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Clayton HM, MacKechnie-Guire R, Hobbs SJ. Riders' Effects on Horses-Biomechanical Principles with Examples from the Literature. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3854. [PMID: 38136891 PMCID: PMC10741103 DOI: 10.3390/ani13243854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Movements of the horse and rider in equestrian sports are governed by the laws of physics. An understanding of these physical principles is a prerequisite to designing and interpreting biomechanical studies of equestrian sports. This article explains and explores the biomechanical effects between riders and horses, including gravitational and inertial forces, turning effects, and characteristics of rider technique that foster synchronous movement with the horse. Rider symmetry, posture, and balance are discussed in the context of their relationship to rider skill level and their effects on the horse. Evidence is presented to support the feasibility of improving equestrian performance by off-horse testing followed by unmounted therapy and exercises to target the identified deficiencies. The elusive quality of harmony, which is key to a true partnership between riders and horses, is explored and described in biomechanical terms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilary Mary Clayton
- Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Russell MacKechnie-Guire
- Equine Department, Hartpury University, Hartpury House, Gloucester, Gloucestershire GL19 3BE, UK;
| | - Sarah Jane Hobbs
- Research Centre for Applied Sport, Physical Activity and Performance, University of Central Lancashire, Preston PR1 2HE, UK;
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2
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Best R, Williams JM, Pearce J. The Physiological Requirements of and Nutritional Recommendations for Equestrian Riders. Nutrients 2023; 15:4977. [PMID: 38068833 PMCID: PMC10708571 DOI: 10.3390/nu15234977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Equestrian sport is under-researched within the sport science literature, creating a possible knowledge vacuum for athletes and support personnel wishing to train and perform in an evidence-based manner. This review aims to synthesise available evidence from equitation, sport, and veterinary sciences to describe the pertinent rider physiology of equestrian disciplines. Estimates of energy expenditure and the contribution of underpinning energy systems to equestrian performance are used to provide nutrition and hydration recommendations for competition and training in equestrian disciplines. Relative energy deficiency and disordered eating are also considered. The practical challenges of the equestrian environment, including competitive, personal, and professional factors, injury and concussion, and female participation, are discussed to better highlight novelty within equestrian disciplines compared to more commonly studied sports. The evidence and recommendations are supported by example scenarios, and future research directions are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russ Best
- Centre for Sport Science & Human Performance, Waikato Institute of Technology, Te Pūkenga, Hamilton 3200, New Zealand
| | - Jane M. Williams
- Department of Animal Science, Hartpury University, Hartpury Gl19 3BE, UK;
| | - Jeni Pearce
- High Performance Sport New Zealand, Auckland 0632, New Zealand;
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Wilkins CA, Nankervis K, Protheroe L, Draper SB. Static pelvic posture is not related to dynamic pelvic tilt or competition level in dressage riders. Sports Biomech 2023; 22:1290-1302. [PMID: 32811291 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2020.1797150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Static assessment and grouping of riders by competition level are prevalent in equestrian coaching practice and research. This study explored sagittal pelvic tilt in 35 competitive dressage riders to analyse the relationship between static and dynamic postures and assess the interaction of competition level. Riders were assessed using optical motion capture on a riding simulator at halt and in walk, trot, and left and right canter. Mean, minimum and maximum pelvic tilt, and range of motion (ROM) were measured as the pitch rotation of a rigid body formed by markers placed on the rider's left/right anterior and posterior superior iliac spines and sacrum, averaged over six time-normalised strides. Three key results emerged: (1) there are correlations between the rider's mean pelvic tilt in simulated walk, trot and canter, but not at halt; (2) mean pelvic tilt values are not significantly influenced by competition level (p = 0.233); and (3) the minimum and maximum pelvic tilt values illustrate individual strategies between gaits. Therefore, results from static assessment and grouping of riders by competition level should be interpreted with caution. Riders should be assessed as individuals, during dynamic riding-specific tasks, to understand their postural strategies.
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Hobbs SJ, Alexander J, Wilkins C, St. George L, Nankervis K, Sinclair J, Penhorwood G, Williams J, Clayton HM. Towards an Evidence-Based Classification System for Para Dressage: Associations between Impairment and Performance Measures. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2785. [PMID: 37685049 PMCID: PMC10487214 DOI: 10.3390/ani13172785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2023] [Revised: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
This study follows a previously defined framework to investigate the impact of impairment on performance in Para dressage athletes. Twenty-one elite Para dressage athletes (grades I to V) and eleven non-disabled dressage athletes (competing at Prix St. Georges or Grand Prix) participated. Data were collected in two phases: performing a two minute custom dressage test on a riding simulator while kinematic data were synchronously collected using inertial measurement units (2000 Hz) and optical motion capture (100 Hz), and clinically assessed using a battery of impairment assessment tools administered by qualified therapists. Impairment and performance measures were compared between Para and non-disabled athletes. Significant differences between athlete groups were found for all impairment measures and two performance measures: simulator trunk harmonics (p = 0.027) and athlete trunk dynamic symmetry (p < 0.001). Impairment assessments of sitting function and muscle tone could predict 19 to 35% of the impact of impairment on performance in Para athletes but not in non-disabled athletes. These findings provide the basis for a robust, scientific evidence base, which can be used to aid in the refinement of the current classification system for Para dressage, to ensure that it is in line with the International Paralympic Committee's mandate for evidence-based systems of classification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Jane Hobbs
- Research Centre for Applied Sport, Physical Activity and Performance, University of Central Lancashire, Preston PR1 2HE, UK; (J.A.); (L.S.G.); (J.S.)
| | - Jill Alexander
- Research Centre for Applied Sport, Physical Activity and Performance, University of Central Lancashire, Preston PR1 2HE, UK; (J.A.); (L.S.G.); (J.S.)
| | - Celeste Wilkins
- Sport and Exercise Department, Hartpury University, Hartpury, Gloucester GL19 3BE, UK;
| | - Lindsay St. George
- Research Centre for Applied Sport, Physical Activity and Performance, University of Central Lancashire, Preston PR1 2HE, UK; (J.A.); (L.S.G.); (J.S.)
| | - Kathryn Nankervis
- Equine Department, Hartpury University, Hartpury, Gloucester GL19 3BE, UK; (K.N.); (J.W.); (H.M.C.)
| | - Jonathan Sinclair
- Research Centre for Applied Sport, Physical Activity and Performance, University of Central Lancashire, Preston PR1 2HE, UK; (J.A.); (L.S.G.); (J.S.)
| | - Gemma Penhorwood
- Department of Animal and Agriculture, Hartpury University, Hartpury, Gloucester GL19 3BE, UK;
| | - Jane Williams
- Equine Department, Hartpury University, Hartpury, Gloucester GL19 3BE, UK; (K.N.); (J.W.); (H.M.C.)
| | - Hilary M. Clayton
- Equine Department, Hartpury University, Hartpury, Gloucester GL19 3BE, UK; (K.N.); (J.W.); (H.M.C.)
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5
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Hobbs SJ, Serra Braganca FM, Rhodin M, Hernlund E, Peterson M, Clayton HM. Evaluating Overall Performance in High-Level Dressage Horse-Rider Combinations by Comparing Measurements from Inertial Sensors with General Impression Scores Awarded by Judges. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2496. [PMID: 37570304 PMCID: PMC10417551 DOI: 10.3390/ani13152496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
In the sport of dressage, one or more judges score the combined performance of a horse and rider with an emphasis on the technical correctness of the movements performed. At the end of the test, a single score is awarded for the 'general impression', which considers the overall performance of the horse and rider as a team. This study explored original measures that contributed to the general impression score in a group of 20 horse-rider combinations. Horses and riders were equipped with inertial measurement units (200 Hz) to represent the angular motion of a horse's back and the motions of a rider's pelvis and trunk. Each combination performed a standard dressage test that was recorded to video. Sections of the video were identified for straight-line movements. The videos were analyzed by two or three judges. Four components were scored separately: gaits of the horse, rider posture, effectiveness of aids, and harmony with the horse. The main contributor to the score for gaits was stride frequency (R = -0.252, p = 0.015), with a slower frequency being preferred. Higher rider component scores were associated with more symmetrical transverse-plane trunk motion, indicating that this original measure is the most useful predictor of rider performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Jane Hobbs
- Research Centre for Applied Sport, Physical Activity and Performance, University of Central Lancashire, Preston PR1 2HE, UK
| | - Filipe Manuel Serra Braganca
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 112–114, NL-3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands;
| | - Marie Rhodin
- Department of Anatomy Physiology and Biochemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, S-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden; (M.R.); (E.H.)
| | - Elin Hernlund
- Department of Anatomy Physiology and Biochemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, S-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden; (M.R.); (E.H.)
| | - Mick Peterson
- Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering and UK Ag Equine Programs, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA;
| | - Hilary M. Clayton
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA;
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Sätter JK, McGawley K, Connysson M, Staunton CA. Biomechanical variables in Icelandic horse riders and the effect on tölt performance: A pilot study. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0287748. [PMID: 37368899 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0287748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To identify how riding rein direction (left and right) and rider asymmetry affect tölt performance in Icelandic horses. METHODS Two horses were ridden in tölt by four riders on both left and right reins. Riders wore pressure insoles that measured the total absolute force (FAbs) and absolute force difference (FDiff) in their left and right feet in the stirrups. A 3D motion-analysis system recorded the degrees of side-to-side movement in the pelvis (RollP) and in the thoracolumbar region (RollT). Lateral advanced placement (LAP) and duty factor (DF) were calculated to determine tölt performance. One-way ANOVAs were used to assess the effect of rein direction on rider asymmetry variables (FAbs, FDiff, RollP and RollT) and tölt performance (LAP, DF) on a group level (n = 8). Within-subject Spearman rank correlations (ρ) were computed to determine the effect of rider asymmetry variables on tölt performance on an individual level. RESULTS LAP was closer to 25% on the left rein compared to the right rein (mean difference: 1.8±1.2%; F(1,7) = 16.333; p = 0.005, η2p = 0.700). In addition, DF was lower on the left rein compared to the right rein (mean difference: 1.9±0.8%; F(1,7) = 41.299; p<0.001, η2p = 0.855). Individual relationships between RollT and LAP ranged from small negative to very large positive and reached significance for one rider (ρ = 0.730; p = 0.040). Individual relationships between RollP and DF ranged from very large negative to very large positive and reached significance for two riders (ρ = 0.731; p = 0.040; ρ = -0.723 p = 0.043). CONCLUSION Rein direction might influence tölt performance. Individual relationships between rider asymmetry and tölt performance were highly variable and reached significance in some instances, indicating that the relationship between rider asymmetry and tölt performance is highly individual. This type of biomechanical data can be used to provide valuable feedback to guide equestrians and coaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- J K Sätter
- Swedish Winter Sports Research Centre, Department of Health Sciences, Mid Sweden University, Östersund, Sweden
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and biochemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Wången, Alsen, Sweden
| | - K McGawley
- Swedish Winter Sports Research Centre, Department of Health Sciences, Mid Sweden University, Östersund, Sweden
| | - M Connysson
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and biochemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Wången, Alsen, Sweden
| | - C A Staunton
- Swedish Winter Sports Research Centre, Department of Health Sciences, Mid Sweden University, Östersund, Sweden
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7
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Wang TJ, Ward T, Nguyen HT, Hurwitz EL. Equestrian-Related Musculoskeletal Injuries Presenting to a Chiropractic Practice: A Retrospective Chart Review of 19 Patients. J Chiropr Med 2023; 22:103-106. [PMID: 37346236 PMCID: PMC10280082 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcm.2022.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The purpose of this study was to describe the types of equestrian-related musculoskeletal injuries and their management. Methods We retrospectively reviewed the charts of 19 patients who presented with injuries from equestrian activities at a chiropractic practice from December 2000 to December 2020. Deidentified data were extracted from the charts and summarized. Results Of the 19 patients, 42.3% presented with acute trauma, 38.5% had overuse injuries, and 19.2% had chronic injuries as a result of previous trauma. We found that 90% of overuse injuries and 18.2% of acute injuries led to chronic conditions that needed ongoing management. Conclusion From this sample of patients, there was a high percentage of overuse and chronic injuries for patients who participated in equestrian activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina J. Wang
- Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California
| | - Toni Ward
- Private practice, Hacienda Heights, California
| | - Hang T. Nguyen
- Clinical Education Department, Southern California University of Health Sciences, Whittier, California
| | - Eric L. Hurwitz
- Office of Public Health Studies, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, Hawaii
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8
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Heidbuchel A, Van Rossom S, Molenaers N, Minguet P, Jonkers I. Comparison of the Effect of Dressage Rider Skill Level on Physical Fitness Parameters and Posture on an Equestrian Simulator. J Equine Vet Sci 2023; 121:104187. [PMID: 36464030 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2022.104187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
In dressage riding, rider posture plays an important role in the performance of the exercises. The purpose of this study was to compare physical fitness and posture on an equestrian simulator between different competitive dressage rider skill levels. Participants (ten expert and twelve novice competitive dressage riders) performed a physiotherapeutic screening test and an equestrian simulator test. The expert rider group (G2) had less variability in both left (P = .002) and right (P = .021) rein force during medium canter on the simulator compared to the novice rider group (G1). The shoulder angle of the expert riders was larger in all gaits. These findings indicate that the ability to maintain a constant force on the reins and a dynamically stable hand position during riding on a simulator are important indicators for good rider performance. Expert riders presented a trend toward a more stable posture on the simulator as indicated by the reduced trunk variability (P = .034 vs. CV = 0.011) and smaller trunk ROM (P = .012 vs. CV = 0.011) and knee ROM (P = .033 vs. CV = 0.011) in the collected canter and collected walk respectively. These kinematic differences underscore their capability of maintaining a continued and constant force on the reins, but these findings require further research. No significant differences were found between groups in the physiotherapeutic screening. This underlines the difficulty in identifying the physical factors contributing to better rider performance. In conclusion, the current study shows that "stable rein contact" is the main difference between novice and expert competitive dressage riders on the simulator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber Heidbuchel
- Human Movement Biomechanics Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, Faculty of Movement and Rehabilitation Sciences, Catholic University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Sam Van Rossom
- Human Movement Biomechanics Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, Faculty of Movement and Rehabilitation Sciences, Catholic University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | | | - Ilse Jonkers
- Human Movement Biomechanics Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, Faculty of Movement and Rehabilitation Sciences, Catholic University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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9
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Elmeua González M, Šarabon N. Effects of saddle tilt and stirrup length on the kinetics of horseback riders. PeerJ 2022; 10:e14438. [PMID: 36523469 PMCID: PMC9745947 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.14438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Background How the modification of saddle fitting parameters in horse riding affects rider's kinetics is very uncertain. The aim of this study is to describe how manipulating the two main adjustments that an end-user is likely to perform (saddle tilt and stirrup length) affects the biomechanics of a horse rider on a living horse. Methods Eleven showjumpers volunteered to take part in this study. Each participant performed a 120-strides standardization trial at trot and canter, with 0° saddle tilt and stirrup length that would position the rider's knee at 90°. Following the standardization trial, four interventions were performed, which consisted of 60 strides with 60 mm shorter stirrups, 60 mm longer stirrups, 4° forward tilted saddle and 4° backward tilted saddle. Stirrup and rein tension forces were measured with tension loadcells. A symmetry index was calculated. Acceleration was measured with inertial measuring units at the helmet and back of the rider and shock attenuation was calculated. Results Shortening the stirrups and adjusting saddle tilt significantly enhanced shock attenuation at canter and increased force on the stirrups at trot and canter (p < 0.05). Lowering the stirrups reduced rein tension forces (p = 0.01). At trot, adjusting saddle tilt and stirrup length enhanced symmetry index on the bit (p < 0.05). These results allowed for general guidelines to be proposed, although individualization became an evident part of any saddle setup design due to a high inter-subject variability.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nejc Šarabon
- University of Primorska, Faculty of Health Sciences, Izola, Slovenia,Laboratory for Motor Control and Motor Behaviour, S2P, Science to Practice, ltd., Ljubljana, Slovenia
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10
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Clark L, Bradley EJ, Mackechnie-Guire R, Taylor A, Ling J. Trunk Kinematics of Experienced Riders and Novice Riders During Rising Trot on a Riding Simulator. J Equine Vet Sci 2022; 119:104163. [PMID: 36343830 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2022.104163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Asymmetry of horses and humans is widely acknowledged, but the influence of one upon the other during horse riding is poorly understood. Riding simulators are popular for education of beginners and analysis of rider biomechanics. This study compares trunk kinematics and saddle forces of 10 experienced riders (ER) and 10 novice riders (NR) performing rising trot on a simulator. Markers were placed on the 4th lumbar (L4) and 7th cervical (C7) spinous processes, and both acromion processes. Displacements in three axes of motion were tracked using 10 high-speed video cameras sampling at 240 Hz. Displacement trajectories at L4 and C7 were similar between both groups, displaying an asymmetrical butterfly pattern in the frontal plane, which reversed when changing diagonal. Comparison between groups, NR displayed greater vertical displacement and higher saddle impact forces at L4 (P = .034), greater amplitude of medio-lateral displacement on the right diagonal between C7 and L4, and on the right diagonal while seated they rotated left (acromion processes) while the ER rotated right. Within group comparison demonstrated that on the right diagonal both groups produced significantly greater medio-lateral displacement at L4, and NR displayed significantly greater medio-lateral displacement between C7 and L4. On the left diagonal NR produced significantly greater vertical displacement and higher saddle impact forces. The findings of this study suggest that ER were more stable, symmetrical, and had lower impact force on the saddle. These issues could be addressed in beginners using a simulator to avoid unnecessary stresses on horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee Clark
- Functional Physiotherapy, Darlington, UK; Faculty of Health Sciences and Wellbeing, University of Sunderland, Sunderland, UK.
| | - Eddie J Bradley
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Wellbeing, University of Sunderland, Sunderland, UK
| | | | - Abbie Taylor
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Wellbeing, University of Sunderland, Sunderland, UK
| | - Jonathan Ling
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Wellbeing, University of Sunderland, Sunderland, UK
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11
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Wilkins CA, Wheat JS, Protheroe L, Nankervis K, Draper SB. Coordination variability reveals the features of the 'independent seat' in competitive dressage riders. Sports Biomech 2022:1-16. [PMID: 35993195 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2022.2113118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
The rider's ability to consistently coordinate their movements to their horse is a key determinant of performance in equestrian sport. This study investigated the inter-segmental coordination variability between the vertical displacement of a riding simulator and the pitch rotation of 28 competitive female dressage riders' head, trunk, pelvis, and left foot, in simulated medium and extended trot. A statistical non-parametric mapping three-way repeated-measures ANOVA investigated the influence of gait, competition level and segment on coordination variability. There was a significant main effect of gait and segment (p = 0.05), however, no significant effect of competition level. In medium trot, simulator-pelvis coupling was significantly (p < 0.001) less variable than simulator-head, -trunk, and -foot couplings. Significantly greater coordination variability of simulator-head and -foot relative to the trunk and pelvis suggested that riders can maintain stability in the saddle with their trunk and pelvis while allowing greater variability of their head and foot coupling to the simulator's vertical displacement. It is proposed that stronger coupling of the rider's pelvis relative to their other segments is one facet of the equestrian dressage skill of the independent seat. However, greater perturbations during simulated extended trot may necessitate a decrease in the independence of the rider's seat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celeste A Wilkins
- Equestrian Performance Research Centre, Hartpury University, Hartpury, Gloucestershire, UK
| | - Jonathan S Wheat
- College of Health, Wellbeing and Life Sciences, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, UK
| | - Laurence Protheroe
- Sport & Exercise Research Centre, Hartpury University, Hartpury, Gloucestershire, UK
| | - Kathryn Nankervis
- Equestrian Performance Research Centre, Hartpury University, Hartpury, Gloucestershire, UK
| | - Stephen B Draper
- Sport & Exercise Research Centre, Hartpury University, Hartpury, Gloucestershire, UK
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12
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Demarie S, Chirico E, Bratta C, Cortis C. Puberal and Adolescent Horse Riders' Fitness during the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Effects of Training Restrictions on Health-Related and Functional Motor Abilities. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:6394. [PMID: 35681978 PMCID: PMC9180726 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19116394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Revised: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to analyse the fitness level of young horse riders before and after 12 weeks of training restrictions instituted due to the COVID-19 emergency. Anthropometrical measure assessment and an eight-items fitness test battery were administered to 61 puberal and adolescent female amateur horse riders. Subjects were evaluated within 3 weeks before (pre-tests) the period of training restrictions and on the first day of normal training after it (post-tests). Post-test results showed significant increases in body weight (Z: −1.732; p value: 0.001; ES: −0.157) and BMI (F: 9.918; p value: 0.003; ES: 0.146), whilst the performance in hand grip and abdominal strength, hip mobility, and 10 × 5 m Shuttle and Cooper 12 min tests’ outcomes significantly decreased (F: 29.779; p value: 0.001 F: 29.779; p value: 0.001 F: 29.779; p value: 0.001 F: 29.779; p value: 0.001 F: 29.779; p value: 0.001, respectively). Correlation analysis revealed that riders’ experience was significantly correlated with hand grip (p < 0.01), leg strength (p < 0.01), hip mobility (p < 0.05), and 5 × 10 m Shuttle (p < 0.01) and the Cooper 12 min (p < 0.01) test results. It could be suggested that equestrian activities could produce a higher fitness level in puberal and adolescent riders, whilst home-based, unsupervised, and unattentively planned training during the twelve weeks of training restrictions might be insufficient to maintain it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Demarie
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, Piazza de Bosis 6, 00135 Rome, Italy;
| | - Emanuele Chirico
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, Piazza de Bosis 6, 00135 Rome, Italy;
| | - Cecilia Bratta
- Department of Human Sciences, Society and Health, University of Cassino and Lazio Meridionale, 03043 Cassino, Italy; (C.B.); (C.C.)
| | - Cristina Cortis
- Department of Human Sciences, Society and Health, University of Cassino and Lazio Meridionale, 03043 Cassino, Italy; (C.B.); (C.C.)
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13
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Keener MM, Tumlin KI, Heebner NR. Combined driving: task-specific position impacts grip strength of equestrian athletes. Eur Rev Aging Phys Act 2022; 19:2. [PMID: 35012451 PMCID: PMC8903501 DOI: 10.1186/s11556-021-00282-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Loss of hand strength is a predictor of mortality in aging populations. Despite reliance on the hands to participate in equestrian driving activity, no existing studies focus on associations of hand strength to athletic performance. Therefore, this study 1) established baseline handgrip of equestrian combined drivers in standing and task-specific positions, 2) determined endurance of task-specific handgrip, 3) compared handgrip strength to normative data, and 4) evaluated associations of handgrip and equestrian-specific variables. Methods There were 51 combined drivers (9 males, 42 females) ages 21–78 who completed a survey, standing handgrip, and grip strength and endurance in a task-specific position. Sixty-three percent of participants were 50 years or older. The dynamometer grip bar was normalized by hand size for standing tests; to duplicate sport-specific tasks, the bar was set to the closest setting. Significances were determined at p < 0.05. Results Drivers with more than 30 years of experience demonstrated highest summed standing (73.1 ± 5.2 kg) and summed sitting (59.9 ± 6.3 kg) grip strength. Females 60-years and older had greater handgrip endurance (Χ2 = 8.323, df = 2, p = .0156) in non-dominant (left) hands. Males (60%) reported more cold weather fatigue than females. Glove wearing was associated with bilateral endurance balance; a higher proportion of endurance balance between dominant and non-dominant (49% high-high and 29% low-low; Χ2 = 11.047, df = 1, p = .0009) was realized. There were no associations of handgrip and prior injury. Conclusions Our results have implications in understanding task-specific and normative grip strengths in aging equestrian populations. Bilateral balance in handgrip strength and endurance is important particularly in maintaining strength in non-dominant hands over time. Equestrian driving sport promotes greater endurance in older females. Strength can be improved by participating in combined driving, and engagement in this sport over several years’ benefits hand strength over time. This cohort of equestrian participants provides evidence that participating in hand-specific activities promotes greater strength, which has been previously shown to improve aging outcomes. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s11556-021-00282-w.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela M Keener
- Sports Medicine Research Institute, Department of Athletic Training and Clinical Nutrition, College of Health Sciences, University of Kentucky, 720 Sports Center Drive, Lexington, KY, 40506, USA.
| | - Kimberly I Tumlin
- Sports Medicine Research Institute, Department of Athletic Training and Clinical Nutrition, College of Health Sciences, University of Kentucky, 720 Sports Center Drive, Lexington, KY, 40506, USA.,Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Kentucky, 720 Sports Center Drive, Lexington, KY, 40506, USA
| | - Nicholas R Heebner
- Sports Medicine Research Institute, Department of Athletic Training and Clinical Nutrition, College of Health Sciences, University of Kentucky, 720 Sports Center Drive, Lexington, KY, 40506, USA
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14
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A Pilot Study on Italian Eventing Prospective Olympic Horse Riders Physiological, Anthropometrical, Functional and Asymmetry Assessment. CENTRAL EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SPORT SCIENCES AND MEDICINE 2022. [DOI: 10.18276/cej.2022.1-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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15
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Baxter J, Hobbs SJ, Alexander J, George LS, Sinclair J, Chohan A, Clayton HM. Rider Skill Affects Time and Frequency Domain Postural Variables When Performing Shoulder-in. J Equine Vet Sci 2021; 109:103805. [PMID: 34942584 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2021.103805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In equestrian sports the novice rider learns first to follow the movements of the horse's back and then how to influence the horse's performance. One of the rider's challenges is to overcome inherent horse and/or rider asymmetry patterns when riding in straight lines, mirroring the movements on the left, and right sides when turning. This study compares the performance of novice and advanced riders when riding in sitting trot on straight lines and when riding shoulder-in to the left and right sides. Eight novice and eight advanced horse-rider combinations performed sitting trot in a straight line, shoulder-in left and shoulder-in right while wearing a full body set of inertial sensors. An experienced dressage judge indicated when the movements were being performed correctly and assigned scores on a scale of 0-10 for the quality of performance. Kinematic data from the inertial sensors were analyzed in time and frequency domain. Comparisons were made between trotting on the straight, shoulder-in left, and shoulder-in right. Advanced riders received higher dressage scores on all three movements, but significantly (P < .05) lower scores were found for shoulder-in right across the two groups. When riding shoulder-in, advanced riders had greater hip extension (advanced = -5.8 ± 17.7; novice = 7.8 ± 8.9 degrees) and external rotation (advanced = -32.4 ± 15.5; novice = -10.8 ± 13.2 degrees) in the outside leg compared with novices (P < .05), which reflects an important cue in achieving the required body rotation in the horse. Lower scores for shoulder-in right may be linked to significant (P < .05) changes in harmonics of trunk to pelvis rotation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sarah Jane Hobbs
- Research Centre for Applied Sport, Physical Activity and Performance, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK.
| | - Jill Alexander
- Research Centre for Applied Sport, Physical Activity and Performance, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK
| | - Lindsay St George
- Research Centre for Applied Sport, Physical Activity and Performance, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK
| | - Jonathan Sinclair
- Research Centre for Applied Sport, Physical Activity and Performance, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK
| | - Ambreen Chohan
- Research Centre for Applied Sport, Physical Activity and Performance, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK
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16
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Clayton H, MacKechnie-Guire R, Byström A, Le Jeune S, Egenvall A. Guidelines for the Measurement of Rein Tension in Equestrian Sport. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11102875. [PMID: 34679895 PMCID: PMC8532849 DOI: 10.3390/ani11102875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Rein tension is relatively easy to measure, and the resulting data are useful for evaluating the interaction between horse and rider. To date, there have been a number of studies using different transducers, calibration methods and analytical techniques. The purpose of this paper is to make recommendations regarding the collection, analysis and reporting of rein tension data. The goal is to assist users in selecting appropriate equipment, choosing verified methods of calibration, data collection and analysis, and reporting their results consistently to facilitate comparisons between different studies. Sensors should have a suitable range and resolution together with a fast enough dynamic response, according to the gait, speed and type of riding for which they will be used. An appropriate calibration procedure is necessary before each recording session. A recording frequency of 50 Hz is adequate for most rein tension studies. The data may be analyzed using time-series methods or by extracting and analyzing discrete variables chosen in accordance with the study objectives. Consistent reporting facilitates comparisons between studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilary Clayton
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, 736 Wilson Road, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA;
| | | | - Anna Byström
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7046, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden;
| | - Sarah Le Jeune
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA;
| | - Agneta Egenvall
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7054, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
- Correspondence:
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17
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Challinor C, Randle H, Williams J. Understanding rider:horse bodyweight ratio trends, weight management practices and rider weight perceptions within leisure and amateur riders in the UK. COMPARATIVE EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.3920/cep200082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Horse riders in the UK have a legal responsibility for the welfare of the horses in their care, outlined by the Animal Welfare Act (2006). Understanding weight management factors that influence rider: horse bodyweight (RHBW) ratio is key to safeguarding horse welfare as human obesity rates increase. Recent high-profile incidents have seen riders being asked to dismount for being too heavy, demonstrating an awareness of the possible impact of excessive rider weight, threatening the equestrian industry’s social licence to operate. This study investigated RHBW trends within the UK leisure and amateur rider population to understand rider perception of ‘ideal’ RHBW and factors influencing rider and horse weight management. An online survey (SurveyMonkey®) was distributed via UK equine-related Facebook™ groups and collected information on horse and rider demographics, rider weight management strategies and respondents’ views on the importance of rider weight on horse welfare. Kruskal-Wallis analyses with Mann Whitney U post-hoc tests identified whether differences in respondent views differed between RHBW groups. A total of 971 riders completed the survey; respondents were aged between 18-65+ years old and 88% (n=953) were experienced riders. RHBWs were calculated for 764 (79%) of respondents as 21.2% (n=206) did not know either their own and/or their horses’ weight. Weight tapes (44.5%; n=432) and weigh bridges (29.5%; n=286) were common horse weight estimation methods. RHBWs ranged from 4.9% to 21.88%, mean: 12.5%±2.7%. Riders with lower RHBW thought about their own weight less and measured their horses’ weight less often than those with higher ratios (P<0.005, P<0.0004, respectively). The majority of riders who participated were weight conscious and recognised potential detrimental impacts associated with increased rider weight. Development of RHBW guidelines supported by equestrian governing bodies would highlight the need for riders to consider the impact of weight and support them in choosing suitable horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- C.L. Challinor
- Hartpury University, Department of Animal Science, Hartpury, Gloucester, Gloucestershire, GL19 3BE, United Kingdom
| | - H. Randle
- Charles Sturt University, Veterinary School, Building 229 Room 151, Wagga Wagga, 2678, NSW, Australia
| | - J.M. Williams
- Hartpury University, Department of Animal Science, Hartpury, Gloucester, Gloucestershire, GL19 3BE, United Kingdom
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18
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Cejudo A, Centenera-Centenera JM, Santonja-Medina F. Sagittal Integral Morphotype of Competitive Amateur Athletes and Its Potential Relation with Recurrent Low Back Pain. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18168262. [PMID: 34444009 PMCID: PMC8392335 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18168262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Athletes have higher thoracic and lumbar curvature in standing than the reference values of the non-athletic population. The sagittal integral morphotype method (SIM) assessment has not previously been applied to competitive amateur athletes (CAA). The propose of the present study was to determine the SIM of CAA treated at a sports-medicine center and to identify spinal misalignments associated with recurrent low back pain (LBP). An observational analysis was developed to describe the SIM in 94 CAA. The thoracic and lumbar curvatures of the CAA were measured in standing, sitting, and trunk forward flexion. Association analysis (Pearson’s chi-square and Cramér’s V tests) was then performed to identify the SIM misalignments associated with LBP. Effect size was analyzed based on Hedges’ g. The most common thoracic SIMs in CAA were total hyperkyphosis (male = 59.02%; female = 42.42%) and static hyperkyphosis (male = 11.48%; female = 6.06%). Hyperlordotic attitude (female = 30.30%; male = 4.92%), static-functional hyperkyphosis (male = 16.39%; female = 3.03%), and structured hyperlordosis (female = 21.21%; male = 1.64%) were the most common lumbar SIMs. Hyperlordotic attitude, static functional lumbar hyperkyphosis, and structured hyperlordosis were associated with LBP in male and female athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Cejudo
- Department of Physical Activity and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
- Correspondence: (A.C.); (J.M.C.-C.); Tel.: +34-868-88-84-30 (A.C.); +34-972-20-43-50 (J.M.C.-C.)
| | - Josep María Centenera-Centenera
- Department of Surgery, Traumatology and Orthopedics, Bofill Clinic, ProActive Health, 17002 Gerona, Spain
- Correspondence: (A.C.); (J.M.C.-C.); Tel.: +34-868-88-84-30 (A.C.); +34-972-20-43-50 (J.M.C.-C.)
| | - Fernando Santonja-Medina
- Department of Surgery, Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain;
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19
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Randle H, Loy J. One or two handed horse riding: Does it make a difference? J Vet Behav 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jveb.2021.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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20
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Bye TL, Lewis V. Footedness and Postural Asymmetry in Amateur Dressage Riders, Riding in Medium Trot on a Dressage Simulator. J Equine Vet Sci 2021; 102:103618. [PMID: 34119193 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2021.103618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
This study explored the relationship between footedness and postural asymmetry in equestrian riders. 28 female riders completed the Waterloo Footedness Questionnaire- Revised (WFQ-R), giving a score for footedness. They then took part in a test on a riding simulator where measures of saddle force, stirrup force, and degree of lateral tilt of the pelvic, trunk, and shoulder segments were taken over a period of 20 seconds in trot. Symmetry indices were calculated for stirrup force and saddle force. There were no significant correlations between WFQ-R score and any of the measures of postural symmetry. Only a very small number (n=3) participants showed a marked footedness, with the majority of the sample being classed as 'mixed footed' based on test scores. This, coupled with data loss for some participants in each of the parameters, means direct comparison of footedness groups was difficult. However, the variation of asymmetry in the mixed footed group supports the idea that footedness does not have a significant impact on the rider's posture. There was a correlation between trunk lean and stirrup force symmetry index (r=0.537, P=0.021) showing the trunk leaned towards the side of higher stirrup force. There was a significant negative correlation between pelvic obliquity and shoulder tilt (r= -0.481, P=0.023) with 59% of the sample showing pelvic obliquity and shoulder tilt in opposite directions. The findings indicate that there is little effect of footedness on postural asymmetries in the rider. Research should now consider other causal factors to support riders to become more symmetrical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy L Bye
- University Centre Bishop Burton, Beverley, East Yorkshire, UK; School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough Leicestershire, UK.
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21
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Williams J, Douglas J, Davies E, Bloom F, Castejon-Riber C. Performance demands in the endurance rider. COMPARATIVE EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.3920/cep200033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Endurance is one of the fastest growing equestrian disciplines worldwide. Races are long distance competitions (40-160 km), organised into loops, over variable terrain usually within one day. Horse and rider combinations in endurance races have to complete the course in good condition whilst also aiming to win. Horse welfare is paramount within the sport and horses are required to ‘pass’ a veterinary check prior to racing, after each loop of the course and at the end of the race. Despite the health, fitness and welfare of both athletes within the horse-rider dyad being essential to achieve success, few equivalent measures assessing the wellbeing of the endurance rider are implemented. This review considers evidence from ultra-endurance sports and rider performance in other equestrian disciplines, to consider physiological and psychological strategies the endurance rider could use to enhance their competition performance. Successful endurance riding requires an effective partnership to be established between horse and rider. Within this partnership, adequate rider health and fitness are key to optimal decision-making to manage the horse effectively during training and competition, but just as importantly riders should manage themselves as an athlete. Targeted management for superior rider performance can underpin more effective decision-making promoting ethical equitation practices and optimising competition performance. Therefore, the responsible and competitive endurance rider needs to consider how they prepare themselves adequately for participation in the sport. This should include engaging in appropriate physiological training for fitness and musculoskeletal strength and conditioning. Alongside planning nutritional strategies to support rider performance in training and within the pre-, peri- and post-competition periods to promote superior physical and cognitive performance, and prevent injury. By applying an evidence informed approach to self-management, the endurance athlete will support the horse and rider partnership to achieve to their optimal capacity, whilst maximising both parties physical and psychological wellbeing.
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Affiliation(s)
- J.M. Williams
- Department of Animal Science, Hartpury University, Gloucester, GL19 3BE, United Kingdom
| | - J. Douglas
- Department of Animal Science, Hartpury University, Gloucester, GL19 3BE, United Kingdom
| | - E. Davies
- Department of Animal Science, Hartpury University, Gloucester, GL19 3BE, United Kingdom
| | - F. Bloom
- Department of Animal Science, Hartpury University, Gloucester, GL19 3BE, United Kingdom
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22
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Egenvall A, Marr CM, Byström A. Study design synopsis: How to conduct, prepare, analyse and report equine biomechanical studies. Equine Vet J 2021; 53:645-648. [PMID: 33710671 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Agneta Egenvall
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Celia M Marr
- Equine Veterinary Journal, Mulberry House, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | - Anna Byström
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
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23
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Asymmetry and Tightness of Lower Limb Muscles in Equestrian Athletes: Are They Predictors for Back Pain? Symmetry (Basel) 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/sym12101679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Athletes may suffer from low back pain (LBP). Some studies have considered restricted range of motion (ROM) as a risk factor for LBP in athletes; however, ROM has not been evaluated in equestrian athletes (EAs) with LBP. The aims of this research in EAs were (I) to analyze the relationship between lower limb ROM (tightness and asymmetry) and LBP and (II) to determine the reference values for lower limb ROM indicating high risk of LBP. Forty-three young (9–18 years old) EAs were voluntarily recruited in technical training camps. The EAs were assessed for 11 passive lower limb ROMs using the ROM-SPORT I Battery. LBP data were taken at the end of a 1-year period through a questionnaire. Binary logistic regression and receiver operating characteristic curves were calculated. Sixty-seven percent of EA had suffered LBP. Hip adduction (OR = 1.347, medium; p = 0.015) and knee flexion (OR = 1.109, small; p = 0.023) were predictors of LBP in EAs. A hip adduction of 26° and knee flexion of 128° were found to be the optimal cutoff values for predictive screening of EAs at high risk of LBP.
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24
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Cejudo A, Ginés-Díaz A, Rodríguez-Ferrán O, Santonja-Medina F, Sainz de Baranda P. Trunk Lateral Flexor Endurance and Body Fat: Predictive Risk Factors for Low Back Pain in Child Equestrian Athletes. CHILDREN-BASEL 2020; 7:children7100172. [PMID: 33050134 PMCID: PMC7600765 DOI: 10.3390/children7100172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Low back pain (LBP) is the most common overuse musculoskeletal injury suffered by child equestrian athletes (CEA). Despite this, little is known about the risk factors related to LBP in these athletes, and very limited research has been conducted on this topic. This study was designed to investigate predictive risk factors for LBP in CEA. The purposes of this research were to determine whether anthropometric, range of motion (ROM), core endurance and sagittal spinal morphotype measures are risk factors for LBP and to establish a diagnostic cutoff value for those factors associated with LBP. Nineteen CEA between the ages of 12 and 17 years were voluntarily recruited. Potential risk factors evaluated included corporal composition, lower limb ROM, core endurance and sagittal spinal measures. Associations and predictions were calculated between these risk factors and the LBP during the last 12 months. Almost half of the CEA have suffered at least one episode of LBP. Two risk factors and cutoff values were identified as predictors of LBP in CEA: having a high body fat higher than 23% (p = 0.01) and trunk lateral flexor endurance lower to 65 s (p = 0.021), body fat being the strongest predictor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Cejudo
- Department of Physical Activity and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, University of Murcia, 30720 Murcia, Spain; (A.C.); (P.S.d.B.)
- Sports and Musculoskeletal System Research Group (RAQUIS), Campus de San Javier, University of Murcia, 30720 Murcia, Spain;
| | - Angélica Ginés-Díaz
- Department of Physical Activity and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, University of Murcia, 30720 Murcia, Spain; (A.C.); (P.S.d.B.)
- Sports and Musculoskeletal System Research Group (RAQUIS), Campus de San Javier, University of Murcia, 30720 Murcia, Spain;
- Correspondence: (A.G.-D.); (O.R.-F.); Tel.: +34-868-88-8824; Fax: +34-868-88-8672
| | - Olga Rodríguez-Ferrán
- Department of Physical Activity and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, University of Murcia, 30720 Murcia, Spain; (A.C.); (P.S.d.B.)
- Sports and Musculoskeletal System Research Group (RAQUIS), Campus de San Javier, University of Murcia, 30720 Murcia, Spain;
- Correspondence: (A.G.-D.); (O.R.-F.); Tel.: +34-868-88-8824; Fax: +34-868-88-8672
| | - Fernando Santonja-Medina
- Sports and Musculoskeletal System Research Group (RAQUIS), Campus de San Javier, University of Murcia, 30720 Murcia, Spain;
- Department of Surgery, Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Pilar Sainz de Baranda
- Department of Physical Activity and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, University of Murcia, 30720 Murcia, Spain; (A.C.); (P.S.d.B.)
- Sports and Musculoskeletal System Research Group (RAQUIS), Campus de San Javier, University of Murcia, 30720 Murcia, Spain;
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25
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Stapley ED, Stutzman BE, Manfredi JM. The Effect of Stirrup Iron Style on Normal Forces and Rider Position. J Equine Vet Sci 2020; 94:103203. [PMID: 33077067 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2020.103203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 07/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The stirrup iron has the potential to modify the forces experienced by a horse and rider during ridden exercise. A range of stirrup designs are available, but no previous studies have investigated if these modifications influence riders' position and interaction with the horse. Novel flexible (F) or flexible and rotatable (FR) irons versus traditional (T) stirrups may positively impact the welfare and performance of the horse and rider. Four riders rode using the three stirrup types (T, F, and FR). Hip, knee, and ankle angles and toe position from film, and the normal force exerted bilaterally on force sensors on the stirrups tread were evaluated at the highest (HP) and lowest point (LP) of the posting trot (n = 4) and canter (n = 2). Statistics included Shapiro-Wilk's test, Friedman's test, and Wilcoxon signed rank test (significant at P < .05). No significant difference was seen between joint angles, toe position, or forces between the types of stirrups. At the HP, mean hip, knee, and ankle angles were 169.4° ± 10°, 150.7° ± 9.7°, and 94.5° ± 9.6°, and 139.1° ± 9.6°, 123.9° ± 10.9°, and 92.7° ± 9.5° at the LP. Riders had an 8.74° ± 6.66° difference of right versus left joints. Right toes rotated more laterally (P = .02) regardless of stirrup type. The mean trot and canter forces applied (N)/body weight (N) were 0.72 ± 0.15 (HP), 0.19 ± 0.15 (LP), and 0.18 ± 0.05 (canter). Riders shortened the stirrup leathers with F or FR. Stirrup style minimally impacted rider position or the forces experienced; however, forces differed by gait. Future studies regarding how a rider's experience and painful joints may contribute to asymmetries are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma D Stapley
- Michigan State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, East Lansing, MI
| | - Brady E Stutzman
- Michigan State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, East Lansing, MI
| | - Jane M Manfredi
- Michigan State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, East Lansing, MI.
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Bańkosz Z, Barczyk-Pawelec K. Habitual and ready positions in female table tennis players and their relation to the prevalence of back pain. PeerJ 2020; 8:e9170. [PMID: 32596033 PMCID: PMC7305769 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The current body of knowledge shows that there is very little research into the occurrence and scale of asymmetry or postural defects in table tennis. It is interesting which regions of the spine are exposed to the greatest changes in the shape of its curvatures and whether the asymmetrical position of the shoulder and pelvic girdles in table tennis players changes when adopting the ready position. Consequently, can overload occur in certain parts of the spine and can the asymmetry deepen as a response of adopting this position? The reply to these questions may be an indication of the need for appropriate compensatory or corrective measures. Therefore, the aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of body position during play on the change in the shape of anterior–posterior spinal curvatures and trunk asymmetry in table tennis players. Methods To evaluate body posture the photogrammetric method based on the Moiré phenomenon with equipment by CQ electronic was applied. The study involved 22 female players practicing competitive table tennis (the age of 17 ± 4.5, with the average training experience of 7 ± 4.3 years, body mass of 47.8 ± 15.8, and body height of 161.2 ± 10.4). Each participant completed an author’s own questionnaire on spinal pain. The shape of curvatures in the sagittal and frontal plane was evaluated in the participant in the habitual standing position and in the table tennis ready position. Descriptive statistical analysis was performed and the significance of differences was tested using the Mann–Whitney U test. Results and Conclusions This study demonstrated the dominance of kyphotic body posture in table tennis players, which can be caused by many hours of using the ready position during playing. After adopting this position, there are significant differences in the angles of anterior and posterior spinal curvatures compared to the habitual posture. This may be the cause of overloads and pain complaints reported by the study participants. Adopting the ready position is also associated with an increase in asymmetry in the position (rotation) of the pelvis and spinous processes (frontal plane). Therefore, training programs should be extended with exercises that relieve the spine in the vertical line and exercises that improve symmetry of the work of the upper limbs, body trunk muscles and the pelvis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziemowit Bańkosz
- Faculty of Sports, University School of Physical Education in Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland
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Byström A, Clayton HM, Hernlund E, Roepstorff L, Rhodin M, Bragança FS, Engell MT, van Weeren R, Weishaupt MA, Egenvall A. Asymmetries of horses walking and trotting on treadmill with and without rider. Equine Vet J 2020; 53:157-166. [PMID: 32125717 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Left-right movement symmetry is a highly desirable characteristic in sport horses. OBJECTIVES This study compared movement symmetry in well-trained dressage horses in unridden and unrestrained position and ridden in a dressage frame, and investigated possible associations between gaits. STUDY DESIGN Experimental study. METHODS Seven sound, high-level dressage horses were measured at walk and sitting trot on a treadmill at several speeds under two conditions: with and without rider. Left-right differences in stance duration, stance protraction and retraction based on longitudinal hoof positions, ipsilateral limb tracking, minimum and maximum vertical positions of the dorsal spinous processes of the sixth thoracic (T6), third sacral vertebrae (S3) and wing of atlas, and vertical ground reaction forces were calculated and analysed in mixed models. RESULTS At walk, five body variables indicated increased asymmetry in the ridden condition compared with unridden condition: forelimb stance duration (unridden/ridden left-right differences 9 vs 13 ms; P = .008), forelimb stance protraction (P = .004), stance retraction (P = .001) and first force peak (P = .003), and hindlimb stance retraction (P = .01). At trot, six body variables were more asymmetrical in the ridden condition: forelimb stance duration (2.5 vs 3.8 ms, P = .004); hindlimb stance protraction (P < .0001) and retraction (P = .01), T6 minimum (4 vs 6 mm, P = .001), T6 maximum (9 vs 11 mm, P = .01) and S3 maximum (6 vs 12 mm, P < .001). Five variables had significant associations between asymmetries at walk and trot, but only three demonstrated a positive slope. MAIN LIMITATIONS A limited number of horses and riders were studied. Measurements were performed on a treadmill. CONCLUSIONS High-level horses moved slightly more asymmetrically when ridden in a dressage frame than in the unridden condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Byström
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Hilary M Clayton
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Elin Hernlund
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lars Roepstorff
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Marie Rhodin
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Filipe S Bragança
- Department of Equine Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Maria T Engell
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - René van Weeren
- Department of Equine Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | | | - Agneta Egenvall
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
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Byzova A, Roozbahani H, Handroos H, Hakansson N, Lankarani HM. Monitoring of the human body and brain behavior using optical motion capture system and EEG utilizing horseback riding simulator: an extended case study. J Phys Ther Sci 2020; 32:85-91. [PMID: 32082035 PMCID: PMC7008019 DOI: 10.1589/jpts.32.85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
[Purpose] Hippotherapy is an unusual type of treatment and has been found to be effective
for diseases of the musculoskeletal system and rehabilitation. Horseback riding simulator
is used as a beneficial alternative to the real horse with utilizing an optical motion
capture system and EEG. [Participants and Methods] The idea is to monitor body and brain
behaviour of the professional rider and non-professional rider utilizing a horse
simulator, using optical motion capture system to identify differences in pelvic region
activity between professional and non-professional riders and EEG to investigate the brain
effect of professional rider utilizing horseback riding simulator. [Results] For the
monitoring body and brain behaviour of the professional rider and non-professional rider,
two types of experiment were handled, the first experiment represents body behaviour and
the second experiment represents brain behaviour. [Conclusion] The study shows, that
inexperienced rider may make mistakes of pelvis movements that leads to the asymmetry in
hip external rotation and back region. Also, the study of EEG provides that while
horseback riding mostly frontal lobe is active, that refers to concentration, body
movements and intelligence. Moreover, temporal and parietal lobes are highlighted that
relates to sensor-motor cortex and moving which are needed during riding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina Byzova
- Mechanical Engineering, Lappeenranta-Lahti University of Technology LUT: Yliopistonkatu 34, Lappeenranta 53850, Finland
| | - Hamid Roozbahani
- Mechanical Engineering, Lappeenranta-Lahti University of Technology LUT: Yliopistonkatu 34, Lappeenranta 53850, Finland
| | - Heikki Handroos
- Mechanical Engineering, Lappeenranta-Lahti University of Technology LUT: Yliopistonkatu 34, Lappeenranta 53850, Finland
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MacKechnie-Guire R, MacKechnie-Guire E, Fairfax V, Fisher M, Hargreaves S, Pfau T. The Effect That Induced Rider Asymmetry Has on Equine Locomotion and the Range of Motion of the Thoracolumbar Spine When Ridden in Rising Trot. J Equine Vet Sci 2020; 88:102946. [PMID: 32303298 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2020.102946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
There is a paucity of evidence on the effect that rider asymmetry has on equine locomotion. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of rider asymmetry on equine locomotion by using a novel approach to induce rider asymmetry. Ten nonlame horses were recruited for this study. Joint center markers were used to capture 2D kinematics (Quintic Biomechanics) of the horse and rider and horses were equipped with seven inertial sensors positioned at the fifth (T5) and eighteenth (T18) thoracic vertebrae, third lumbar (L3) vertebra, tubera sacrale (TS), and left and right tubera coxae. Rider asymmetry was induced by shortening the ventral aspect of one stirrup by 5 cm. Kinematic data were compared between conditions using a mixed model with the horse defined as a random factor and stirrup condition (symmetrical stirrups and asymmetrical stirrups) and direction (inside and outside) defined as fixed factors. Data from riders where the right stirrup was shortened were mirrored to reflect a left stirrup being shortened. To determine differences between conditions, a significance of P ≤ .05 was set. On the rein with the shortened stirrup on the outside: an increase in lateral bending range of motion (ROM) at T5 (P = .003), L3 (P = .04), and TS (P = .02), an increase in mediolateral displacement at T5 (P = .04), T18 (P = .04), and L3 (0.03) were found. An increase in maximum fetlock extension was apparent for both the front (P = .01) and hind limb (P = .04) on the contralateral side to the shortened stirrup; for the asymmetrical stirrup condition on the rein with the shortened stirrup on the inside: an increase in flexion-extension ROM at T5 (P = .03) and L3 (P = .04), axial rotation at T5 (P = .05), and lateral bending of T5 (P = .03), L3 (P = .04), and TS (P = .02). Asymmetric rider position appears to have an effect on the kinematics of the thoracolumbar spine. These findings warrant further investigation to understand the long-term impact this may have on equine locomotor health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell MacKechnie-Guire
- Centaur Biomechanics, Moreton Morrell, Warwickshire, UK; Department of Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, The Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, UK.
| | | | - Vanessa Fairfax
- FairfaxSaddles, The Saddlery, Bloxwich, Walsall, West Midlands, UK
| | | | | | - Thilo Pfau
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, The Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, UK
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Bye T, Lewis V. Saddle and stirrup forces of equestrian riders in sitting trot, rising trot, and trot without stirrups on a riding simulator. COMPARATIVE EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.3920/cep190031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Studies into horse-saddle-rider interaction demonstrate that increased vertical forces on the horse’s back are potentially damaging to the musculoskeletal system, and any practice that could lead to this warrants investigation. The contribution of the stirrups in stabilising the bodyweight of the rider, and the effect of riding without stirrups on force distribution to the horse, has yet to be fully described in the literature. The current study therefore aimed to compare saddle and stirrup forces in three conditions; sitting trot, rising trot, and sitting trot without stirrups on the riding simulator. Fourteen amateur female riders of mean age 34.6±10 years participated in the study and 20 s of data were collected for saddle and stirrup force across the three conditions. Mean and peak forces were extracted from the data for total force under the whole saddle, left and right sides of the saddle separately, left and right stirrups, and both stirrups combined. Peak vertical saddle forces were significantly higher in sitting trot without stirrups than with (P=0.011). Higher mean and peak saddle forces were seen on the right-hand side in all conditions (P<0.001) and there was an overall tendency for higher left stirrup forces in both sitting and rising trot with this being significant for peak force in sitting trot (P=0.039). The higher forces recorded when trotting without stirrups indicate that the stirrups play an important role in controlling the vertical acceleration of the rider in relation to the horse, however further studies are needed on live horses before any specific recommendations can be made regarding training practices. Asymmetrical saddle forces have a potentially negative effect on the horse and future research should also aim to identify the underlying causes of these patterns of rider asymmetry to improve both horse welfare and performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- T.L. Bye
- University Centre Bishop Burton, York Road, Bishop Burton, Beverley, East Yorkshire HU17 8QG, United Kingdom
| | - V. Lewis
- Hartpury University, Hartpury, Gloucestershire GL19 3BE, United Kingdom
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Sagittal Spinal Morphotype Assessment in Dressage and Show Jumping Riders. J Sport Rehabil 2019; 29:533-540. [PMID: 31034307 DOI: 10.1123/jsr.2018-0247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Revised: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Previous research has analyzed how the sport influences sagittal spinal curvatures in young athletes and has found that spinal curves may be modified as a consequence of repeated movement patterns and postures of each discipline. OBJECTIVE To analyze sagittal spinal alignment by equestrian discipline and its relation to training load, and to describe "sagittal integrative morphotype" in young riders. DESIGN Observational descriptive study. SETTING Training room. PARTICIPANTS A total of 23 riders (aged 9-17 y)-13 dressage riders (3 males and 10 females) and 10 show jumping riders (5 males and 5 females)-participated voluntarily. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Mann-Whitney U test was applied to determine differences between riders' characteristics (gender, discipline, and training load) and spine variables. RESULTS According to normality ranges for spinal curves, females showed an increase for lumbar curvature in standing position. It was found that show jumping riders manifested an increment in thoracic and lumbar curves while standing and an increase in the thoracic curvature in slump sitting. Statistically significant differences were found when lumbar curvature, "sit and reach" distance, and lumbo-horizontal angle in flexion were analyzed by gender in "sit and reach" test. No statistical significant differences were found when spinal curves in each position were analyzed depending on the training load. With regard to "sagittal integrative morphotype," all riders presented a hyperkyphotic dorsal morphotype no matter what their discipline. As for the lumbar curve, dressage and show jumping riders presented a functional hyperkyphotic morphotype. CONCLUSIONS It is important to note that many riders presented a sagittal imbalance for the thoracic and lumbar curves. Therefore, as the sagittal spinal misalignments persist and worsen over time, exercise programs to prevent or rehabilitate these imbalances in young riders will be needed. The "sagittal integrative morphotype" assessment is an essential tool in order to identify the spinal misalignment.
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Standing R, Best R. Strength and Reaction Time Capabilities of New Zealand Polo Players and Their Association with Polo Playing Handicap. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2019; 4:E48. [PMID: 33467363 PMCID: PMC7739421 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk4030048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Polo is an equestrian team sport consisting of four players per team, with level of play determined by cumulative player handicap (-2 to +10 goals), with a higher handicap denoting a better player. There is minimal literature investigating Polo players' physical attributes, hence the understanding of the physical characteristics that may contribute to an improved handicap are unknown. This study sought to identify the relationship between pertinent strength measures (left and right hand grip strength; absolute and relative isometric mid-thigh pull) and reaction time in Polo handicap in 19 New Zealand Polo players, and ascertain whether handicap could be predicted by these measures. Correlation coefficients were expressed using R values, accompanying descriptors and 90% confidence intervals (C.I.). Variance explained was expressed via the R2 statistic, and statistical significance set at p < 0.05. Right hand grip strength, isometric mid-thigh pull values were found to significantly correlate to and explain variance within Polo player handicap (all moderate to large correlations; p < 0.05). Whereas left hand grip strength (R: 0.380; 90% C.I. -0.011 to 0.670) and reaction time (0.020; -0.372 to 0.406) were non-significant, moderate and trivial correlates and predictors of handicap respectively. Practically, these findings highlight the differing roles between rein and mallet hands of Polo players and emphasise the importance of a strong and stable platform when riding and striking the ball. Lack of association with reaction time may be explained in part by higher handicapped Polo players employing a more proactive approach to the game.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regan Standing
- Centre for Sport Science and Human Performance, Wintec, Hamilton 3200, New Zealand
| | - Russ Best
- Centre for Sport Science and Human Performance, Wintec, Hamilton 3200, New Zealand
- School of Health and Social Care, Teesside University, Middlesbrough TS1 3BX, UK
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Gunst S, Dittmann MT, Arpagaus S, Roepstorff C, Latif SN, Klaassen B, Pauli CA, Bauer CM, Weishaupt MA. Influence of Functional Rider and Horse Asymmetries on Saddle Force Distribution During Stance and in Sitting Trot. J Equine Vet Sci 2019; 78:20-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2019.03.215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2018] [Revised: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Lewis V, Douglas J, Edwards T, Dumbell L. A preliminary study investigating functional movement screen test scores in female collegiate age horse-riders. COMPARATIVE EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.3920/cep180036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The functional movement screen (FMS) is an easily administered and non-invasive tool to identify areas of weakness and asymmetry during specific exercises. FMS is a common method of athlete screening in many sports and is used to ascertain injury risk, but has to be used within an equestrian population. The aim of this study was to establish FMS scores for female collegiate age (18-26 years) riders, to inform a normative data set of FMS scores in horse riders in the future. Thirteen female collegiate horse riders (mean ± standard deviation (sd); age 21.5±1.4 years, height 167.2±5.76 cm, mass 60.69±5.3 kg) and 13 female collegiate non-riders (mean ± sd; age 22.5±2.1 years, height 166.5±5.7 cm, mass 61.5±4.9 kg) were assessed based on their performance on a 7-point FMS (deep squat, hurdle step, in-line lunge, shoulder mobility, active straight leg raise, trunk stability and rotary stability). The mean composite FMS scores (± sd) for the rider group was 14.15±1.9 and for the non-riders was 13.15±1.77. There was no statistically significant difference in median FMS composite scores between the rider and non-rider groups (Mann-Whitney U test, z=-1.249, P=0.223). However, 46% of riders and 69% of non-riders scored ≤14, indicating that a non-rider is 1.5 times (odds ratio) more likely to be at increased risk of injury compared to riders. Collegiate female riders scored higher than the non-rider population, but lower than seen in other sports suggesting some riders may be at risk of injury. Riders’ FMS scores demonstrated asymmetric movement patterns potentially limiting left lateral movement. Asymmetry has a potential impact on equestrian performance, limiting riders’ ability to apply the correct cues to the horse. The findings of such screening could inform the development of axillary training programmes to correct asymmetry pattern and target injury prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- V. Lewis
- Equestrian Performance Research and Knowledge Exchange Arena, Hartpury University, GL19 3BE, United Kingdom
| | - J.L. Douglas
- Equestrian Performance Research and Knowledge Exchange Arena, Hartpury University, GL19 3BE, United Kingdom
| | - T. Edwards
- Equestrian Performance Research and Knowledge Exchange Arena, Hartpury University, GL19 3BE, United Kingdom
| | - L. Dumbell
- Equestrian Performance Research and Knowledge Exchange Arena, Hartpury University, GL19 3BE, United Kingdom
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Engell MT, Byström A, Hernlund E, Bergh A, Clayton H, Roepstorff L, Egenvall A. Intersegmental strategies in frontal plane in moderately-skilled riders analyzed in ridden and un-mounted situations. Hum Mov Sci 2019; 66:511-520. [PMID: 31203021 DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2019.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The symmetry of the rider is highly relevant, and in the equestrian community it is generally thought that a symmetrical rider has a better possibility to influence the horse in an optimal way. The aim of the study was to analyse and compare frontal plane kinematics of the core body segments in ten riders while riding and while rocking a balance chair from side-to-side. It was hypothesized that the riders were asymmetrical in relation to their intersegmental strategies when comparing between left and right directions and that individual riders would display the same postural strategies when riding and when rocking the balance chair. Ten moderately-skilled riders wore a full-body marker set that was tracked by a motion capture system as they rocked a balance chair from side to side. Inertial measurement units attached to the head, trunk and pelvis were used to measure the segmental movements while riding in left and right directions. Roll rotation data for head, trunk and pelvis were averaged over available strides/cycles. Results from mixed models showed that the riders were asymmetric when comparing riding in left vs right directions, for example the trunk was rotated 19° to the right on the right circle and 14° to the left on the left circle, on average. Riders adopted the same asymmetrical posture whether they were riding in the left or right direction on straight lines, circles or leg yielding. A significant relationship was found between postural asymmetries when riding and when rocking the balance chair, one degree of pelvis or head roll asymmetry on the chair predicted 2.4 (SE 0.9) degrees of asymmetry while riding. Future studies may investigate the value of seated, off-horse postural training for improving rider symmetry and thereby equestrian performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- M T Engell
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Box 7011, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - A Byström
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Box 7011, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - E Hernlund
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Box 7011, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - A Bergh
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Box 7057, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - H Clayton
- Sport Horse Science, Mason, MI, USA.
| | - L Roepstorff
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Box 7011, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - A Egenvall
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Box 7057, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden.
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Roost L, Ellis AD, Morris C, Bondi A, Gandy EA, Harris P, Dyson S. The effects of rider size and saddle fit for horse and rider on forces and pressure distribution under saddles: A pilot study. EQUINE VET EDUC 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.13102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - A. D. Ellis
- UNEQUI Ltd West Bridgford Nottinghamshire UK
| | - C. Morris
- Breathe Saddlery Towcester Northamptonshire UK
| | - A. Bondi
- Saddle Research Trust The Old Barns Firbeck House, Worksop Derbyshire UK
| | - E. A. Gandy
- School of Computer Science David Goldman Informatics Centre University of Sunderland St. Peter's Way, Sunderland UK
| | - P. Harris
- WALTHAM Centre for Pet Nutrition Waltham‐on‐the‐Wolds, Melton Mowbray Leicestershire UK
| | - S. Dyson
- Centre for Equine Studies Animal Health Trust Kentford, Newmarket Suffolk UK
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Andrews-Rudd M, Farmer-Day C, Clayton H, Williams J, Marlin D. Comparison of stirrup lengths chosen for flatwork by novice and experienced riders. COMPARATIVE EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.3920/cep170033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Although stirrups may be considered an essential part of equestrian equipment, there is little research describing their use and function. The aim of the present study was to compare stirrup lengths chosen for flatwork by novice and experienced riders, and to measure the associated leg position and knee angles. Ten novice and ten experienced riders, with kinematic markers attached to their greater trochanter, lateral femoral epicondyle, and lateral fibular malleolus, mounted three horses and a mechanical horse. The riders selected an appropriate stirrup length for flatwork by adjusting the unnumbered stirrup leathers. Stirrup length was measured and expressed as a percentage of the rider’s leg length measured from the greater trochanter to the floor when standing. Lateral photographs were taken from both sides with the riders mounted on each horse in a standing position. The kinematic markers were digitised to measure knee angle and ankle position relative to the hip in the anteroposterior direction. Within riders, there was no significant difference in stirrup length between the three live horses or between the mechanical horse and live horse. Experienced riders consistently selected a significantly longer stirrup length as a percentage of their leg length compared with novice riders (combined data for live horses and mechanical horse; P=0.005). Experienced riders demonstrated a significantly larger knee angle (combined data for live horses and mechanical horse) compared with novice riders (118±8° and 109±7°, respectively; P=0.016). Novice riders had a significantly larger knee angle on the mechanical horse compared with the live horse (115±9° versus 107±9°, respectively; P=0.003). The relatively longer stirrup length selected by experienced riders is thought to reflect the development of an independent seat, which implies the ability to move the legs independently of the pelvis. The chair seat adopted by novice riders on the mechanical horse could be considered counter to improving their equitation skills.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Andrews-Rudd
- Brooksby Melton College, Brooksby, Leicestershire LE14 2LJ, United Kingdom
| | - C. Farmer-Day
- Brooksby Melton College, Brooksby, Leicestershire LE14 2LJ, United Kingdom
| | - H.M. Clayton
- Sport Horse Science, 3145 Sandhill Road, Mason, MI 48854, USA
| | - J.M. Williams
- Hartpury University, Gloucester, GL9 3BE, United Kingdom
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Engell M, Hernlund E, Byström A, Egenvall A, Bergh A, Clayton H, Roepstorff L. Head, trunk and pelvic kinematics in the frontal plane in un-mounted horseback riders rocking a balance chair from side-to-side. COMPARATIVE EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.3920/cep170036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
For efficient rider-horse communication, the rider needs to maintain a balanced position on the horse, allowing independent and controlled movements of the rider’s body segments. The rider’s balance will most likely be negatively affected by postural asymmetries. The aims of this study were to evaluate inter-segmental symmetry of movements of the rider’s pelvis, trunk, and head segments in the frontal plane while rocking a balance chair from side to side and to compare this to the rider’s frontal plane symmetry when walking. Frontal plane rotations (roll) of the pelvis, trunk and head segments and relative translations between the segments were analysed in twenty moderately-skilled riders seated on a balance chair and rocking it from side to side. Three-dimensional kinematic data were collected using motion capture video. Principal component analysis and linear regression were used to evaluate the data. None of the riders displayed a symmetrical right-left pattern of frontal plane rotation and translation in any of their core body segments. The intersegmental pattern of asymmetries varied to a high degree between individuals. The first three principal components explained the majority of between-rider variation in these patterns (89%). A significant relationship was found indicating that during walking, when foot eversion was present on one side, pelvic/trunk roll during rocking the chair was asymmetric and larger to that same side (P=0.02, slope=0.95 in degrees). The inter-individual variation in the rider’s intersegmental strategies when rocking a balance chair was markedly large. However, there was a significant association to the rider’s foot pattern while walking, suggesting consistent intra-individual patterns over multiple situations. Although further studies are needed to confirm associations between the findings in this study and rider asymmetry while riding, riders’ postural control can likely be improved and this may enhance their sport performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- M.T. Engell
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Unit of Equine Studies, Box 7046, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - E. Hernlund
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Box 7011, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - A. Byström
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Box 7011, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - A. Egenvall
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Department of Clinical Sciences, Box 7057, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - A. Bergh
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Department of Clinical Sciences, Box 7057, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - H. Clayton
- Sport Horse Science, 3145 Sandhill Road, Mason, MI 48854, USA
| | - L. Roepstorff
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Box 7011, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
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Lewis V, Baldwin K. A preliminary study to investigate the prevalence of pain in international event riders during competition, in the United Kingdom. COMPARATIVE EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.3920/cep180006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to investigate the prevalence of riders at the international levels in eventing, competing with pain, the location of their pain, factors affecting their pain and whether they perceived this pain to have an effect on their performance. 331 questionnaires were completed by international event riders (FEI CCI*, CCI**, CIC***) at the Hartpury International Horse Trials, UK, to establish the prevalence of riders competing with pain. 96% of international event riders competed while experiencing pain, 76% of riders stated that this pain was in the neck, upper back or shoulders. All female riders reported pain, giving a significant correlation between gender and pain (X=-0.479, P=0.006). 55% of riders felt their pain affected their riding performance, giving an odds ratio of 1.14, compared to those riders who felt their pain did not effect their performance. Pain was perceived to influence performance by affecting fatigue, their concentration, and anxiety levels. 96% of riders reporting pain used medication to alleviate their symptoms. This high incidence of international event riders who compete with pain, particularly back pain, could be problematic given the longevity of a rider’s career, which can span over four decades and could potentially increase the risk of a serious or fatal fall in the cross-country phase. This research reports rider’s perceptions and self-reported pain and management options, which may affect the data. Further research is needed to establish the causes of back pain and appropriate management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- V. Lewis
- Equestrian Performance Research and Knowledge Exchange Arena, Hartpury University Centre, Hartpury, Gloucestershire, GL19 3BE, United Kingdom
| | - K. Baldwin
- Equestrian Performance Research and Knowledge Exchange Arena, Hartpury University Centre, Hartpury, Gloucestershire, GL19 3BE, United Kingdom
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Cronin J, Lawton T, Harris N, Kilding A, McMaster DT. A Brief Review of Handgrip Strength and Sport Performance. J Strength Cond Res 2018; 31:3187-3217. [PMID: 28820854 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Cronin, J, Lawton, T, Harris, N, Kilding, A, and McMaster, DT. A brief review of handgrip strength and sport performance. J Strength Cond Res 31(11): 3187-3217, 2017-Tests of handgrip strength (HGS) and handgrip force (HGF) are commonly used across a number of sporting populations. Measures of HGS and HGF have also been used by practitioners and researchers to evaluate links with sports performance. This article first evaluates the validity and reliability of various handgrip dynamometers (HGD) and HGF sensors, providing recommendations for procedures to ensure that precise and reliable data are collected as part of an athlete's testing battery. Second, the differences in HGS between elite and subelite athletes and the relationships between HGS, HGF, and sports performance are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Cronin
- 1Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand, AUT University, Auckland, New Zealand; 2School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Australia; 3High Performance Sport New Zealand, Gallagher High Performance Center, Cambridge, New Zealand; 4Human Potential Center, AUT University, Auckland 1020, New Zealand; and 5Health, Sport and Human Performance, University of Waikato, Tauranga, New Zealand
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Guire R, Mathie H, Fisher M, Fisher D. Riders’ perception of symmetrical pressure on their ischial tuberosities and rein contact tension whilst sitting on a static object. COMPARATIVE EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.3920/cep160026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The horse-rider system is of great interest in understanding the mechanics involved in optimising locomotor function and performance in the ridden horse. Adult riders (n=30) attending a rider conference volunteered to take part in the study. Riders were asked to mimic riding position by positioning themselves symmetrically on their seat bones (ischial tuberosities) sitting on a (Pliance) pressure mat which was placed on a static platform. Riders were also asked to mimic even rein contact using reins with gauges which were attached to a solid wall. When satisfied that they were sitting symmetrically and had an even rein contact, pressure and rein measurements were captured for 5 s and repeated three times. A paired T Test was carried out to determine differences between left and right ischial tuberosities and rein pressures. Using a static model, this study found that the riders had significantly more pressure beneath the left ischial tuberosity (mean ± standard deviation, 3.22±1.43 N/cm2) compared to the right (2.65±1.49 N/cm2) (P=0.04) and no significant differences were observed between left (6.37±2.42 N) and right rein pressure (6.38±2.66 N) (P=0.95). Whilst sitting on a static platform, differences in ischial tuberosity pressure in adult riders were observed despite these riders’ perception that their seat was symmetrically weighted. These differences observed need to be investigated further, dynamically, to determine if there is a similar trend in the ridden situation.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Guire
- Centaur Biomechanics, 25 Oaktree Close, Moreton Morrell, Warwickshire, CV35 9BB, United Kingdom
- Royal Veterinary College, The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, AL9 7TA, United Kingdom
| | - H. Mathie
- Aegrus Equestrian, Golland Farm, Golland Lane, Burrington, Umberleigh, North Devon, EX37 9JP, United Kingdom
| | - M. Fisher
- Woolcroft Saddlery, Mays Lane, Wisbech PE13 5BU, United Kingdom
| | - D. Fisher
- Woolcroft Saddlery, Mays Lane, Wisbech PE13 5BU, United Kingdom
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Engell M, Hernlund E, Egenvall A, Bergh A, Clayton H, Roepstorff L. Does foot pronation in unmounted horseback riders affect pelvic movement during walking? COMPARATIVE EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY 2015. [DOI: 10.3920/cep150019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Foot pronation is a common postural condition that is related to postural asymmetry, and that may affect performance in a variety of sports. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether unmounted riders (n=18) with predominantly right or left foot pronation had an increased contralateral pelvic drop during stance of the more pronated foot when walking. This was a preliminary step toward investigating the effects of foot pronation during riding. Kinematic data were collected in 3D (250 Hz) using eight motion capture cameras during walking. The amount of foot pronation was measured by summing eversion and external rotation, and it was analysed in relation to maximal pelvic drop during stance. The results showed that during walking, the majority of the riders had significantly greater contralateral pelvic drop when the foot with the higher degree of pronation was in early stance. If the demonstrated postural asymmetry carries over to other activities where weight is distributed to the feet, e.g. at riding when the riders feet exert a force against the stirrups, this may affect the rider’s performance. Further studies are needed to describe the influence of foot pronation in mounted horseback riders.
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Affiliation(s)
- M.T. Engell
- Unit of Equine Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Husbandry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7046, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - E. Hernlund
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Husbandry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7011, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - A. Egenvall
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Husbandry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7057, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - A. Bergh
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Husbandry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7011, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - H.M. Clayton
- Sport Horse Science, 3145 Sandhill Road, Mason, MI 48854, USA
| | - L. Roepstorff
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Husbandry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7011, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden
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