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Fan H, Ren Q, Sheng Z, Deng G, Li L. The role of the thyroid in polycystic ovary syndrome. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1242050. [PMID: 37867519 PMCID: PMC10585146 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1242050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrine and metabolic disease in women of childbearing age and can cause metabolic disorder, infertility, and increased anxiety and depression; as a result, it can seriously affect the physical and mental health of fertile women. PCOS is a highly clinically heterogeneous disease with unclear etiology and pathogenesis, which increases the difficulty of treatment. The thyroid gland has complex regulatory effects on metabolism, reproduction, and emotion, and produces hormones that act on almost all cells of the human body. The clinical manifestations of PCOS are similar to some thyroid diseases. Furthermore, some thyroid diseases, such as subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH), not only increase the incidence rate of PCOS, but also exacerbate its associated metabolic abnormalities and reproductive disorders. Interestingly, PCOS also increases the incidence of some thyroid diseases. However, the role of the thyroid in PCOS remains unclear. This review is intended to thoroughly explore the critical role of the thyroid in PCOS by summarizing the comorbidity of PCOS and thyroid diseases and their combined role in metabolic disorders, related metabolic diseases, and reproductive disorders; and by analyzing the potential mechanism through which the thyroid influences the development and progression of PCOS and its symptoms. We hope this review will provide a valuable reference for the role of the thyroid in PCOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanhuan Fan
- Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Qingling Ren
- Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhejin Sheng
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ganxiu Deng
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Limei Li
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias of the Ministry of Education of China, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Scarfò G, Daniele S, Fusi J, Gesi M, Martini C, Franzoni F, Cela V, Artini PG. Metabolic and Molecular Mechanisms of Diet and Physical Exercise in the Management of Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10061305. [PMID: 35740328 PMCID: PMC9219791 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10061305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is an endocrine systemic disorder mainly characterized by a hormonal and metabolic disbalance that leads to oligo/anovulation, hyperandrogenism and the formation of ovarian cysts. Despite the progress that has been reached in its diagnosis and management, little is known about the molecular mechanisms and signaling pathways underlying the pathogenic mechanisms. In this sense, recent research has suggested that the influence of multiple factors, including age, environment, lifestyle and the disease state environment can change the clinical presentation of PCOS via epigenetic modifications. Variants in the genes encoding for proteins involved in steroidogenesis and glucose homeostasis play a crucial role in the development of the disease. Other genes involved in inflammation and cell proliferation seem to undergo an epigenetic control. Moreover, lifestyle factors influence the PCOS course and prognosis, including diet and physical activity, which are fundamental in reducing oxidative stress, inflammation and in improving metabolic and hormonal parameters. In the present review, literature evidence on molecular and epigenetic mechanisms related to PCOS etiology will be discussed, with a particular attention on the positive influence of diet and physical activity as nonpharmacological ways of intervention in the management of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgia Scarfò
- Division of General Medicine, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (G.S.); (J.F.); (F.F.)
| | - Simona Daniele
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy;
- Correspondence: (S.D.); (P.G.A.); Tel.: +39-050-2219608 (S.D.); +39-050-554104 (P.G.A.)
| | - Jonathan Fusi
- Division of General Medicine, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (G.S.); (J.F.); (F.F.)
| | - Marco Gesi
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy;
| | - Claudia Martini
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy;
| | - Ferdinando Franzoni
- Division of General Medicine, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (G.S.); (J.F.); (F.F.)
| | - Vito Cela
- Division of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy;
| | - Paolo Giovanni Artini
- Division of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy;
- Correspondence: (S.D.); (P.G.A.); Tel.: +39-050-2219608 (S.D.); +39-050-554104 (P.G.A.)
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Alarcón-Granados MC, Moreno-Ortíz H, Esteban-Pérez CI, Ferrebuz-Cardozo A, Camargo-Villalba GE, Forero-Castro M. Assessment of THADA gene polymorphisms in a sample of Colombian women with polycystic ovary syndrome: A pilot study. Heliyon 2022; 8:e09673. [PMID: 35711992 PMCID: PMC9194581 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a multifactorial and polygenic endocrine-metabolic disorder in women of reproductive age. SNPs in the THADA gene have been identified as PCOS risk loci. In this study, we evaluated the frequency of five polymorphisms in a sample of Colombian women with PCOS, and their association with clinical and endocrine-metabolic parameters. Forty-nine women with PCOS and forty-nine healthy women were included. Allelic discrimination was performed in the THADA gene by iPLEX and the MassARRAY system (Agena Bioscience). Haploview software was conducted to analyze the linkage disequilibrium (LD) and haplotypes of polymorphisms. There was an association between the genotypes TT of rs12468394, CC + AA of rs12468394, and GG of rs6544661 and an increase in the levels of free testosterone. The CC + AA of rs12468394 genotype also was associated with an increase of androstenedione levels. THADA gene SNPs were not associated with PCOS risk. There was very strong LD among the SNPs. No significant differences in the frequency of haplotypes between groups were observed. The statistical power of this analysis is low because of the small number of samples analyzed. Additional studies involving large populations of Colombian women with PCOS are needed to verify the role of the THADA gene in this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Camila Alarcón-Granados
- Facultad de Ciencias. Grupo de Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas (GICBUPTC). Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia, Tunja 150003, Colombia
| | | | | | - Atilio Ferrebuz-Cardozo
- Programa de Medicina. Facultad de Ciencias de La Salud. Universidad de Boyacá, Tunja, Colombia
| | | | - Maribel Forero-Castro
- Facultad de Ciencias. Grupo de Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas (GICBUPTC). Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia, Tunja 150003, Colombia
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Nautiyal H, Imam SS, Alshehri S, Ghoneim MM, Afzal M, Alzarea SI, Güven E, Al-Abbasi FA, Kazmi I. Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome: A Complex Disease with a Genetics Approach. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10030540. [PMID: 35327342 PMCID: PMC8945152 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10030540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is a complex endocrine disorder affecting females in their reproductive age. The early diagnosis of PCOS is complicated and complex due to overlapping symptoms of this disease. The most accepted diagnostic approach today is the Rotterdam Consensus (2003), which supports the positive diagnosis of PCOS when patients present two out of the following three symptoms: biochemical and clinical signs of hyperandrogenism, oligo, and anovulation, also polycystic ovarian morphology on sonography. Genetic variance, epigenetic changes, and disturbed lifestyle lead to the development of pathophysiological disturbances, which include hyperandrogenism, insulin resistance, and chronic inflammation in PCOS females. At the molecular level, different proteins and molecular and signaling pathways are involved in disease progression, which leads to the failure of a single genetic diagnostic approach. The genetic approach to elucidate the mechanism of pathogenesis of PCOS was recently developed, whereby four phenotypic variances of PCOS categorize PCOS patients into classic, ovulatory, and non-hyperandrogenic types. Genetic studies help to identify the root cause for the development of this PCOS. PCOS genetic inheritance is autosomal dominant but the latest investigations revealed it as a multigene origin disease. Different genetic loci and specific genes have been identified so far as being associated with this disease. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and related genetic studies have changed the scenario for the diagnosis and treatment of this reproductive and metabolic condition known as PCOS. This review article briefly discusses different genes associated directly or indirectly with disease development and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Himani Nautiyal
- Siddhartha Institute of Pharmacy, Near IT-Park, Sahastradhara Road, Dehradun 248001, India;
| | - Syed Sarim Imam
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (S.S.I.); (S.A.)
| | - Sultan Alshehri
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (S.S.I.); (S.A.)
| | - Mohammed M. Ghoneim
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, AlMaarefa University, Ad Diriyah 13713, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Muhammad Afzal
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka 72341, Saudi Arabia;
- Correspondence: (M.A.); (I.K.)
| | - Sami I. Alzarea
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka 72341, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Emine Güven
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Düzce University, Düzce 81620, Turkey;
| | - Fahad A. Al-Abbasi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Imran Kazmi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia;
- Correspondence: (M.A.); (I.K.)
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Pathophysiologic Mechanisms of Insulin Secretion and Signaling-Related Genes in Etiology of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. Genet Res (Camb) 2021; 2021:7781823. [PMID: 34949963 PMCID: PMC8668318 DOI: 10.1155/2021/7781823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 11/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrinopathy in women. PCOS is characterized by anovulation, hyperandrogenism, polycystic ovaries, insulin resistance, and obesity. Despite the finding that the genetic origin of PCOS is well demonstrated in previous twin and familial clustering studies, genes and factors that can exactly explain the PCOS pathophysiology are not known. Objective(s). In this review, we attempted to identify genes related to secretion and signaling of insulin aspects of PCOS and their physiological functions in order to explain the pathways that are regulated by these genes which can be a prominent function in PCOS predisposition. Materials and Methods. For this purpose, published articles and reviews dealing with genetic evaluation of PCOS in women from peer-reviewed journals in PubMed and Google Scholar databases were included in this review. Results. The genomic investigations in women of different populations identified many candidate genes and loci that are associated with PCOS. The most important of them are INSR, IRS1-2, MTNR1A, MTNR1B, THADA, PPAR-γ2, ADIPOQ, and CAPN10. These are mainly associated with metabolic aspects of PCOS. Conclusions. In this review, we proposed that each of these genes may interrupt specific physiological pathways by affecting them and contribute to PCOS initiation. It is clear that the role of genes involved in insulin secretion and signaling is more critical than other pathways.
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Regidor PA, Mueller A, Sailer M, Gonzalez Santos F, Rizo JM, Moreno Egea F. Chronic Inflammation in PCOS: The Potential Benefits of Specialized Pro-Resolving Lipid Mediators (SPMs) in the Improvement of the Resolutive Response. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 22:ijms22010384. [PMID: 33396555 PMCID: PMC7795660 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
PCOS as the most common endocrine disorder of women in their reproductive age affects between 5–15% of the female population. Apart from its cardinal symptoms, like irregular and anovulatory cycles, hyperandrogenemia and a typical ultrasound feature of the ovary, obesity, and insulin resistance are often associated with the disease. Furthermore, PCOS represents a status of chronic inflammation with permanently elevated levels of inflammatory markers including IL-6 and IL-18, TNF-α, and CRP. Inflammation, as discovered only recently, consists of two processes occurring concomitantly: active initiation, involving “classical” mediators including prostaglandins and leukotrienes, and active resolution processes based on the action of so-called specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs). These novel lipid mediator molecules derive from the essential ω3-poly-unsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) DHA and EPA and are synthesized via specific intermediates. The role and benefits of SPMs in chronic inflammatory diseases like obesity, atherosclerosis, and Diabetes mellitus has become a subject of intense research during the last years and since PCOS features several of these pathologies, this review aims at summarizing potential roles of SPMs in this disease and their putative use as novel therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anna Mueller
- Exeltis Germany GmbH, Adalperostr. 84, 85737 Ismaning, Germany; (A.M.); (M.S.)
| | - Manuela Sailer
- Exeltis Germany GmbH, Adalperostr. 84, 85737 Ismaning, Germany; (A.M.); (M.S.)
| | | | | | - Fernando Moreno Egea
- Solutex SA. Avenida de la Transición Española 24, 28108 Alcobendas, Spain; (F.G.S.); (F.M.E.)
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