Synthesis of bioactive quinazolin-4(3H)-one derivatives via microwave activation tailored by phase-transfer catalysis

Biological Evaluation, Molecular Docking Analyses, and ADME Profiling of Certain New Quinazolinones as Anti-colorectal Agents

Colorectal carcinogenesis is a complex process, which is linked to dysregulation of human secretory phospholipases A₂ (hsPLA₂-G-IIA, hsPLA₂-G-V, and hsPLA₂-G-X), proteases (cathepsin-B, collagenase, thrombin, elastase, and trypsin), carbohydrate hydrolyzing enzymes (α-amylase and α-glucosidase), and free radical generating enzyme (xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR)). Therefore, some new quinazolinones were synthesized and evaluated as inhibitors against this array of enzymes as well as cytotoxic agents on LoVo and HCT-116 cells of colorectal cancer. Compounds 3g, 10, 8, 3c, and 1c exhibited promising cytotoxic effects with IC₅₀ values ranging from 206.07 to 459.79 μM. Nine compounds showed promising enzymatic inhibitory effects, 3b, 3d, 3f, 5, 1a, and 12 (α-amylase), 8 (thrombin, elastase and trypsin), 10 (hsPLA₂-G-IIA and hsPLA₂-G-V), and 3f (α-glucosidase and XOR). Therefore, the most active inhibitors, were subjected to validated molecular docking studies to identify their affinities and binding modes. The expected physicochemical and pharmacokinetic features of the active candidates, 1a, 1c, 3b, 3c, 3d, 3f, 3g, 5, 8, 10, and 12 were predicted using bioavailability radar charts and boiled-egg graphical representations along with the Lipinski rule of five filter. Collectively, these studies showed the significance of derivatives 1c, 3b, 3c, 3d, 8, 10, and 12 as lead scaffolds for further optimization to develop enzymes inhibitors and anti-colorectal agents.

Effect of Acute Exposure to the Ionic Liquid 1-Methyl-3-octylimidazolium Chloride on the Embryonic Development and Larval Thyroid System of Zebrafish

Simple Summary

In this study, we aimed to evaluate the effect of acute exposure to the ionic liquid 1-methyl-3-octylimidazolium chloride on the embryonic development and larval thyroid system of zebrafish. The results showed that the fish embryonic development, thyroid hormone level, and expression of HPTs-related genes were altered, suggesting that the ionic liquid [C8mim]Cl might pose an aquatic environmental threat to fish.

Abstract

Previous studies have shown that ILs can induce toxicity in animals, plants, and cells. However, the effect of imidazolium-based ILs on the hypothalamus–pituitary–thyroid (HPT) axis of fish remains unknown. The present study aimed to evaluate the acute effect of [C8mim]Cl on the embryonic development and thyroid-controlled internal secretion system of zebrafish by determining the thyroid hormone level and the expression of HPT-related genes. The results obtained for embryonic developmental toxicity showed the survival rate, heart beats, and body length of fish had decreased 96 h after exposure to [C8mim]Cl, but the hatching rate had increased by the 48 h time point. The transcription levels of HTP-related genes showed that the genes dio3, tg, ttr, tsh, trhrα, trhrβ, trhr2, and tpo were up-regulated, while the expression levels of dio1, trh, tshr, and nis were significantly suppressed. Furthermore, we found that exposure to [C8mim]Cl induced an alteration in the levels of thyroid hormones that increased the T3 but decreased the T4 content. In conclusion, our study indicated that acute exposure to [C8mim]Cl altered the expression of HTP-related genes and disturbed the thyroid hormone level, suggesting that the ionic liquid [C8mim]Cl might pose an aquatic environmental threat to fish.

A novel powerful Choline Chloride – Thiourea /Sulfuric Acid, efficient and recyclable catalyst via microwave‐assisted for the synthesis of Quinazolin- 4(3H)–one derivatives as Antibacterial Agents in green media

Background:

Choline Chloride - Thiourea / Sulfuric Acid is a powerful and efficient green catalyst used for one-pot synthesis of quinazoline-4 (3H) -one derivatives via a reaction between various amines, acetic anhydride, and anthranilic acid under microwave irradiation and solvent-free conditions (4a-q). Microwave irradiation, which is a faster, more cost-effective, less energy-intensive, and more efficient method than conventional heating, has been used to synthesize some quinazolinone derivatives.

Introduction:

For the past ten years, one of the major subjects in synthetic organic chemistry has been green synthesis, which has used efficient and environmentally friendly methods to synthesize biological compounds. The use of catalysts has significant advantages, including ease of preparation and separation, chemical and thermal stability, and environmental friendliness due to features such as reusability, low cost, and efficient, easy workup techniques. Therefore, the mechanism is performed by a non-toxic organic catalyst that uses the least energy and chemical reactants in accordance with the principles of green chemistry and least waste.

Methods:

One-pot and sequential addition methods have been used to synthesize quinazolinone derivatives. In the sequential addition method, the reaction was started by adding acetic anhydride and anthranilic acid to the reaction vessel under microwave irradiation and continued by adding choline chloride thiourea / sulfuric acid as efficient recyclable green catalysts and the desired amine. In vitro, the well diffusion method against different pathogenic strains was used to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of quinazoline-4 (3H) -one derivatives. Pathogenic strains used were Candida albicans ATCC 10231 (yeast), Aspergillus niger ATCC 16404 (fungus), Escherichia coli ATCC 8739, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 9027 (bacteria) and ATCC 6538, and Staphylococcus aureus S. epidermidis ATCC 12228. Pyrimidine-containing compounds in which the 3-hydroxyl, 2,5-Dimethoxy, 4-bromo, 4 ‐ Methoxy, and 4 ‐ chloro groups are attached to the phenyl ring of pyrimidine exhibit antimicrobial properties.

Results:

In a short reaction time, a variety of biologically active quinazolinone derivatives were synthesized with a high efficiency. According to the results, it was found that with aliphatic amines, the reaction time was shorter and the reaction efficiency was higher. Products synthesized from aromatic amines had more antibacterial properties.

Conclusion:

In this work, a variety of 2-methyl-quinazoline-4 (3H) -one derivatives (4a–q) were synthesized as potent antibacterial agents under microwave irradiation and solvent-free conditions in the presence of ChCl-thiourea / H2SO4 as an efficient, eco-friendly, and recyclable catalyst.