagmaister
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Skaggs, 12850 E Montview Blvd, V20 1116G, Aurora, CO 12850, USA
| | - Shaun Ellen Gleason
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Skaggs, 12850 E Montview Blvd, V20 1116G, Aurora, CO 12850, USA
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Bates I, Patel D, Chan AHY, Rutter V, Bader L, Meilianti S, Udoh A. A comparative analysis of pharmaceutical workforce development needs across the commonwealth. Res Social Adm Pharm 2022; 19:167-179. [PMID: 36031527 DOI: 10.1016/j.sapharm.2022.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/16/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increasing demographic healthcare challenges, such as increased life expectancy coupled with increased use of medicines for complex morbidities, point to the need for globally applicable transformative policies in health workforce development. The International Pharmaceutical Federation (FIP) has established a set of 21 Global Development Goals (FIP DGs) to strengthen pharmacy workforce and benchmark professional developmental needs. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to identify policy directions and factors affecting pharmacy workforce development across the Commonwealth, and to examine country progress made towards implementing workforce oriented FIP DGs. METHODS The study involved a literature review and a global survey of commonwealth countries professional leadership bodies. The literature database search included PubMed/Medline, CINAHL, Scopus and PsychINFO databases as well as the websites of the respective national pharmacy organisations of Commonwealth countries. A global survey was also conducted to assess country-level alignment with the workforce component of FIP DGs. RESULTS Thirty-one articles representing 21 Commonwealth countries were included in the literature overview. The development needs identified were workforce shortages and inequitable distribution across practice areas and geographical regions, low workforce supply capacity, workforce feminisation, lack of professional recognition, limited training opportunities, low job satisfaction, high workload and attrition. The survey showed disparities in country-level progress and alignment with the FIP DGs. High-income countries in the survey sample reported alignment with most of the FIP DGs, while the low-income countries reported alignment with fewer DGs. More than two-thirds of the countries showed alignment with the FIP DGs related to academic capacity, early career training, quality assurance and advancing integrated services. About half reported alignment with the FIP DGs related to competency and leadership development, respectively, while only a third aligned with the equity and equality DG. CONCLUSION This study identified realistic pharmacy workforce developmental needs across a range of Commonwealth countries. Addressing these needs through appropriate policy interventions will be essential for increasing the pharmacy workforce capacity and assuring the delivery of high-quality pharmaceutical care and medicines expertise in these countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Bates
- UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London, WC1N 1AX, UK; International Pharmaceutical Federation, Andries Bickerweg 5, 2517, JP The Hague, the Netherlands.
| | - Devang Patel
- UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London, WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - Amy Hai Yan Chan
- UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London, WC1N 1AX, UK; Commonwealth Pharmacists Association, 66 - 68 East Smithfield, London, E1W 1AW, UK
| | - Victoria Rutter
- Commonwealth Pharmacists Association, 66 - 68 East Smithfield, London, E1W 1AW, UK
| | - Lina Bader
- International Pharmaceutical Federation, Andries Bickerweg 5, 2517, JP The Hague, the Netherlands
| | - Sherly Meilianti
- UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London, WC1N 1AX, UK; International Pharmaceutical Federation, Andries Bickerweg 5, 2517, JP The Hague, the Netherlands
| | - Arit Udoh
- International Pharmaceutical Federation, Andries Bickerweg 5, 2517, JP The Hague, the Netherlands; College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston Birmingham, United Kingdom
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Review of position statements on antimicrobial resistance and stewardship from professional pharmacy organisations. Res Social Adm Pharm 2022; 18:3974-3979. [PMID: 35842397 DOI: 10.1016/j.sapharm.2022.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Pharmacists play a key role in tackling the global public health threat of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) through contributing to antimicrobial stewardship (AMS) practices. Professional pharmacy organisations describe this AMS role in position statements. Understanding how this role is described, including the why and potential impact is a first step to understanding how this issue is described to the profession, and framed in advocacy. OBJECTIVE To examine how pharmacy's role in optimising antimicrobial use is articulated in pharmacy professional organisations' position statements. METHODS Publicly available AMR position statements were sourced between February 2021 and May 2021 from the available websites of all International Pharmaceutical Federation (FIP) member organisations, supplemented by a general engine search. Descriptive analysis was conducted with a focus on four key themes of interest: 1) rationale for pharmacists' involvement in AMS) 2) characterisation of pharmacists' AMS role; 3) perceived impact of pharmacists' involvement in AMS; and 4) perceived enablers and/or barriers to AMS involvement. RESULTS 17 position statements were sourced and analysed. Professional pharmacy organisations appear to focus on characterising pharmacists as advisors and educators as their primary role in AMS, with this function supported by their medication knowledge and accessibility as a health service. Specific settings, such as hospital or community pharmacy, were often highlighted in the documents, and were associated with the framing of the capacity and nature of pharmacists' involvement in AMS. However, the limitations of pharmacists and their positions were not discussed. CONCLUSIONS There is an opportunity for future research to explore the concordance between the expectation of pharmacists' involvement in AMS as outlined in these position statements, with the reality of their involvement. This is of importance in the primary care setting, as a key access point to antimicrobials globally.
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Clarke-Deelder E, Afriyie DO, Nseluke M, Masiye F, Fink G. Health care seeking in modern urban LMIC settings: evidence from Lusaka, Zambia. BMC Public Health 2022; 22:1205. [PMID: 35710372 PMCID: PMC9202228 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-022-13549-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In an effort to improve population health, many low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) have expanded access to public primary care facilities and removed user fees for services in these facilities. However, a growing literature suggests that many patients bypass nearby primary care facilities to seek care at more distant or higher-level facilities. Patients in urban areas, a growing segment of the population in LMICs, generally have more options for where to seek care than patients in rural areas. However, evidence on care-seeking trajectories and bypassing patterns in urban areas remains relatively scarce. Methods We obtained a complete list of public health facilities and interviewed randomly selected informal sector households across 31 urban areas in Lusaka District, Zambia. All households and facilities listed were geocoded, and care-seeking trajectories mapped across the entire urban area. We analyzed three types of bypassing: i) not using health centers or health posts for primary care; ii) seeking care outside of the residential neighborhood; iii) directly seeking care at teaching hospitals. Results A total of 620 households were interviewed, linked to 88 health facilities. Among 571 adults who had recently sought non-emergency care, 65% sought care at a hospital. Among 141 children who recently sought care for diarrhea, cough, fever, or fast breathing, 34% sought care at a hospital. 71% of adults bypassed primary care facilities, 26% bypassed health centers and hospitals close to them for more distant facilities, and 8% directly sought care at a teaching hospital. Bypassing was also observed for 59% of children, who were more likely to seek care outside of the formal care sector, with 21% of children treated at drug shops or pharmacies. Conclusions The results presented here strongly highlight the complexity of urban health systems. Most adult patients in Lusaka do not use public primary health facilities for non-emergency care, and heavily rely on pharmacies and drug shops for treatment of children. Major efforts will likely be needed if the government wants to instate health centers as the principal primary care access point in this setting. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12889-022-13549-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Clarke-Deelder
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical & Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland. .,University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Doris Osei Afriyie
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical & Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Mweene Nseluke
- Directorate of Clinical Care and Diagnostic Services, Ministry of Health, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Felix Masiye
- Department of Economics, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Günther Fink
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical & Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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Bates I, Meilianti S, Bader L, Gandhi R, Leng R, Galbraith K. Strengthening Primary Healthcare through accelerated advancement of the global pharmacy workforce: a cross-sectional survey of 88 countries. BMJ Open 2022; 12:e061860. [PMID: 35577465 PMCID: PMC9114847 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-061860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Advancing the pharmacy workforce contributes to strengthening primary healthcare and accelerating progress towards universal health coverage. This study aimed to identify key enablers to support policy development for national pharmacy workforce advancement. DESIGN A cross-sectional country-level questionnaire was distributed from July 2018 to March 2019. SETTING National-level or country-level pharmacy workforce development policy. PARTICIPANTS Professional leadership associations and national agencies of the International Pharmaceutical Federation (FIP). The FIP global database included 129 countries. MEASURES The questionnaire was designed to collate data on the scope of advanced and specialist practice in respondent countries. Multiple correspondence analysis and subsequent cluster analysis were conducted to explore the associations and patterns of country-level attributes of systems in place for the pharmacy workforce advancement in order to develop a general transnational model for country-level advanced practice development. RESULTS Eighty-eight countries (68.2% response rate) responded to the questionnaire. Factors that enhance and contribute to advanced practice policy development include the country's socioeconomic factors and the availability of national practice advancement concepts. The essential advancement concepts include the availability of framework and professional recognition systems, programmes assisting advanced practice development and workforce advancement and recognition opportunities. Cluster analysis identified three clusters of country respondents. First cluster included low-income and middle-income with poor pharmacy advancement implementation, second cluster included a higher socioeconomic status with weaker pharmacy workforce advancement implementation and third cluster included upper middle-income to high-income countries and high rates of pharmacy advancement implementation. CONCLUSION The key factors identified in this study can be used to support a transnational approach to pharmacy workforce advancement. The three clusters identified highlighted that workforce advancement was not an exclusive trait of higher-income countries. Lessons from countries that have already adopted concepts of advancement in pharmacy practice could be adopted to other countries to accelerate the progress of advanced practice globally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Bates
- Department of Practice and Policy, Faculty of Life Sciences, UCL School of Pharmacy, London, UK
- International Pharmaceutical Federation, The Hague, The Netherlands
| | - Sherly Meilianti
- Department of Practice and Policy, Faculty of Life Sciences, UCL School of Pharmacy, London, UK
- International Pharmaceutical Federation, The Hague, The Netherlands
| | - Lina Bader
- International Pharmaceutical Federation, The Hague, The Netherlands
| | - Rishi Gandhi
- Department of Practice and Policy, Faculty of Life Sciences, UCL School of Pharmacy, London, UK
| | - Rachael Leng
- Department of Practice and Policy, Faculty of Life Sciences, UCL School of Pharmacy, London, UK
| | - Kirsten Galbraith
- International Pharmaceutical Federation, The Hague, The Netherlands
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Melbourne, Australia
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Alfaifi S, Arakawa N, Bridges S. The relevance of the International Pharmaceutical Federation Global Competency Framework in developing a country-level competency framework for pharmacists: A cross-sectional study. EXPLORATORY RESEARCH IN CLINICAL AND SOCIAL PHARMACY 2022; 5:100095. [PMID: 35478515 PMCID: PMC9030276 DOI: 10.1016/j.rcsop.2021.100095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
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Meilianti S, Smith F, Bader L, Himawan R, Bates I. Competency-Based Education: Developing an Advanced Competency Framework for Indonesian Pharmacists. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:769326. [PMID: 34901084 PMCID: PMC8655862 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.769326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Pharmacists need to be adaptable, flexible, and capable of advancing their practice to adapt to rapidly changing population health needs. We describe an educational approach to pharmacy workforce transformation in Indonesia through an advanced practice competency framework development using an “adopt and adapt” methodology. Methods: The competency framework development process comprised a translation phase, an adopt and adapt phase, validation through a nationwide mapping survey, and a completion phase through leadership consensus panels. We conducted a forward-backwards translation of a previously validated Advanced to Consultancy Level Framework (ACLF) to yield the Indonesian Advanced Development Framework (IADF) draft. The subsequent adoption and adaptation process was conducted through a series of consensus panels. We validated the IADF through a nationwide workforce survey. The final phase included leadership consensus panels with the professional leadership body in Indonesia. We analyzed the qualitative data thematically and the quantitative data using a Multiple Correspondence Analysis (MCA) technique. Results: We identified conceptual challenges in adopting and adapting the existing ACLF, which were addressed by providing a national glossary and concrete examples. A total of 6,212 pharmacists participated in the national workforce survey, of which 43% had <2 years of post-license (post-registration) experience. The MCA results showed that practitioner self-assessment to the IADF could discriminate their career development stages. The results also indicated a four-stage career model (including early years career training). Embedding this model in a structured national training program will enhance the professional workforce development through a more structured career journey. Conclusions: We describe the first validation of an advanced competency development framework for the pharmacy workforce in a non-Anglophone country, showing the possibility of transnational applicability of this framework. We argue that this methodology can be used in Low and Middle-income countries (LMICs) for the more rapid advancement of pharmaceutical care practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherly Meilianti
- Department of Practice and Policy, School of Pharmacy, University College London, London, United Kingdom.,International Pharmaceutical Federation, The Hague, Netherlands
| | - Felicity Smith
- Department of Practice and Policy, School of Pharmacy, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lina Bader
- International Pharmaceutical Federation, The Hague, Netherlands
| | - Roy Himawan
- Indonesian Pharmacist Association, Jakarta, Indonesia.,Pharmaceutical and Medical Devices, Ministry of Health, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Ian Bates
- Department of Practice and Policy, School of Pharmacy, University College London, London, United Kingdom.,International Pharmaceutical Federation, The Hague, Netherlands
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Meilianti S, Smith F, Ernawati DK, Pratita RN, Bates I. A country-level national needs assessment of the Indonesian pharmacy workforce. Res Social Adm Pharm 2021; 17:1989-1996. [PMID: 33766504 DOI: 10.1016/j.sapharm.2021.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Conducting a systematic country-level workforce needs-assessment is a way to develop coherent strategic and justifiable workforce planning. OBJECTIVE(S) This article describes a country-level needs-assessment process using a systematic approach (via the FIP Development Goals (FIP DGs) workforce element) as an analytical framework. The needs-assessment aimed to prioritise gaps toward transforming the pharmacy workforce as a prelude to practice and pharmaceutical services reform in Indonesia. METHODS The needs assessment consisted of three stages: needs identification, needs analysis, and needs prioritisation. The needs (workforce development gaps) were defined as the discrepancies between the perceived workforce challenges and the existing national workforce development projects. Interviews or group discussions were conducted to gather the workforce challenges of individual pharmacists. A structured workshop was conducted to identify workforce challenges and existing organisations' projects, with main stakeholders contributing to pharmacists' development in Indonesia. Perceived challenges findings and identified national workforce projects were mapped to the FIP DGs workforce element. The needs prioritisation was conducted by comparing the proportional mapping to the FIP DGs workforce element. RESULTS There were forty-three individual pharmacists and 7 principal stakeholder categories that provided information related to perceived workforce challenges; thirty national projects were identified from stakeholders. While this study identified perceived challenges with workforce "competency development" and "pharmacy workforce intelligence," there were no active ongoing national projects mapped to those goals. The framework mapping analysis showed there are workforce development gaps centred on "competency development" initiatives, "advanced and specialist development" initiatives, and strategic pharmacy workforce intelligence data gathering. Additionally, there were policy gaps with initiatives for strengthening "working with others" and a lack of clarity on infrastructure for early-career training strategies and workforce impact. CONCLUSIONS This study prioritises the gaps in developing pharmacists in Indonesia. This process could be used in conducting needs assessment of pharmacy workforce development in other Low and Middle-Income Countries (LMICs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherly Meilianti
- UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, Bloomsbury, London WC1N 1AX, UK.
| | - Felicity Smith
- UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, Bloomsbury, London WC1N 1AX, UK.
| | - Desak Ketut Ernawati
- Indonesian Pharmacists Association, Wijaya Kusuma No. 17, Jatipulo, West Jakarta, Jakarta, 11430, Indonesia; Department of Pharmacology and Therapy, Universitas Udayana, Denpasar, Bali, 80234, Indonesia.
| | - Rasta Naya Pratita
- Indonesian Pharmacists Association, Wijaya Kusuma No. 17, Jatipulo, West Jakarta, Jakarta, 11430, Indonesia.
| | - Ian Bates
- UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, Bloomsbury, London WC1N 1AX, UK.
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Barkley S, Marten R, Reynolds T, Kelley E, Dalil S, Swaminathan S, Ghaffar A. Primary health care: realizing the vision. Bull World Health Organ 2020; 98:727-727A. [PMID: 33177765 PMCID: PMC7607456 DOI: 10.2471/blt.20.279943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Shannon Barkley
- Integrated Health Services, Universal Health Coverage and Life Course, World Health Organization, Avenue Appia 20, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland
| | - Robert Marten
- Alliance for Health Policy and Systems Research, Science Division, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Teri Reynolds
- Integrated Health Services, Universal Health Coverage and Life Course, World Health Organization, Avenue Appia 20, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland
| | - Edward Kelley
- Integrated Health Services, Universal Health Coverage and Life Course, World Health Organization, Avenue Appia 20, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland
| | - Suraya Dalil
- Primary Health Care Programme, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Abdul Ghaffar
- Alliance for Health Policy and Systems Research, Science Division, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
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