Nanobiotechnology medical applications: Overcoming challenges through innovation

Antibacterial Pathways in Transition Metal-Based Nanocomposites: A Mechanistic Overview

Across the planet, outbreaks of bacterial illnesses pose major health risks and raise concerns. Photodynamic, photothermal, and metal ion release effects of transition metal-based nanocomposites (TMNs) were recently shown to be highly effective in reducing bacterial resistance and upsurges in outbreaks. Surface plasmonic resonance, photonics, crystal structures, and optical properties of TMNs have been used to regulate metal ion release, produce oxidative stress, and generate heat for bactericidal applications. The superior properties of TMNs provide a chance to investigate and improve their antimicrobial actions, perhaps leading to therapeutic interventions. In this review, we discuss three alternative antibacterial strategies based on TMNs of photodynamic therapy, photothermal therapy, and metal ion release and their mechanistic actions. The scientific community has made significant efforts to address the safety, effectiveness, toxicity, and biocompatibility of these metallic nanostructures; significant achievements and trends have been highlighted in this review. The combination of therapies together has borne significant results to counter antimicrobial resistance (4-log reduction). These three antimicrobial pathways are separated into subcategories based on recent successes, highlighting potential needs and challenges in medical, environmental, and allied industries.

Camels' biological fluids contained nanobodies: promising avenue in cancer therapy

Cancer is a major health concern and accounts for one of the main causes of death worldwide. Innovative strategies are needed to aid in the diagnosis and treatment of different types of cancers. Recently, there has been an evolving interest in utilizing nanobodies of camel origin as therapeutic tools against cancer. Nanotechnology uses nanobodies an emerging attractive field that provides promises to researchers in advancing different scientific sectors including medicine and oncology. Nanobodies are characteristically small-sized biologics featured with the ability for deep tissue penetration and dissemination and harbour high stability at high pH and temperatures. The current review highlights the potential use of nanobodies that are naturally secreted in camels’ biological fluids, both milk and urine, in the development of nanotechnology-based therapy for treating different typesQuery of cancers and other diseases. Moreover, the role of nano proteomics in the invention of novel therapeutic agents specifically used for cancer intervention is also illustrated.

Emerging Trends in Nanomaterials for Antibacterial Applications

Around the globe, surges of bacterial diseases are causing serious health threats and related concerns. Recently, the metal ion release and photodynamic and photothermal effects of nanomaterials were demonstrated to have substantial efficiency in eliminating resistance and surges of bacteria. Nanomaterials with characteristics such as surface plasmonic resonance, photocatalysis, structural complexities, and optical features have been utilized to control metal ion release, generate reactive oxygen species, and produce heat for antibacterial applications. The superior characteristics of nanomaterials present an opportunity to explore and enhance their antibacterial activities leading to clinical applications. In this review, we comprehensively list three different antibacterial mechanisms of metal ion release, photodynamic therapy, and photothermal therapy based on nanomaterials. These three different antibacterial mechanisms are divided into their respective subgroups in accordance with recent achievements, showcasing prospective challenges and opportunities in clinical, environmental, and related fields.

Revealing the therapeutic effects of aminolevulinate mediated femtosecond laser induced photo-chemotherapy in different cancer cells

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a photo chemotherapeutic strategy that is the application of photosensitizing agent and light on disease or tumor site. The aim of this study is to confirm the feasibility for femtosecond (fs) laser for aminolevulinate (ALA) mediated PDT on skin, breast and bladder cancer cells. Also the remarkable aspects of ALA mediated and laser induced PDT with respect to other literally known applications were investigated.

Metastatic melanoma cells SK-MEL30, mammary epithelial carcinoma cells MCF-7 and bladder cancer cells UMUC-3 were treated with ALA and then the cells were irradiated by fs laser at thirty wavelengths in between 230 and 800 nm for 30s and 60s. Anti-cancer effects of ALA phototherapy on different cancer cell lines were determined. Protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) accumulation was visualized by confocal microscopy. The effective PDT wavelengths were applied to evaluate the degree of apoptosis and necrosis in cells.

The viability tests demonstrated that wavelengths 400-440 nm and 600-630 nm were found to decrease the viability on three model cell lines. PDT at 630 nm exerted cell death by necrosis and apoptosis after 30 s and 60 s periods.

This paper confirms that ALA and femtosecond laser mediated PDT may be used together as therapeutic and diagnostic method to target breast, skin and urinary bladder cancer cells. The use of fs laser allows the flexibility for optimization of wavelength for photosensitizing agents.