1
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Hu X, Yin R, Jeong J, Matyjaszewski K. Robust Miniemulsion PhotoATRP Driven by Red and Near-Infrared Light. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:13417-13426. [PMID: 38691625 PMCID: PMC11099965 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c02553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
Photoinduced polymerization techniques have gathered significant attention due to their mild conditions, spatiotemporal control, and simple setup. In addition to homogeneous media, efforts have been made to implement photopolymerization in emulsions as a practical and greener process. However, previous photoinduced reversible deactivation radical polymerization (RDRP) in heterogeneous media has relied on short-wavelength lights, which have limited penetration depth, resulting in slow polymerization and relatively poor control. In this study, we demonstrate the first example of a highly efficient photoinduced miniemulsion ATRP in the open air driven by red or near-infrared (NIR) light. This was facilitated by the utilization of a water-soluble photocatalyst, methylene blue (MB+). Irradiation by red/NIR light allowed for efficient excitation of MB+ and subsequent photoreduction of the ATRP deactivator in the presence of water-soluble electron donors to initiate and mediate the polymerization process. The NIR light-driven miniemulsion photoATRP provided a successful synthesis of polymers with low dispersity (1.09 ≤ Đ ≤ 1.29) and quantitative conversion within an hour. This study further explored the impact of light penetration on polymerization kinetics in reactors of varying sizes and a large-scale reaction (250 mL), highlighting the advantages of longer-wavelength light, particularly NIR light, for large-scale polymerization in dispersed media owing to its superior penetration. This work opens new avenues for robust emulsion photopolymerization techniques, offering a greener and more practical approach with improved control and efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolei Hu
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Rongguan Yin
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Jaepil Jeong
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Krzysztof Matyjaszewski
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
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2
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Qiao X, Qiao L, Zhou M, Zhang X, Shi G, He Y, Bourgeat-Lami E, Pang X. Carbon Quantum Dot-Catalyzed, Highly Efficient Miniemulsion Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization Induced by Visible Light. ACS Macro Lett 2022; 11:1298-1305. [DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.2c00542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoguang Qiao
- College of Materials Engineering, Henan International Joint Laboratory of Rare Earth Composite Materials, Henan Engineering Technology Research Center for Fiber Preparation and Modification, Henan University of Engineering, Zhengzhou 451191, China
- Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Living Polymerizations and Functional Nanomaterials, Henan Key Laboratory of Advanced Nylon Materials and Application, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Liang Qiao
- Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Living Polymerizations and Functional Nanomaterials, Henan Key Laboratory of Advanced Nylon Materials and Application, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Mengjie Zhou
- Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Living Polymerizations and Functional Nanomaterials, Henan Key Laboratory of Advanced Nylon Materials and Application, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Xi Zhang
- Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Living Polymerizations and Functional Nanomaterials, Henan Key Laboratory of Advanced Nylon Materials and Application, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Ge Shi
- Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Living Polymerizations and Functional Nanomaterials, Henan Key Laboratory of Advanced Nylon Materials and Application, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Yanjie He
- Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Living Polymerizations and Functional Nanomaterials, Henan Key Laboratory of Advanced Nylon Materials and Application, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Elodie Bourgeat-Lami
- Univ. Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CPE Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5128, Catalysis, Polymerization, Processes and Materials (CP2M), 43, Bvd. du 11 Novembre 1918, 69616 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Xinchang Pang
- Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Living Polymerizations and Functional Nanomaterials, Henan Key Laboratory of Advanced Nylon Materials and Application, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
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3
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Kitayama Y, Tokura D, Harada A. Reversible complexation mediated polymerization of methacrylates using amine catalysts in aqueous heterogeneous systems. Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1038/s41428-022-00715-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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4
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Simakova A, Averick S, Jazani AM, Matyjaszewski K. Controlling Size and Surface Chemistry of Cationic Nanogels by Inverse Microemulsion ATRP. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.202200210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Antonina Simakova
- Department of Chemistry Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh PA 15213 United States
| | - Saadyah Averick
- Laboratory for Biomolecular Medicine Allegheny Health Network Research Institute Allegheny General Hospital Pittsburgh Pittsburgh PA 15212 United States
| | - Arman Moini Jazani
- Department of Chemistry Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh PA 15213 United States
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Dworakowska S, Lorandi F, Gorczyński A, Matyjaszewski K. Toward Green Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization: Current Status and Future Challenges. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2106076. [PMID: 35175001 PMCID: PMC9259732 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202106076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Reversible-deactivation radical polymerizations (RDRPs) have revolutionized synthetic polymer chemistry. Nowadays, RDRPs facilitate design and preparation of materials with controlled architecture, composition, and functionality. Atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) has evolved beyond traditional polymer field, enabling synthesis of organic-inorganic hybrids, bioconjugates, advanced polymers for electronics, energy, and environmentally relevant polymeric materials for broad applications in various fields. This review focuses on the relation between ATRP technology and the 12 principles of green chemistry, which are paramount guidelines in sustainable research and implementation. The green features of ATRP are presented, discussing the environmental and/or health issues and the challenges that remain to be overcome. Key discoveries and recent developments in green ATRP are highlighted, while providing a perspective for future opportunities in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylwia Dworakowska
- Department of ChemistryCarnegie Mellon University4400 Fifth AvenuePittsburghPA15213USA
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and TechnologyCracow University of TechnologyWarszawska 24Cracow31‐155Poland
| | - Francesca Lorandi
- Department of ChemistryCarnegie Mellon University4400 Fifth AvenuePittsburghPA15213USA
- Department of Industrial EngineeringUniversity of Padovavia Marzolo 9Padova35131Italy
| | - Adam Gorczyński
- Department of ChemistryCarnegie Mellon University4400 Fifth AvenuePittsburghPA15213USA
- Faculty of ChemistryAdam Mickiewicz UniversityUniwersytetu Poznańskiego 8Poznań61‐614Poland
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6
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Awad M, Dhib R, Duever T. Atom transfer radical polymerization initiated by activator generated by electron transfer in emulsion media: a review of recent advances and challenges from an engineering perspective. J DISPER SCI TECHNOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/01932691.2021.2021089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Awad
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Ryerson University, Toronto, Canada
| | - Ramdhane Dhib
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Ryerson University, Toronto, Canada
| | - Thomas Duever
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Ryerson University, Toronto, Canada
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7
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Awad M, Dhib R, Duever T. Screening Design of Experiments of AGET ATRP of Butyl Methacrylate in a Stirred Emulsion Reactor. MACROMOL REACT ENG 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/mren.202100031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Awad
- Department of Chemical Engineering Ryerson University 350 Victoria Street Toronto ON M5B 2K3 Canada
| | - Ramdhane Dhib
- Department of Chemical Engineering Ryerson University 350 Victoria Street Toronto ON M5B 2K3 Canada
| | - Thomas Duever
- Department of Chemical Engineering Ryerson University 350 Victoria Street Toronto ON M5B 2K3 Canada
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Hajizadeh S, Bülow L, Ye L. Synthesizing a Hybrid Nanocomposite as an Affinity Adsorbent through Surface-Initiated Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization Catalyzed by Myoglobin. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:10462-10474. [PMID: 34056199 PMCID: PMC8153740 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c00955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A hybrid bifunctional core-shell nanostructure was synthesized for the first time via surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization (SI-ATRP) using myoglobin as a biocatalyst (ATRPase) in an aqueous solution. N-Isopropyl acrylamide (NIPA) and N-(3-aminopropyl)methacrylamide (APMA) were applied to graft flexible polymer brushes onto initiator-functionalized silica nanoparticles. Two different approaches were implemented to form the core-shell nanocomposite: (a) random copolymerization, Si@p(NIPA-co-APMA) and (b) sequential block copolymerization, Si@pNIPA-b-pAPMA. These nanocomposites can be used as versatile intermediates, thereby leading to different types of materials for targeted applications. In this work, a phenylboronic acid ligand was immobilized on the side chain of the grafted brushes during a series of postmodification reactions to create a boronate affinity adsorbent. The ability to selectively bind glycoproteins (ovalbumin and glycated hemoglobin) via boronic acid was assessed at two different temperatures (20 and 40 °C), where Si@pNIPA-b-APMABA (163 mg OVA/g of particle) displayed an approximately 1.5-fold higher capacity than Si@p(NIPA-co-APMA)BA (107 mg OVA/g of particle). In addition to selective binding to glycoproteins, the nanocomposites exhibited selective binding for myoglobin due to the molecular imprinting effect during the postmodification process, that is, 72 and 111 mg Mb/g for Si@p(NIPA-co-APMA)BA and Si@pNIPA-b-pAPMABA, respectively.
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9
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Awad M, Dhib R, Duever T. Kinetics of MMA Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization Initiated by Reducing Agent in Stirred Batch Emulsion Reactor. MACROMOL REACT ENG 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/mren.202000052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Awad
- Department of Chemical Engineering Ryerson University Toronto Ontario M5B 2K3 Canada
| | - Ramdhane Dhib
- Department of Chemical Engineering Ryerson University Toronto Ontario M5B 2K3 Canada
| | - Thomas Duever
- Department of Chemical Engineering Ryerson University Toronto Ontario M5B 2K3 Canada
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10
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Awad M, Duever T, Dhib R. Experimental Investigation of Methyl Methacrylate in Stirred Batch Emulsion Reactor: AGET ATRP Approach. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13245793. [PMID: 33353143 PMCID: PMC7766881 DOI: 10.3390/ma13245793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study examines the ab initio emulsion atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) initiated by an eco-friendly reducing agent to produce poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) polymer with controlled characteristics in a 2 L stirred batch reactor. The effect of the reaction temperature, surfactant concentration, monomer to water ratio, and stirring speed was thoroughly investigated. The results showed that PMMA coagulation becomes quite severe at a certain temperature threshold. However, the coagulation could be avoided at mild reaction temperature, since the outcomes showed that loading more surfactant to the system under high mixing speed has balanced the polymer mixture and yielded high monomer conversion. The PMMA product was analyzed by gravimetry and GPC measurements and after 5 h of polymerization at a reaction temperature of 50 °C, monomer conversion of 64.1% was obtained, and PMMA polymer samples produced had an average molar mass of 4.5 kg/mol and a polydispersity index of 1.17. The structure of the PMMA polymer was successfully proved by FTIR and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The results confirm the living feature of MMA AGET ATRP in emulsion medium and recommend further investigation for other types of surfactant.
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11
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Awad M, Dhib R, Duever T. Influence of HMTA ligand in MMA AGET ATRP emulsion polymerization. J Appl Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/app.49128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Awad
- Department of Chemical EngineeringRyerson University Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Ramdhane Dhib
- Department of Chemical EngineeringRyerson University Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Thomas Duever
- Department of Chemical EngineeringRyerson University Toronto Ontario Canada
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12
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Wang Y, Matyjaszewski K. Catalytic Halogen Exchange in Miniemulsion ARGET ATRP: A Pathway to Well-Controlled Block Copolymers. Macromol Rapid Commun 2020; 41:e2000264. [PMID: 32529731 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202000264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Halogen exchange in atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) is an efficient way to chain-extend from a less active macroinitiator (MI) to a more active monomer. This has been previously achieved by using CuCl/L in the equimolar amount to Pn -Br MI in the chain extension step. However, this approach cannot be effectively applied in systems based on regeneration of activators (ARGET ATRP), since they operate with ppm amounts of catalysts. Herein, a catalytic halogen exchange procedure is reported using a catalytic amount of Cu in miniemulsion ARGET ATRP to chain-extend from a less active poly(n-butyl acrylate) (PBA) MI to a more active methyl methacrylate (MMA) monomer. Influence of different reagents on the initiation efficiency and dispersity is studied. Addition of 0.1 m NaCl or tetraethylammonium chloride to ATRP of MMA initiated by methyl 2-bromopropionate leads to high initiation efficiency and polymers with low dispersity. The optimized conditions are then employed in chain extension of PBA MI with MMA to prepare diblock and triblock copolymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Krzysztof Matyjaszewski
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
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13
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Seok Yu
- Institute of Materials Science, Polymer Program and Department of Chemistry University of Connecticut, 97 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3136, United States
| | - Joon-Sung Kim
- Institute of Materials Science, Polymer Program and Department of Chemistry University of Connecticut, 97 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3136, United States
| | - Vignesh Vasu
- Institute of Materials Science, Polymer Program and Department of Chemistry University of Connecticut, 97 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3136, United States
| | - Christopher P. Simpson
- Institute of Materials Science, Polymer Program and Department of Chemistry University of Connecticut, 97 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3136, United States
| | - Alexandru D. Asandei
- Institute of Materials Science, Polymer Program and Department of Chemistry University of Connecticut, 97 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3136, United States
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14
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Surmacz K, Chmielarz P. Low Ppm Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization in (Mini)Emulsion Systems. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 13:E1717. [PMID: 32268579 PMCID: PMC7178667 DOI: 10.3390/ma13071717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 03/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In the last decade, unceasing interest in atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) has been noted, especially in aqueous dispersion systems. Emulsion or miniemulsion is a preferred environment for industrial polymerization due to easier heat dissipation and lower production costs associated with the use of water as a dispersant. The main purpose of this review is to summarize ATRP methods used in emulsion media with different variants of initiating systems. A comparison of a dual over single catalytic approache by interfacial and ion pair catalysis is presented. In addition, future development directions for these methods are suggested for better use in biomedical and electronics industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Surmacz
- Doctoral School of Engineering and Technical Sciences at the Rzeszow University of Technology, Al. Powstańców Warszawy 8, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland;
| | - Paweł Chmielarz
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Rzeszow University of Technology, Al. Powstańców Warszawy 6, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland
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15
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Zaborniak I, Surmacz K, Flejszar M, Chmielarz P. Triple‐functional riboflavin‐based molecule for efficient atom transfer radical polymerization in miniemulsion media. J Appl Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/app.49275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Izabela Zaborniak
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of ChemistryRzeszow University of Technology Rzeszów Poland
| | - Karolina Surmacz
- Doctoral School of Engineering and Technical SciencesRzeszów University of Technology Rzeszów Poland
| | - Monika Flejszar
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of ChemistryRzeszow University of Technology Rzeszów Poland
| | - Paweł Chmielarz
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of ChemistryRzeszow University of Technology Rzeszów Poland
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16
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Michieletto A, Lorandi F, De Bon F, Isse AA, Gennaro A. Biocompatible polymers via aqueous electrochemically mediated atom transfer radical polymerization. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.29462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Francesca Lorandi
- Department of ChemistryCarnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue Pittsburgh Pennsylvania 15213
| | - Francesco De Bon
- Department of Chemical SciencesUniversity of Padova via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova Italy
| | - Abdirisak Ahmed Isse
- Department of Chemical SciencesUniversity of Padova via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova Italy
| | - Armando Gennaro
- Department of Chemical SciencesUniversity of Padova via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova Italy
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17
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Kampferbeck M, Vossmeyer T, Weller H. Cross-Linked Polystyrene Shells Grown on Iron Oxide Nanoparticles via Surface-Grafted AGET-ATRP in Microemulsion. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:8790-8798. [PMID: 31244257 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b01060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Most applications of nanoparticles require robust stabilization, for example, by surface-bound ligands or the encapsulation within polymer shells. Furthermore, for biomedical applications, the particles must be dispersible in a complex biological environment. Thus, high-quality nanoparticles synthesized in organic solvents must be transferred into aqueous media. Here, we present a novel scalable method enabling the robust hydrophilic encapsulation of non-agglomerated nanoparticles by growing polystyrene shells via AGET-ATRP in microemulsion. To demonstrate this approach, we encapsulate iron oxide nanoparticles (diameter: 13.7 ± 0.6 nm). Because the ATRP initiator is grafted onto the nanoparticles' surface, the shells are covalently attached to the iron oxide cores. By varying the amount of monomers, the shell thickness can be adjusted precisely, as indicated by the increasing hydrodynamic size from ∼22 to 26 nm (DLS, number mean) with an increasing amount of added monomers. Moreover, the degree of cross-linking can be controlled by the amount of added divinylbenzene (DVB). To evaluate the robustness of the polymer shells against ion infusion, we introduce a novel colorimetric method, which is based on the formation of the red iron thiocyanate complex. After addition of HCl, the increase in absorbance at 468 nm indicates leaching of iron ions from the polymer-encapsulated core particles. These measurements confirm that with increasing shell thickness, significantly improved shielding is achieved. Furthermore, high concentrations of added DVB [33-50% (v/v) in a monomer mixture] improve the shielding effect. However, when smaller amounts of DVB were added [10-25% (v/v)], the shielding effect was diminished, even in comparison to non-cross-linked polymer shells. This finding suggests a higher porosity of shells with a low degree of cross-linking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Kampferbeck
- Institute of Physical Chemistry , University of Hamburg , Grindelallee 117 , 20146 Hamburg , Germany
| | - Tobias Vossmeyer
- Institute of Physical Chemistry , University of Hamburg , Grindelallee 117 , 20146 Hamburg , Germany
| | - Horst Weller
- Institute of Physical Chemistry , University of Hamburg , Grindelallee 117 , 20146 Hamburg , Germany
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18
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Upadhayay Regmi KN, Mehrvar M, Dhib R. Experimental Design and Statistical Analysis of AGET ATRP of MMA in Emulsion Polymer Reactor. MACROMOL REACT ENG 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/mren.201900006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mehrab Mehrvar
- Department of Chemical EngineeringRyerson University Toronto M5B 2K3 Ontario Canada
| | - Ramdhane Dhib
- Department of Chemical EngineeringRyerson University Toronto M5B 2K3 Ontario Canada
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19
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Wang Y, Dadashi-Silab S, Matyjaszewski K. Photoinduced Miniemulsion Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization. ACS Macro Lett 2018; 7:720-725. [PMID: 35632954 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.8b00371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Photomediated atom transfer radical polymerization (photoATRP) of (meth)acrylic monomers was conducted in miniemulsion media. The polymerization procedures took advantage of an ion-pair catalyst formed by interaction of Cu/TPMA2 (TPMA = tris(2-pyridylmethyl)amine) and an anionic surfactant, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). The ion-pair catalyst was efficient in controlling ATRP reactions with catalyst loadings as low as 100 ppm. The effect of different polymerization parameters, such as the size of the reaction vial, amount of surfactant, and solids content influencing the photoATRP in miniemulsion, was studied. The polymerization was conducted with solids content ranging from 5 to 50 vol % under a moderate surfactant loading (<5 wt % relative to monomer). Excellent temporal control was achieved upon switching the UV light on and off multiple times, and the polymer was successfully chain extended, indicating high retention of chain-end fidelity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Sajjad Dadashi-Silab
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Krzysztof Matyjaszewski
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
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20
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Cordero R, Jawaid A, Hsiao MS, Lequeux Z, Vaia RA, Ober CK. Mini Monomer Encapsulated Emulsion Polymerization of PMMA Using Aqueous ARGET ATRP. ACS Macro Lett 2018; 7:459-463. [PMID: 35619343 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.8b00038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
A new emulsion polymerization based on Activators Regenerated by Electron Transfer Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization (ARGET ATRP) has been developed to produce poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA). The critical components of single-pot synthesis via a mini Monomer Encapsulated ARGET ATRP emulsion polymerization will be discussed. In this method, monomer is isolated in a micelle by pre-emulsification in a nonionic surfactant through high power stirring while acetone is introduced to the polymerization to aid in reactant transport and tetrabutylammonium salts are used as phase transfer agents. Polymerizations using tetrabutylammonium bromide (TBAB) were more controlled and demonstrated low Đ (Mw/Mn < 1.17), where those using tetrabutylammonium chloride (TBAC) exhibited higher Đ (Mw/Mn > 1.50). First-order linear kinetics for MMA polymerizations at 100 mM TBAB was demonstrated, while the reactions deviated from linearity at higher concentrations of TBAB and all concentrations of TBAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roselynn Cordero
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Ali Jawaid
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, Ohio 45433, United States
| | - Ming-Siao Hsiao
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, Ohio 45433, United States
| | - Zoë Lequeux
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Richard A. Vaia
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, Ohio 45433, United States
| | - Christopher K. Ober
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
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21
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Bian C, Zhou YN, Guo JK, Luo ZH. Aqueous Metal-Free Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization: Experiments and Model-Based Approach for Mechanistic Understanding. Macromolecules 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b00348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Bian
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Yin-Ning Zhou
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Jun-Kang Guo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Zheng-Hong Luo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
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Wang Y, Lorandi F, Fantin M, Chmielarz P, Isse AA, Gennaro A, Matyjaszewski K. Miniemulsion ARGET ATRP via Interfacial and Ion-Pair Catalysis: From ppm to ppb of Residual Copper. Macromolecules 2017; 50:8417-8425. [PMID: 29983450 PMCID: PMC6029244 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.7b01730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
It was recently reported that copper catalysts used in atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) can combine with anionic surfactants used in emulsion polymerization to form ion pairs. The ion pairs predominately reside at the surface of the monomer droplets, but they can also migrate inside the droplets and induce a controlled polymerization. This concept was applied to activator regenerated by electron transfer (ARGET) ATRP, with ascorbic acid as reducing agent. ATRP of n-butyl acrylate (BA) and n-butyl methacrylate (BMA) was carried out in miniemulsion using CuII/tris(2-pyridylmethyl)amine (TPMA) as catalyst, with several anionic surfactants forming the reactive ion-pair complexes. The amount and structure of surfactant controlled both the polymerization rate and the final particle size. Well-controlled polymers were prepared with catalyst loadings as low as 50 ppm, leaving only 300 ppb of Cu in the precipitated polymer. Efficient chain extension of a poly(BMA)-Br macroinitiator confirmed high retention of chain-end functionality. This procedure was exploited to prepare polymers with complex architectures such as block copolymers, star polymers, and molecular brushes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Francesca Lorandi
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Marco Fantin
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Paweł Chmielarz
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Rzeszów University of Technology, Al. Powstańców Warszawy 6, 35-959 Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Abdirisak A. Isse
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Armando Gennaro
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Krzysztof Matyjaszewski
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
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Fantin M, Park S, Wang Y, Matyjaszewski K. Electrochemical Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization in Miniemulsion with a Dual Catalytic System. Macromolecules 2016; 49:8838-8847. [PMID: 29977097 PMCID: PMC6029247 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.6b02037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
An electrochemical approach was used to control atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) of n-butyl acrylate (BA) in miniemulsion. Electropolymerization required a dual catalytic system, composed of an aqueous phase catalyst and an organic phase catalyst. This allowed shuttling the electrochemical stimulus from the working electrode (WE) to the continuous aqueous phase and to the dispersed monomer droplets. As aqueous phase catalysts, the hydrophilic Cu complexes with the ligands N,N-bis( 2-pyridylmethyl)-2-hydroxyethylamine (BPMEA), 2,2'-bipyridine (bpy), and tris(2-pyridylmethyl)amine (TPMA) were tested. As organic phase catalysts, the hydrophobic complexes with the ligands bis(2-pyridylmethyl)-octadecylamine (BPMODA) and bis[2-(4-methoxy-3,5-dimethyl)-pyridylmethyl]octadecylamine (BPMODA*) were evaluated. Highest rates and best control of BA electropolymerization were obtained with the water-soluble Cu/BPMEA used in combination with the oil-soluble Cu/BPMODA*. The polymerization rate could be further enhanced by changing the potential applied at the WE. Differently from traditional ATRP systems, reactivity of the dual catalytic system did not depend on the redox potential of the catalysts but instead depended on the hydrophobicity and partition coefficient of the aqueous phase catalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Fantin
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Sangwoo Park
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Krzysztof Matyjaszewski
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
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25
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Wang G, Schmitt M, Wang Z, Lee B, Pan X, Fu L, Yan J, Li S, Xie G, Bockstaller MR, Matyjaszewski K. Polymerization-Induced Self-Assembly (PISA) Using ICAR ATRP at Low Catalyst Concentration. Macromolecules 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.6b01966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guowei Wang
- Department
of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
- State
Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Collaborative
Innovation Center of Polymers and Polymer Composite Materials, Department
of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Michael Schmitt
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Zongyu Wang
- Department
of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Bongjoon Lee
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Xiangcheng Pan
- Department
of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Liye Fu
- Department
of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Jiajun Yan
- Department
of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Sipei Li
- Department
of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Guojun Xie
- Department
of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Michael R. Bockstaller
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Krzysztof Matyjaszewski
- Department
of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
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26
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Yan J, Kristufek T, Schmitt M, Wang Z, Xie G, Dang A, Hui CM, Pietrasik J, Bockstaller MR, Matyjaszewski K. Matrix-free Particle Brush System with Bimodal Molecular Weight Distribution Prepared by SI-ATRP. Macromolecules 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.5b01905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Tyler Kristufek
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Benedum Hall, 3700 O’Hara
Street, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
| | | | | | | | - Alei Dang
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, People’s Republic of China
| | | | - Joanna Pietrasik
- Institute
of Polymer and Dye Technology, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego
12/16, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
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27
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Zetterlund PB, Thickett SC, Perrier S, Bourgeat-Lami E, Lansalot M. Controlled/Living Radical Polymerization in Dispersed Systems: An Update. Chem Rev 2015; 115:9745-800. [PMID: 26313922 DOI: 10.1021/cr500625k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 326] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Per B Zetterlund
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Engineering, The University of New South Wales , Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Stuart C Thickett
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Engineering, The University of New South Wales , Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Sébastien Perrier
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Warwick , Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K.,Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University , Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Elodie Bourgeat-Lami
- Laboratory of Chemistry, Catalysis, Polymers and Processes (C2P2), LCPP group, Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CPE Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5265, 43, Boulevard du 11 Novembre 1918, F-69616 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Muriel Lansalot
- Laboratory of Chemistry, Catalysis, Polymers and Processes (C2P2), LCPP group, Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CPE Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5265, 43, Boulevard du 11 Novembre 1918, F-69616 Villeurbanne, France
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Ding M, Jiang X, Zhang L, Cheng Z, Zhu X. Recent Progress on Transition Metal Catalyst Separation and Recycling in ATRP. Macromol Rapid Commun 2015; 36:1702-21. [PMID: 26079178 DOI: 10.1002/marc.201500085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2015] [Revised: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) is a versatile and robust tool to synthesize a wide spectrum of monomers with various designable structures. However, it usually needs large amounts of transition metal as the catalyst to mediate the equilibrium between the dormant and propagating species. Unfortunately, the catalyst residue may contaminate or color the resultant polymers, which limits its application, especially in biomedical and electronic materials. How to efficiently and economically remove or reduce the catalyst residue from its products is a challenging and encouraging task. Herein, recent advances in catalyst separation and recycling are highlighted with a focus on (1) highly active ppm level transition metal or metal free catalyzed ATRP; (2) post-purification method; (3) various soluble, insoluble, immobilized/soluble, and reversible supported catalyst systems; and (4) liquid-liquid biphasic catalyzed systems, especially thermo-regulated catalysis systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingqiang Ding
- Suzhou Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Design and Precision Synthesis, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Xiaowu Jiang
- Suzhou Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Design and Precision Synthesis, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Lifen Zhang
- Suzhou Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Design and Precision Synthesis, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Zhenping Cheng
- Suzhou Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Design and Precision Synthesis, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Xiulin Zhu
- Suzhou Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Design and Precision Synthesis, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
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29
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Synthesis and characterization of PS-b-PGMA diblock copolymer and its interaction with blood proteins and donepezil. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2014.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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30
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Wang GX, Lu M, Hou ZH, Gao Y, Liu LC, Wu H. Photoirradiated Fe-Mediated AGET ATRP of Methyl Methacrylate in the Presence of Alcohol. JOURNAL OF MACROMOLECULAR SCIENCE PART A-PURE AND APPLIED CHEMISTRY 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/10601325.2014.916177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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31
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Investigation of AGET-ATRP of methyl methacrylate in surface-active ionic liquid microemulsions. IRANIAN POLYMER JOURNAL 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s13726-013-0203-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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32
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Synthesis and characterization of poly(2-ethylhexyl acrylate) prepared via atom transfer radical polymerization, reverse atom transfer radical polymerization and radical polymerization. J CHEM SCI 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s12039-013-0438-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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33
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Lamson M, Epshtein-Assor Y, Silverstein MS, Matyjaszewski K. Synthesis of degradable polyHIPEs by AGET ATRP. POLYMER 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2013.06.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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34
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Hatami L, Haddadi-Asl V, Ahmadian-Alam L, Roghani-Mamaqani H, Salami-Kalajahi M. Effect of Nanoclay on Styrene and Butyl Acrylate AGET ATRP in Miniemulsion: Study of Nucleation Type, Kinetics, and Polymerization Control. INT J CHEM KINET 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/kin.20757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Leila Hatami
- Department of Chemistry; Amirkabir University of Technology; Tehran; Iran
| | - Vahid Haddadi-Asl
- Department of Polymer Engineering and Color Technology; Amirkabir University of Technology,; P.O. Box 15875-4413; Tehran; Iran
| | | | - Hossein Roghani-Mamaqani
- Department of Polymer Engineering and Color Technology; Amirkabir University of Technology,; P.O. Box 15875-4413; Tehran; Iran
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35
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Reactivity ratios of controlled/living copolymerization of styrene and acrylonitrile in ionic liquid microemulsion. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-013-0080-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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36
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Enríquez-Medrano FJ, Maldonado-Textle H, Hernández-Valdez M, Lacroix-Desmazes P, Guerrero-Santos R. Trithiocarbonates prepared from iodo-functionalized RITP-polymers. Polym Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c2py20790g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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37
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Wu Y, Dong G, Xu J, Ni G. Emulsion copolymerization of styrene and butyl acrylate by reverse atom transfer radical polymerization. J Appl Polym Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/app.36947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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38
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Encapsulation of organomodified montmorillonite with PMMA via in situ SR&NI ATRP in miniemulsion. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-012-9868-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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39
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40
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Lessard BH, Marić M. Water-soluble/dispersible carbazole-containing random and block copolymers by nitroxide-mediated radical polymerisation. CAN J CHEM ENG 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/cjce.21676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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41
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Li W, Matyjaszewski K. AGET ATRP of oligo(ethylene glycol) monomethyl ether methacrylate in inverse microemulsion. Polym Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c1py00431j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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42
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Khezri K, Haddadi-Asl V, Roghani-Mamaqani H, Salami-Kalajahi M. Synthesis of clay-dispersed poly(styrene-co-methyl methacrylate) nanocomposite via miniemulsion atom transfer radical polymerization: A reverse approach. J Appl Polym Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/app.35279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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43
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Effect of chain topology on the self-organization and the mechanical properties of poly(n-butyl acrylate)-b-polystyrene block copolymers. POLYMER 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2011.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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44
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Ayres N. Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization: A Robust and Versatile Route for Polymer Synthesis. POLYM REV 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/15583724.2011.566402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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45
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Magenau AJD, Strandwitz NC, Gennaro A, Matyjaszewski K. Electrochemically mediated atom transfer radical polymerization. Science 2011; 332:81-4. [PMID: 21454784 DOI: 10.1126/science.1202357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 622] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Atom transfer radical polymerization is a versatile technique for exerting precise control over polymer molecular weights, molecular weight distributions, and complex architectures. Here, we show that an externally applied electrochemical potential can reversibly activate the copper catalyst for this process by a one-electron reduction of an initially added air-stable cupric species (Cu(II)/Ligand). Modulation of polymerization kinetics is thereby tunable in real time by varying the magnitude of applied potential. Application of multistep intermittent potentials successfully triggers initiation of polymerization and subsequently toggles the polymerization between dormant and active states in a living manner. Catalyst concentrations down to 50 parts per million are demonstrated to maintain polymerization control manifested in linear first-order kinetics, a linear increase in polymer molecular weight with monomer conversion, and narrow polymer molecular weight distributions over a range of applied potentials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J D Magenau
- Center for Macromolecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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46
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de Graaf AJ, Mastrobattista E, van Nostrum CF, Rijkers DTS, Hennink WE, Vermonden T. ATRP, subsequent azide substitution and ‘click’ chemistry: three reactions using one catalyst in one pot. Chem Commun (Camb) 2011; 47:6972-4. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cc12224j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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47
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48
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Golas PL, Matyjaszewski K. Marrying click chemistry with polymerization: expanding the scope of polymeric materials. Chem Soc Rev 2010; 39:1338-54. [DOI: 10.1039/b901978m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 687] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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