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Gachumi G, Demelenne A, Poudel A, Dallal Bashi Z, El-Aneed A. Novel Fast Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometric Quantitative Approach for the Determination of Plant-Extracted Phytosterols and Tocopherols. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26051402. [PMID: 33807675 PMCID: PMC7961602 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26051402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytosterols and tocopherols are commonly used in food and pharmaceutical industries for their health benefits. Current analysis methods rely on conventional liquid chromatography, using an analytical column, which can be tedious and time consuming. However, simple, and fast analytical methods can facilitate their qualitative and quantitative analysis. In this study, a fast chromatography-tandem mass spectrometric (FC-MS/MS) method was developed and validated for the quantitative analysis of phytosterols and tocopherols. Omitting chromatography by employing flow injection analysis—mass spectrometry (FIA-MS) failed in the quantification of target analytes due to analyte-to-analyte interferences from phytosterols. These interferences arise from their ambiguous MS fingerprints that would lead to false identification and inaccurate quantification. Therefore, a C18 guard column with a 1.9 µm particle size was employed for FC-MS/MS under isocratic elution using acetonitrile/methanol (99:1 v/v) at a flow rate of 600 µL/min. Analyte-to-analyte interferences were identified and eliminated. The false peaks could then be easily identified due to chromatographic separation. In addition, two internal standards were evaluated, namely cholestanol and deuterated cholesterol. Both internal standards contributed to the observed analyte-to-analyte interferences; however, adequate shift in the retention time for deuterated cholesterol eliminated its interferences and allowed for an accurate quantification. The method is fast (1.3 min) compared to published methods and can distinguish false peaks observed in FIA-MS. Seven analytes were quantified simultaneously, namely brassicasterol, campesterol, stigmasterol, β-sitosterol, α-tocopherol, δ-tocopherol, and γ-tocopherol. The method was successfully applied in the quantitative analysis of phytosterols and tocopherols present in the unsaponifiable matter of canola oil deodorizer distillate (CODD). β-sitosterol and γ-tocopherol were the most abundant phytosterols and tocopherols, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Gachumi
- Drug Design and Discovery Group, College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada; (G.G.); (A.P.); (Z.D.B.)
| | - Alice Demelenne
- Laboratory for the Analysis of Medicines, Department of Pharmacy, CIRM, University of Liège, 4000 Liege, Belgium;
| | - Asmita Poudel
- Drug Design and Discovery Group, College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada; (G.G.); (A.P.); (Z.D.B.)
| | - Zafer Dallal Bashi
- Drug Design and Discovery Group, College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada; (G.G.); (A.P.); (Z.D.B.)
| | - Anas El-Aneed
- Drug Design and Discovery Group, College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada; (G.G.); (A.P.); (Z.D.B.)
- Correspondence:
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Aresta A, Milani G, Clodoveo ML, Franchini C, Cotugno P, Radojcic Redovnikovic I, Quinto M, Corbo F, Zambonin C. Development, Optimization, and Comparison of Different Sample Pre-Treatments for Simultaneous Determination of Vitamin E and Vitamin K in Vegetables. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25112509. [PMID: 32481534 PMCID: PMC7321086 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25112509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The absence of vitamin E from the diet can lead to cardiovascular disease, cancer, cataracts, and premature aging. Vitamin K deficiency can lead to bleeding disorders. These fat-soluble vitamins are important nutritional factors that can be determined in different methods in vegetables. In this work, the simultaneous determination of α-tocopherol, α-tocopheryl acetate, phylloquinone, and menaquinone-4 by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) has been optimized using both direct injection and solid phase microextraction (SPME). Three different sample pre-treatment approaches based on: (A) solid–liquid–liquid–liquid extraction (SLE–LLE), (B) SLE, and (C) SPME were then applied to extract the target analytes from vegetables samples using menaquinone as internal standard. All the procedures allowed the determination of the target analytes in onion, carrot, celery, and curly kale samples. Similar results were obtained with the three different approaches, even if the one based on SPME offers the best performance, together with a reduced use of solvent, time consumption, and experimental complexity, which makes it the preferable option for industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Aresta
- Department of Chemistry, University “Aldo Moro”, Bari Via E. Orabona, 4, I-70125 Bari, Italy; (A.A.); (P.C.); (C.Z.)
| | - Gualtiero Milani
- Department of Pharmacy-Pharmaceutical Sciences, University “Aldo Moro”, Bari Via E. Orabona, 4, I-70125 Bari, Italy; (G.M.); (C.F.)
| | - Maria Lisa Clodoveo
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, University “Aldo Moro”, Bari Pz G. Cesare 11, Policlinico di Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy;
| | - Carlo Franchini
- Department of Pharmacy-Pharmaceutical Sciences, University “Aldo Moro”, Bari Via E. Orabona, 4, I-70125 Bari, Italy; (G.M.); (C.F.)
| | - Pietro Cotugno
- Department of Chemistry, University “Aldo Moro”, Bari Via E. Orabona, 4, I-70125 Bari, Italy; (A.A.); (P.C.); (C.Z.)
| | | | - Maurizio Quinto
- Department of Agricultural Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Foggia, Via A.Gramsci 89/91, 71122 Foggia, Italy;
| | - Filomena Corbo
- Department of Pharmacy-Pharmaceutical Sciences, University “Aldo Moro”, Bari Via E. Orabona, 4, I-70125 Bari, Italy; (G.M.); (C.F.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0805442746
| | - Carlo Zambonin
- Department of Chemistry, University “Aldo Moro”, Bari Via E. Orabona, 4, I-70125 Bari, Italy; (A.A.); (P.C.); (C.Z.)
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Aresta A, Zambonin C. Determination of α-Tocopherol in Olive Oil by Solid-Phase Microextraction and Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry. ANAL LETT 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2016.1238922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Aresta
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Carlo Zambonin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
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