Distinguishing Smilax glabra and Smilax china rhizomes by flow-injection mass spectrometry combined with principal component analysis

Smilaxchina L. polyphenols inhibit LPS-induced macrophage M1 polarization to alleviate inflammation through NF-κB signaling pathway in vitro and in vivo

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

As an important component of the cell wall of Gram-negative bacteria, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is an important inducer of inflammation in humans. Smilax china L. is known for its diverse bioactive functions, particularly its anti-inflammatory effects.

AIM OF THE STUDY

This study aimed to investigate the bioactive function of Smilax china L. polyphenols (SCLP) on LPS-induced inflammation.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Inflammation in RAW264.7 macrophages and mice were induced using LPS. The cytotoxicity of SCLP was investigated by MTT assay. Inflammatory factors were detected by ELISA and RT-PCR. The expression of NF-κB pathway-related proteins was analyzed by Western Blotting.

RESULTS

The results demonstrated that SCLP significantly reduced the levels of pro-inflammatory factors (TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6) and inhibited M1 polarization of macrophages in both RAW264.7 macrophages and mice (p < 0.05). Western Blotting analysis revealed that the levels of NF-κB signaling pathway-associated proteins (p-p65, p-IKB, p-IKK) were significantly reduced (p < 0.05). Notably, SCLP significantly downregulated the expression of pro-apoptotic proteins, while upregulating the expression of anti-apoptotic proteins in RAW264.7 macrophages (p < 0.05). Additionally, the levels of antioxidant enzymes were enhanced in mice, suggesting a potential reduction in the inflammatory response.

CONCLUSIONS

These findings indicated that SCLP might inhibit LPS-induced M1 polarization through the NF-κB signaling pathway, thereby reducing inflammation. Consequently, SCLP might serve as a promising bioactive substance for preventing inflammation-related injury.

Deciphering the toxicity mechanism of haloquinolines on Chlorella pyrenoidosa using QSAR and metabolomics approaches

The hazardous potential of haloquinolines (HQLs) is becoming an issue of great concern due to its wide and long-term usage in many personal care products. We examined the growth inhibition, structure-activity relationship, and toxicity mechanism of 33 HQLs on Chlorella pyrenoidosa using the 72-h algal growth inhibition assay, three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationship (3D-QSAR), and metabolomics. We found that the IC₅₀ (half maximal inhibitory concentration) values for 33 compounds ranged from 4.52 to > 150 mg·L^-1, most tested compounds were toxic (1 mg·L^-1 < IC₅₀ < 10 mg·L^-1) or harmful (10 mg·L^-1 < IC₅₀ < 100 mg·L^-1) for the aquatic ecosystem. Hydrophobic properties of HQLs dominate their toxicity. Halogen atoms with large volume appear at the 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7-positions of the quinoline ring to significantly increase the toxicity. In algal cells, HQLs can block diverse carbohydrates, lipids, and amino acid metabolism pathways, thereby resulting in energy usage, osmotic pressure regulation, membrane integrity, oxidative stress disorder, thus fatally damaging algal cells. Therefore, our results provide insight into the toxicity mechanism and ecological risk of HQLs.