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Martínez-Trespalacios JA, Polo-Herrera DE, Félix-Massa TY, Hernandez-Rivera SP, Hernandez-Fernandez J, Colpas-Castillo F, Castro-Suarez JR. QCL Infrared Spectroscopy Combined with Machine Learning as a Useful Tool for Classifying Acetaminophen Tablets by Brand. Molecules 2024; 29:3562. [PMID: 39124967 PMCID: PMC11313707 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29153562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2024] [Revised: 07/18/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The development of new methods of identification of active pharmaceutical ingredients (API) is a subject of paramount importance for research centers, the pharmaceutical industry, and law enforcement agencies. Here, a system for identifying and classifying pharmaceutical tablets containing acetaminophen (AAP) by brand has been developed. In total, 15 tablets of 11 brands for a total of 165 samples were analyzed. Mid-infrared vibrational spectroscopy with multivariate analysis was employed. Quantum cascade lasers (QCLs) were used as mid-infrared sources. IR spectra in the spectral range 980-1600 cm-1 were recorded. Five different classification methods were used. First, a spectral search through correlation indices. Second, machine learning algorithms such as principal component analysis (PCA), support vector classification (SVC), decision tree classifier (DTC), and artificial neural network (ANN) were employed to classify tablets by brands. SNV and first derivative were used as preprocessing to improve the spectral information. Precision, recall, specificity, F1-score, and accuracy were used as criteria to evaluate the best SVC, DEE, and ANN classification models obtained. The IR spectra of the tablets show characteristic vibrational signals of AAP and other APIs present. Spectral classification by spectral search and PCA showed limitations in differentiating between brands, particularly for tablets containing AAP as the only API. Machine learning models, specifically SVC, achieved high accuracy in classifying AAP tablets according to their brand, even for brands containing only AAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- José A. Martínez-Trespalacios
- Mechanical Engineering Program, School of Engineering, Universidad Tecnológica de Bolívar, Parque Industrial y Tecnológico Carlos Vélez Pombo, Cartagena 130001, Colombia; (J.A.M.-T.); (J.H.-F.)
| | - Daniel E. Polo-Herrera
- Chemistry Program, Department of Natural and Exact Sciences, San Pablo Campus, University of Cartagena, Cartagena 130015, Colombia; (D.E.P.-H.); (F.C.-C.)
| | - Tamara Y. Félix-Massa
- Center for Chemical Sensors and Chemical Imaging and Surface Analysis Center, Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez, PR 00681, USA; (T.Y.F.-M.); (S.P.H.-R.)
| | - Samuel P. Hernandez-Rivera
- Center for Chemical Sensors and Chemical Imaging and Surface Analysis Center, Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez, PR 00681, USA; (T.Y.F.-M.); (S.P.H.-R.)
| | - Joaquín Hernandez-Fernandez
- Mechanical Engineering Program, School of Engineering, Universidad Tecnológica de Bolívar, Parque Industrial y Tecnológico Carlos Vélez Pombo, Cartagena 130001, Colombia; (J.A.M.-T.); (J.H.-F.)
- Chemistry Program, Department of Natural and Exact Sciences, San Pablo Campus, University of Cartagena, Cartagena 130015, Colombia; (D.E.P.-H.); (F.C.-C.)
- Department of Natural and Exact Science, Universidad de la Costa, Barranquilla 080002, Colombia
| | - Fredy Colpas-Castillo
- Chemistry Program, Department of Natural and Exact Sciences, San Pablo Campus, University of Cartagena, Cartagena 130015, Colombia; (D.E.P.-H.); (F.C.-C.)
| | - John R. Castro-Suarez
- Área Básicas Exactas, Universidad del Sinú, Seccional Cartagena, Cartagena 130015, Colombia
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Seidel RW, Bakalska BR, Kolev T, Vassilev D, Mayer-Figge H, Spiteller M, Sheldrick WS, Koleva BB. N-methylcodeinium iodide--crystal structure and spectroscopic elucidation. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2009; 73:61-66. [PMID: 19233715 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2009.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2008] [Revised: 12/31/2008] [Accepted: 01/20/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The correlation between the structure and the spectroscopic properties of N-methylcodeinium iodide (1) has been studied, using the methods of single crystal X-ray diffraction, IR-LD spectroscopy of oriented samples as a suspension in nematic liquid crystals, UV-vis spectroscopy and 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy. HPLC tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC ESI MS/MS) and thermal methods were also employed. Quantum chemical calculations have been performed with a view to obtaining the electronic structure and vibrational properties of the title compound. Compound (1) crystallizes in the space group P2(1)2(1)2(1) and its cations and anions are joined by moderate intermolecular OH...I- interaction of length 3.442A. The codeine molecule exhibits the classical T-shape for opiates. A dihedral angle value of 86.4(5) degrees between the A/B/C and D/E planes is obtained. Rings A and B are effectively coplanar with an interplanar angle of 3.6(3) degrees.
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Affiliation(s)
- R W Seidel
- Lehrstuhl für Analytische Chemie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44780 Bochum, Germany
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Koleva BB, Kolev T, Seidel RW, Tsanev T, Mayer-Figge H, Spiteller M, Sheldrick WS. Spectroscopic and structural elucidation of 4-dimethylaminopyridine and its hydrogensquarate. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2008; 71:695-702. [PMID: 18343192 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2008.01.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2007] [Revised: 01/03/2008] [Accepted: 01/18/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
A distortion of the aromatic character and stabilization of the imino-form as a result of the protonation of 4-dimethylaminopyridine was established by IR-, UV- and 1H NMR-spectral analysis of 4-diaminopyridinium hydrogensquarate. Quantum chemical calculations were carried out at MP2 and B3LYP levels of theory and a 6-311++G** basis set with a view to determining the changes in geometrical parameters and IR-spectroscopic characteristics resulting from Npy protonation. Linear-dichroic IR-spectroscopy coupled with the orientation techniques of solid samples as liquid crystal suspensions and melted solid polycrystalline films was applied for the identification of the IR-bands, characteristic for the structural fragments of the neutral and imino-form of the pyridine derivative. The spectral results were compared with the structure, obtained by a single crystal X-ray analysis. The salt contains dimmers of hydrogensquarate anions and Npy protonated cations of which the former are stabilized by strong intermolecular OH...O interactions (2.552 angstroms and 143.1(2) degrees). The 4-diaminopyridinium cation interacts with the anion through moderate NH...O bonds (2.729 angstroms and 165.0(0) degrees ). Individual cations are pi-pi stacked with their neighbors at a distance of 3.406 angstroms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bojidarka B Koleva
- Lehrstuhl für Analytische Chemie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44780 Bochum, Germany.
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Koleva BB, Zareva S, Kolev T, Spiteller M. New Au(III), Pt(II) and Pd(II) complexes with glycyl-containing homopeptides. J COORD CHEM 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/00958970802108817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bojidarka B. Koleva
- a Lehrstuhl für Analytische Chemie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150 , 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Sonya Zareva
- b Sofia University , St. Kl. Ohridski”, 1, J. Bourchier blvd., 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Tsonko Kolev
- c Institut für Umweltforschung, Universität Dortmund , Otto-Hahn-Strasse 6, 44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Michael Spiteller
- c Institut für Umweltforschung, Universität Dortmund , Otto-Hahn-Strasse 6, 44221 Dortmund, Germany
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Abstract
AbstractThe applications of linear-polarized IR-spectroscopy to oriented colloid suspensions in a nematic host are demonstrated with croconic and rhodizonic acids. The experimental IR vibrational assignments of the solid-state of both neutral compounds are presented. Assignments are supported by theoretical quantum chemical calculations and vibrational analysis at the DFT level of theoretical approximation with the 6-311++G** basis set.
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Kolev T, Koleva B, Schivachev B. Oriented solids as a colloid suspension in nematic liquid crystal – New tool for IR-spectroscopic and structural elucidation of inorganic compounds and glasses. Inorganica Chim Acta 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2007.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Kolev TM, Angelov P. Synthesis, spectroscopic and theoretical study of isoquinoline alkaloid dehydrosalsolinol base and its triacetylated derivative. J Mol Struct 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2007.07.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Kolev TM, Angelov P. Synthesis, spectroscopic and structural elucidation of 3-ethylamino-2-(4-nitro-benzoyl)-but-2-enoic acid phenylamide. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2008; 69:559-65. [PMID: 17572139 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2007.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2007] [Revised: 04/17/2007] [Accepted: 05/01/2007] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
3-Ethylamino-2-(4-nitro-benzoyl)-but-2-enoic acid phenylamide is synthesized, isolated, spectroscopical and structural characterized by means of linear-polarized IR-spectroscopy (IR-LD) of oriented solids as a colloidal suspension in nematic liquid crystal. The experimental IR-band assignment and structural information are supported by quantum chemical calculations at MP2 and B3LYP level of theory and 6-311++G** basis set. The geometry is characterized by two inramolecular hydrogen bonds of NH...O=C with bond lengths of 2.589 and 3.449 angstroms. The NHO angles are 142.1(3) degrees and 125.8(4) degrees , respectively. A transoide configuration of amide fragments is predicted with a torsion NH-C=O angle of 150.6 degrees . Phenyl fragments are mutually perpendicular oriented closing an angle of 92.6 degrees .
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsonko M Kolev
- Plovdiv University, Department of Organic Chemistry, 24 Tzar Assen Str., Plovdiv 4000, Bulgaria.
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Koleva BB, Kolev TM, Spiteller M. Spectroscopic and structural elucidation of L-tyrosine-containing dipeptides valyl-tyrosine and tyrosyl-alanine: solid-state IR-LD spectroscopy, quantum chemical calculations and vibrational analysis. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2007; 68:1187-96. [PMID: 17317282 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2007.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2006] [Revised: 01/19/2007] [Accepted: 01/24/2007] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
L-Tyrosine-containing dipeptides valyl-tyrosine (H-Val-Tyr-OH) and tyrosyl-alanine (H-Tyr-Ala-OH) are characterized structurally by means of quantum chemical ab initio calculations and solid-state linear-dichroic infrared (IR-LD) spectroscopy. The IR-characteristic bands are assigned by application of reducing-difference procedure for polarized IR-spectra interpretation. Infrared data obtained are supported as well by the made vibrational analysis. The structures of both peptides are predicted on the basis of conformational analysis and structural information, obtained by the shown IR-spectroscopic tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bojidarka B Koleva
- Sofia University, St Kl Ohridsky, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry, 1164, Sofia, Bulgaria.
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Kolev T. Influence of intermolecular hydrogen bonding on IR-spectroscopic properties of (R)-(−)-1-phenylglycinium hydrogen squarate monohydrate in solid-state. IR-LD, Raman spectroscopy and theoretical study. J Mol Struct 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2007.01.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Koleva B, Kolev T, Spiteller M. Mononuclear Au(III)-complexes with tryptophan-containing dipeptides: Synthesis, spectroscopic and structural elucidation. Inorganica Chim Acta 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2006.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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