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Haverić A, Gajski G, Beganović A, Rahmanović A, Hadžić Omanović M, Ćetković T, Haverić S. Medical personnel occupationally exposed to low-dose ionising radiation in Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina: A cytogenetic study. MUTATION RESEARCH. GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2022; 882:503546. [PMID: 36155142 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2022.503546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Medical radiation exposures have been reduced significantly with modern equipment and protection measures. Biomonitoring of medical personnel can provide information concerning possible effects of radiation exposure. However, chromosome aberration (CA) analysis is now recommended only when the estimated effective dose is 200 mSv or higher. In this retrospective study in Bosnia and Herzegovina, we have measured the cytogenetic status of medical workers and healthy volunteers (controls). Peripheral blood samples from 66 medical workers exposed to low-dose ionising radiation and 89 non-exposed volunteers were collected for chromosome aberrations (CA) analysis and the cytokinesis-block micronucleus (CBMN) assay. Higher rates of chromatid and chromosome breaks, acentric fragments, double minutes, micronuclei, and micronucleated binuclear cells were observed in the control group, while the rate of nucleoplasmic bridges was higher in the medical workers group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Haverić
- University of Sarajevo, Institute for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Zmaja od Bosne 8, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina.
| | - Goran Gajski
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Mutagenesis Unit, Ksaverska cesta 2, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Adnan Beganović
- Clinical Centre, University of Sarajevo, Department of Radiation Protection and Medical Physics, Bolnička 25, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina; University of Sarajevo, Faculty of Science, Zmaja od Bosne 35, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Anisa Rahmanović
- University of Sarajevo, Institute for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Zmaja od Bosne 8, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Maida Hadžić Omanović
- University of Sarajevo, Institute for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Zmaja od Bosne 8, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Tamara Ćetković
- University of Sarajevo, Institute for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Zmaja od Bosne 8, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Sanin Haverić
- University of Sarajevo, Institute for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Zmaja od Bosne 8, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
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Kaku Y, Inoue T, Charlie Y, Imai S, Yamamichi F, Fujisawa M. Efficiency of novel shielding curtains combined with pulsed irradiation for reducing radiation exposure in an operating room: Human renal collecting system phantom study. Int J Urol 2022; 29:571-577. [PMID: 35165944 DOI: 10.1111/iju.14825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the impact of novel shielding curtains combined with pulsed irradiation mode to protect medical radiation workers from radiation exposure during ureteroscopy. METHODS 0.25 mm Pb equivalent novel shielding curtains were mounted to the caudal and bilateral sides of the operating table in the ureteroscopy setting. C-arm was positioned as per normal in the operating room with the X-ray tube under the patient table. A water-filled anthropomorphic renal collecting system phantom was positioned in the standard position on the operating table that was set at a height of 100 cm. The ionization chambers were also positioned at a height of 100 cm and set in eight positions. We took measurements at distances of 50, 100, 150, and 200 cm from the phantom with the focus directed toward the X-ray tube. We measured the spatial distribution of the scattered radiation dose in four combinations: (1) continuous irradiation mode without novel shielding curtains; (2) pulsed irradiation mode (11 films per second) without novel shielding curtains; (3) continuous irradiation mode with novel shielding curtains; and (4) pulsed irradiation mode with novel shielding curtains. Continuous or pulsed irradiation was activated for 30 s each time. RESULTS Pulsed irradiation mode with novel shielding curtains was a significantly more efficient method than other combinations to reduce scattered radiation exposure in this study (P < 0.001). There was approximately a 95% reduction in scattered radiation exposure with the pulsed irradiation mode with novel shielding curtains set up as compared with continuous irradiation mode without novel shielding curtains. CONCLUSION Combining a novel shielding curtain and using a low pulse radiation setting can greatly reduce radiation exposure during ureteroscopic procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Kaku
- Department of Urology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Takaaki Inoue
- Department of Urology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan.,Department of Urology and Stone Center, Hara Genitourinary Hospital, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | | | - Satoshi Imai
- Department of Urology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Fukashi Yamamichi
- Department of Urology and Stone Center, Hara Genitourinary Hospital, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Masato Fujisawa
- Department of Urology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
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Biomarkers of Genotoxicity in Medical Workers Exposed to Low-Dose Ionizing Radiation: Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22147504. [PMID: 34299125 PMCID: PMC8304237 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Medical staff represent the largest group of workers occupationally exposed to ionizing radiation (IR). Chronic exposure to low-dose IR may result in DNA damage and genotoxicity associated with increased risk of cancer. This review aims to identify the genotoxicity biomarkers that are the most elevated in IR-exposed vs. unexposed health workers. A systematic review of the literature was performed to retrieve relevant studies with various biomarkers of genotoxicity. Subsequent meta-analyses produced a pooled effect size for several endpoints. The search procedure yielded 65 studies. Chromosome aberrations (CA) and micronuclei (MN) frequencies were significantly different between IR-exposed and unexposed workers (θpooled = 3.19, 95% CI 1.46–4.93; and θpooled = 1.41, 95% CI 0.97–1.86, for total aberrant cells and MN frequencies, respectively), which was not the case for ring chromosomes and nucleoplasmic bridges. Although less frequently used, stable translocations, sister chromatid exchanges (SCE) and comet assay endpoints were also statistically different between IR-exposed and unexposed workers. This review confirms the relevance of CA and MN as genotoxicity biomarkers that are consistently elevated in IR-exposed vs. unexposed workers. Other endpoints are strong candidates but require further studies to validate their usefulness. The integration of the identified biomarkers in future prospective epidemiological studies is encouraged.
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Žauhar G, Dresto-Alač B. Trends in Professional Radiation Exposures of Medical Staff Covered by Personal Dose Monitoring at a Rijeka Clinical Hospital Centre (2000 to 2015). HEALTH PHYSICS 2021; 120:308-315. [PMID: 33086264 DOI: 10.1097/hp.0000000000001321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT The increase in the number of radiological procedures observed in recent years also means greater exposure to ionizing radiation for the medical staff performing these procedures. This is most pronounced in the teams that perform interventional and invasive radiological procedures. The aim of this study was to examine the impact of increasing numbers of radiological procedures on the effective dose received by medical staff and to determine which professions received the highest exposure to ionizing radiation. Data for effective doses of 326 employees of Rijeka Clinical Hospital Centre covered by personal dosimetry in the period from 2000 to 2015 have been analyzed. Employees were divided by sex, by departments in which they were employed, and according to their professions. The analysis has shown that the exposure level of workers working in the ionizing radiation zone is typically well below the dose limits. During 2015, most employees (over 96.3%) received an annual effective dose of less than 0.1 mSv. Only three persons received an annual dose higher than 0.5 mSv, and one person received an annual dose of 6.9 mSv. Comparison of the radiation exposure doses of medical workers of different professions has shown that the highest dose of radiation is received by cardiologists involved in interventional cardiology procedures. Therefore, the additional need is to take care of their protection, check the manner of their work, and ensure more even workload of cardiologists participating in procedures that involve higher exposure to ionizing radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordana Žauhar
- University of Rijeka, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Braće Branchetta 20, 51 000 Rijeka, Croatia and University of Rijeka, Department of Physics, Radmile Matejčić 2, 51 000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Branka Dresto-Alač
- University of Rijeka, Faculty of Health Studies, Viktora Cara Emina 5, 51 000 Rijeka, Croatia
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Park SH, Ko MJ, Park YS, Yun J, Byun H, Park SW. A New Shielding Curtain for Protection of Intraoperative Radiation During Minimally Invasive Spine Surgery. Neurospine 2019; 17:288-293. [PMID: 31614404 PMCID: PMC7136108 DOI: 10.14245/ns.1938282.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Gradually increasing number of minimally invasive spine surgery (MISS), there is an increasing risk of radiation exposure to medical personnel during the surgery. We measured the radiation exposure of the operating room personnel during MISS, tried to find the riskiest person, and checked the effectiveness of a new lead-composite shielding curtain.
Methods Radiation exposure of medical staffs (operator, first assistant, anesthesiologist, and scrub nurse) involved in MISS procedures of 35 patients without shielding curtain (nonshield group) and 35 patients with shielding curtain (shield group). The shielding curtain had 0.25-mm nominal lead equivalent and was mounted on 2 frame bars fixed on the operating table.
Results In the nonshield group, radiation exposure was significantly higher in the order of operator > first assistant > scrub nurse > anesthesiologist (p < 0.001) during both anteroposterior (AP) and lateral views. In the shield group, the radiation exposure of the operator and the scrub nurse decreased significantly by 94.1% and 76.4% in AP view (p < 0.001), and by 96.3% and 73.9% in lateral view (p < 0.001), respectively.
Conclusion Since the radiation dose of the operator was highest in a C-arm-guided MISS, there is a high priority need to protect the operator from the radiation exposure. The shielding curtain could most effectively reduce the radiation exposure of the operator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se Hoon Park
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chung-Ang University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Myeong Jin Ko
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chung-Ang University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yong Sook Park
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chung-Ang University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jaehan Yun
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Keimyung University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Hongsik Byun
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Keimyung University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Seung Won Park
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chung-Ang University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
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El-Benhawy SA, Sadek NA, Behery AK, Issa NM, Ali OK. Chromosomal aberrations and oxidative DNA adduct 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine as biomarkers of radiotoxicity in radiation workers. JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH AND APPLIED SCIENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jrras.2015.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sanaa A. El-Benhawy
- Radiation Sciences Department, Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Nadia A. Sadek
- Hematology Department, Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Amal K. Behery
- Human Genetics Department, Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Noha M. Issa
- Human Genetics Department, Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Osama K. Ali
- Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, University of 6 October, Cairo, Egypt
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Shemetun OV, Talan OA, Demchenko OM, Kurinnyi DA, Papuga MS, Pilinska MA. Frequency of Spontaneous and Radiation-Induced Chromosomal Aberrations in Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes of Individuals of Different Ages. CYTOL GENET+ 2018. [DOI: 10.3103/s0095452718060117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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C V K, E N R, V AK, P R VK, P K M K, G J, Das B. Frequency of chromosome aberrations among adult male individuals from high and normal level natural radiation areas of Kerala in the southwest coast of India. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2018; 828:23-29. [PMID: 29555061 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2018.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Revised: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Chromosome aberration analysis was carried out in peripheral blood lymphocytes of adult male individuals from normal level natural radiation areas (NLNRA, ≤1.5 mGy/year, N = 27) and high level natural radiation areas (HLNRA, >1.5mGy/year, N = 70) of Kerala coast in southwest India. The mean age of individuals from NLNRA and HLNRA was 40.9 ± 9.4 and 43.7 ± 12.4 years, respectively, with an overall mean of 42.9 ± 11.6 (range: 18-80). Whole-blood cultures were set up and about 260 metaphases were scored per individual. The frequency of chromosome aberrations was calculated per 1000 cells. The overall basal frequency of unstable (dicentrics and rings), stable (translocations and inversions) and other (fragments and breaks) aberrations was 1.54 ± 0.25, 4.1 ± 0.40 and 6.66 ± 0.51, respectively. Individuals of NLNRA and HLNRA had statistically similar frequency of unstable (2.11 ± 0.64 v/s 1.39 ± 0.26; RR = 0.66; 95% CI: 0.33-1.33), stable (4.60 ± 0.94 v/s 3.97 ± 0.44; RR = 0.86; 95% CI: 0.55-1.36) and other (7.85 ± 1.23 v/s 6.36 ± 0.56; RR = 0.81; 95% CI: 0.57-1.15) chromosome aberrations. Frequencies of unstable, stable and other chromosome aberrations did not show any dose response after stratification of HLNRA samples into three dose groups (1.51-5.0 mGy/year, 5.01-10 mGy/year and >10.0 mGy/year). Smokers showed an increase in other chromosome aberrations (P < 0.001), but smoking was not associated with unstable and stable aberrations. Alcohol consumption and tobacco chewing had no significant association with any type of chromosome aberrations. In conclusion, chronic low dose radiation prevailing in Kerala coast did not show any significant effect on the basal frequency of chromosome aberrations among the adult population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karuppasamy C V
- Low Level Radiation Research Laboratory, Low Level Radiation Research Section (LLRRS), Radiation Biology & Health Sciences Division (RB&HSD), Bio-Science Group (BSG), Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC), Kollam 691 001, Kerala, India.
| | - Ramachandran E N
- Low Level Radiation Research Laboratory, Low Level Radiation Research Section (LLRRS), Radiation Biology & Health Sciences Division (RB&HSD), Bio-Science Group (BSG), Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC), Kollam 691 001, Kerala, India
| | - Anil Kumar V
- Low Level Radiation Research Laboratory, Low Level Radiation Research Section (LLRRS), Radiation Biology & Health Sciences Division (RB&HSD), Bio-Science Group (BSG), Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC), Kollam 691 001, Kerala, India
| | - Vivek Kumar P R
- Low Level Radiation Research Laboratory, Low Level Radiation Research Section (LLRRS), Radiation Biology & Health Sciences Division (RB&HSD), Bio-Science Group (BSG), Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC), Kollam 691 001, Kerala, India
| | - Koya P K M
- Low Level Radiation Research Laboratory, Low Level Radiation Research Section (LLRRS), Radiation Biology & Health Sciences Division (RB&HSD), Bio-Science Group (BSG), Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC), Kollam 691 001, Kerala, India
| | - Jaikrishan G
- Low Level Radiation Research Laboratory, Low Level Radiation Research Section (LLRRS), Radiation Biology & Health Sciences Division (RB&HSD), Bio-Science Group (BSG), Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC), Kollam 691 001, Kerala, India
| | - Birajalaxmi Das
- Low Level Radiation Research Laboratory, Low Level Radiation Research Section (LLRRS), Radiation Biology & Health Sciences Division (RB&HSD), Bio-Science Group (BSG), Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC), Kollam 691 001, Kerala, India; LLRRS, RB & HSD, BSG, BARC, Trombay, Mumbai 400 085, India.
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Inoue T, Okada S, Hamamoto S, Yoshida T, Matsuda T. Current trends and pitfalls in endoscopic treatment of urolithiasis. Int J Urol 2017; 25:121-133. [DOI: 10.1111/iju.13491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takaaki Inoue
- Department of Urology and Andrology; Kansai Medical University; Hirakata Osaka Japan
| | - Shinsuke Okada
- Department of Urology; Gyotoku General Hospital; Ichikawa Chiba Japan
| | - Shuzo Hamamoto
- Department of Urology; Medical School; Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences; Nagoya Aichi Japan
| | - Takashi Yoshida
- Department of Urology and Andrology; Kansai Medical University; Hirakata Osaka Japan
| | - Tadashi Matsuda
- Department of Urology and Andrology; Kansai Medical University; Hirakata Osaka Japan
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Inoue T, Komemushi A, Murota T, Yoshida T, Taguchi M, Kinoshita H, Matsuda T. Effect of Protective Lead Curtains on Scattered Radiation Exposure to the Operator During Ureteroscopy for Stone Disease: A Controlled Trial. Urology 2017; 109:60-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2017.07.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2017] [Revised: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Basheerudeen SAS, Kanagaraj K, Jose M, Ozhimuthu A, Paneerselvam S, Pattan S, Joseph S, Raavi V, Perumal V. Entrance surface dose and induced DNA damage in blood lymphocytes of patients exposed to low-dose and low-dose-rate X-irradiation during diagnostic and therapeutic interventional radiology procedures. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2017; 818:1-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2017.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Revised: 04/01/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Pinto M, Amaral A. Biological dose assessment after low-dose overexposures in nuclear medicine. RADIATION PROTECTION DOSIMETRY 2014; 162:254-259. [PMID: 24225496 DOI: 10.1093/rpd/nct285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
This paper focuses on the application of dicentric chromosome assay biodosimetry in cases of low-dose overexposures to professionals working in nuclear medicine and discusses how to present the results and associated uncertainties, to make possible a better understanding of biodosimetric reports. Five examples are presented of low or possibly zero exposure dose that are illustrative of typical problems that arise in occupational settings, in this instance in nuclear medicine departments. This is a scenario of minor concern in terms of health consequences but it is relevant in legal terms. They pose dilemmas for investigators but biological dosimetry can make a valuable contribution to resolving the cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela Pinto
- Nuclear Energy Department of Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Cidade Universitária, Av. Professor Luiz Freire, 1000, 50740-540 Recife, Brazil
| | - Ademir Amaral
- Nuclear Energy Department of Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Cidade Universitária, Av. Professor Luiz Freire, 1000, 50740-540 Recife, Brazil
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Current attitudes of Turkish anesthesiologists to radiation exposure. J Anesth 2013; 27:874-8. [PMID: 23653104 DOI: 10.1007/s00540-013-1623-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2013] [Accepted: 04/22/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to investigate the attitudes of anesthesiologists to radiation exposure and current safety practice in Turkey. METHODS The study enrolled anesthesiologists from all over Turkey, including all levels of academic degrees and all types of different institutions. Questionnaire forms were sent via e-mail to 505 anesthesiologists. The survey collected demographic data such as age, gender, position, and the institution at which the participant worked, and data about the frequency of radiation exposure during procedures and the participant's attitudes concerning radiation safety measures during these procedures. RESULTS The questionnaire forms were delivered to 491 anesthesiologists, and 301 (61.3 %) of these were returned. Of these, 9 had not completed the questionnaire because of a lack of exposure to radiation. Among the remaining 292 personnel, the weekly frequencies of radiation exposure were more than five times (36.7 %), one to five times (50.3 %), and less than once (13 %) per week, respectively. Only a few anesthesiologists regularly wore a lead apron (30.11 %) and a thyroid shield (11.3 %) during procedures involving radiation exposure. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated that nearly all anesthesiologists are regularly exposed to radiation and that few anesthesiologists in Turkey wear protective clothing, which is essential for radiation protection. Therefore, if it is not, increasing awareness about radiation protection should be an integral part of medical training and education.
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Abstract
PURPOSE A questionnaire was administered to urologists to evaluate attitudes and behaviors about protection from radiation exposure during fluoroscopy guided endourological procedures. MATERIALS AND METHODS The questionnaire was e-mailed to 1,482 urologists, including urology residents, specialists and urologists holding all levels of academic degrees, between May and June 2011. The questionnaire administered to study participants was composed of demographic questions, and questions on radiation exposure frequency, and the use of dosimeters and flexible protective clothes. If a respondent reported not using dosimeters or protective clothes, additional questions asked for the reason. RESULTS Of the 1,482 questionnaires 394 (26.58%) were returned, of which 363 had completed answers. A total of 307 physicians (84.58%) were exposed to ionizing radiation, of whom 79.61% stated that they perform percutaneous nephrolithotomy at the clinic. Fluoroscopy guidance was the initial choice of 96.19% of urologists during percutaneous nephrolithotomy. Despite the common use of lead aprons (75.24%) most urologists did not use dosimeters (73.94%), eyeglasses (76.95%) or gloves (66.67%) while 46.44% always used thyroid shields during fluoroscopy. When asked why they did not use protective clothing, the most common answers were that protective clothes are not ergonomic and not practical. CONCLUSIONS Results clearly highlight the lack of use of ionizing radiation protection devices and dosimeters during commonly performed fluoroscopy guided endourological procedures among urologists in Turkey.
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