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Ge M, Alabi A, Kelner MJ, Fitzgerald RL, Suhandynata RT. Evaluation of a Benzodiazepine Immunoassay for Urine Drug Testing in Clinical Specimens. J Appl Lab Med 2024:jfae083. [PMID: 39163145 DOI: 10.1093/jalm/jfae083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 08/22/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Benzodiazepines are commonly prescribed medications frequently linked to instances of abuse and overdose. Historically, FDA-cleared benzodiazepine urine immunoassays cross-react poorly with glucuronidated benzodiazepine metabolites, leading to false negatives. Clinical laboratories have addressed this deficiency by creating laboratory-developed tests (LDTs) that incorporate a beta-glucuronidase hydrolysis step to increase the clinical sensitivity of these assays. METHODS Performance characteristics of 2 FDA-cleared benzodiazepine urine immunoassays (Benzodiazepines Plus, no glucuronidase and Benzodiazepines II, with glucuronidase; Roche Diagnostics) and a previously described benzodiazepine immunoassay LDT (with glucuronidase) were evaluated using 258 clinical urine specimens. The positive immunoassay cutoff was set at 200 ng/mL of nordiazepam and results were compared to an LC-MS/MS benzodiazepine LDT. Clinical sensitivity, specificity, precision, and immunoassay cross-reactivity were determined for all 3 immunoassays. RESULTS The Benzodiazepines II and LDT immunoassays exhibited greater clinical sensitivity (100% and 95.2%) compared to the Benzodiazepines Plus assay (66.7%). Clinical specificity of 100% was observed for all 3 assays. Immunoassay response of the Benzodiazepines II assay was greater across the range of concentrations tested (100-1000 ng/mL) relative to the other immunoassays and was the most sensitive immunoassay for the detection of lorazepam glucuronide. CONCLUSIONS The Benzodiazepines II immunoassay demonstrated the greatest clinical and analytical sensitivity compared to the Benzodiazepines Plus and LDT immunoassays. The incorporation of beta-glucuronidase was crucial, as the Benzodiazepines II and LDT immunoassays demonstrated superior clinical sensitivity when compared to the Benzodiazepines Plus immunoassay that does not incorporate a beta-glucuronidase hydrolysis step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyuan Ge
- Department of Pathology, UC San Diego Health, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Adekunle Alabi
- Department of Pathology, UC San Diego Health, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Michael J Kelner
- Department of Pathology, UC San Diego Health, San Diego, CA, United States
| | | | - Raymond T Suhandynata
- Department of Pathology, UC San Diego Health, San Diego, CA, United States
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, UC San Diego Health, La Jolla, CA, United States
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2
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Wachełko O, Szpot P, Tusiewicz K, Nowak K, Chłopaś-Konowałek A, Zawadzki M. An ultra-sensitive UHPLC-QqQ-MS/MS method for determination of 54 benzodiazepines (pharmaceutical drugs, NPS and metabolites) and z-drugs in biological samples. Talanta 2022; 251:123816. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2022.123816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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3
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Synthesis of Cu-Porphyrazines by Annulated Diazepine Rings with Electrochemical, Conductance Activities and Computational Studies. J Inorg Organomet Polym Mater 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10904-021-02122-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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4
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Rahbar N, Ahmadi F, Ramezani Z, Nourani M. Calcium/Copper Alginate Framework Doped with CuO Nanoparticles as a Novel Adsorbent for Micro-extraction of Benzodiazepines from Human Serum. CURR PHARM ANAL 2021. [DOI: 10.2174/1573412916666200210150914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Sample preparation is one of the most challenging phases in pharmaceutical
analysis, especially in biological matrices, affecting the whole analytical methodology.
Objective:
In this study, a new Ca(II)/Cu(II)/alginate/CuO Nanoparticles Hydrogel Fiber (CCACHF)
was synthesized through a simple, green procedure and applied for fiber micro solid-phase extraction
(FMSPE) of diazepam (DIZ) and oxazepam (OXZ) as model drugs prior to high-performance liquid
chromatography-UV detection (HPLC-UV).
Methods:
Composition and morphology of the prepared fiber were characterized and the effect of
main parameters on the fiber fabrication and extraction efficiency have been studied and optimized.
Results:
In optimal conditions, calibration curves were linear, ranging between 0.1–500 μg L−1 with
regression coefficients of 0.9938 and 0.9968. Limit of Detection (LOD) (S/N=3) and Limit of Quantification
(LOQ) (S/N=10) of the technique for DIZ and OXZ were 0.03 to 0.1 μg L−1. Within-day and
between-day Relative Standard Deviations (RSDs) for DIZ and OXZ were 6.0–12.5% and 3.3–9.4%,
respectively.
Conclusion:
The fabricated adsorbent has been substantially employed to the extraction of selected
benzo-diazepines (BZDs) from human serum real specimens and the obtained recoveries were also
satisfactory (82.1-109.7%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadereh Rahbar
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz,Iran
| | - Fatemeh Ahmadi
- Student Research Committee, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz,Iran
| | - Zahra Ramezani
- Marine Pharmaceutical Science Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz,Iran
| | - Masoumeh Nourani
- Student Research Committee, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz,Iran
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Feeney W, Moorthy AS, Sisco E. Spectral trends in GC-EI-MS data obtained from the SWGDRUG mass spectral library and literature: A resource for the identification of unknown compounds. Forensic Chem 2020; 31:10.1016/j.forc.2022.100459. [PMID: 36578315 PMCID: PMC9793444 DOI: 10.1016/j.forc.2022.100459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Rapid identification of new or emerging psychoactive substances remains a critical challenge in forensic drug chemistry laboratories. Current analytical protocols are well-designed for confirmation of known substances yet struggle when new compounds are encountered. Many laboratories initially attempt to classify new compounds using gas chromatography-electron ionization-mass spectrometry (GC-EI-MS). Though there is a large body of research focused on the analysis of illicit substances with GC-EI-MS, there is little high-level discussion of mass spectral trends for different classes of drugs. This manuscript compiles literature information and performs simple exploratory analyses on evaluated GC-EI-MS data to investigate mass spectral trends for illicit substance classes. Additionally, this work offers other important aspects: brief discussions of how each class of drugs is used; illustrations of EI mass spectra with proposed structures of commonly observed ions; and summaries of mass spectral trends that can help an analyst classify new illicit compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Feeney
- Corresponding author at: Surface and Trace Chemical Analysis Group, Material Measurement Laboratory, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA. (W. Feeney)
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Gackowski M, Koba M, Mądra-Gackowska K, Kośliński P, Kruszewski S. Recent Applications of High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography and Derivative Spectrophotometry in Pharmaceutical Analysis. CURR PHARM ANAL 2020. [DOI: 10.2174/1573412915666190226155149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
At present, no one can imagine drug development, marketing and post-marketing without
rigorous quality control at each stage. Only modern, selective, accurate and precise analytical methods
for determination of active compounds, their degradation products and stability studies are able to assure
the appropriate amount and purity of drugs administered every day to millions of patients all over
the world. For routine control of drugs simple, economic, rapid and reliable methods are desirable. The
major focus of current scrutiny is placed on high-performance thin layer chromatography and derivative
spectrophotometry methods, which fulfill routine drug estimation’s expectations [1-4]. The present
paper reveals state-of-the-art and possible applications of those methods in pharmaceutical analysis
between 2010 and 2018. The review shows advantages of high-performance thin layer chromatography
and derivative spectrophotometry, including accuracy and precision comparable to more expensive and
time-consuming methods as well as additional fields of possible applications, which contribute to resolving
many analytical problems in everyday laboratory practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Gackowski
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Collegium Medicum of Nicolaus Copernicus University, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Marcin Koba
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Collegium Medicum of Nicolaus Copernicus University, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | | | - Piotr Kośliński
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Collegium Medicum of Nicolaus Copernicus University, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Stefan Kruszewski
- Medical Physics Division, Biophysics Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Collegium Medicum of Nicolaus Copernicus University, Bydgoszcz, Poland
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Honeychurch KC. Review of Electroanalytical-Based Approaches for the Determination of Benzodiazepines. BIOSENSORS-BASEL 2019; 9:bios9040130. [PMID: 31684040 PMCID: PMC6955736 DOI: 10.3390/bios9040130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The benzodiazepine class of drugs are characterised by a readily electrochemically reducible azomethine group. A number are also substituted by other electrochemically active nitro, N-oxide, and carbonyl groups, making them readily accessible to electrochemical determination. Techniques such as polarography, voltammetry, and potentiometry have been employed for pharmaceutical and biomedical samples, requiring little sample preparation. This review describes current developments in the design and applications of electrochemical-based approaches for the determination of the benzodiazepine class of drugs form their introduction in the early 1960s to 2019. Throughout this period, state-of-the-art electroanalytical techniques have been reported for their determination. Polarography was first employed focused on mechanistic investigations. Subsequent studies showed the adsorption of many the benzodiazepines at Hg electrodes allowed for the highly sensitive technique of adsorptive stripping voltammetry to be employed. The development and introduction of other working electrode materials such as carbon led to techniques such as voltammetry to become commonly reported, and the modification of these electrodes has now become the most commonly employed approach using molecularly imprinting and nanotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin C Honeychurch
- Centre for Research in Biosciences, Department of Applied Sciences, University of the West of England, Frenchay Campus, Bristol BS16 1QY, UK.
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Tavakoli Z, Soleimani M, Alavi Nikje MM. Characterization and performance evaluation of functional monomer effect on molecular imprinted polyurethane foam. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1602:30-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Tavakoli Z, Soleimani M, Nikje MMA. Evaluation of an Experimentally Designed Molecular Imprinted Polyurethane Foam Performance for Extraction of Alprazolam. J Chromatogr Sci 2019; 57:662-670. [DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmz032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2018] [Revised: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Industrial polyurethane rigid foam (PUF) was selected as a substrate for selective solid phase extraction of Alprazolam. Effective parameters for raising selectivity of the PUF were evaluated. Synthetic molecularly imprinted polyurethane foam (MIPUF) was tracked as selective adsorbent and its characteristic was pondered by analytical methods. Optimization was done by central composite design (CCD) to have high efficiency of the polymer adsorption. Two different extraction methods were compared in the selective adsorption processes using MIPUF and NIPUF, batch system and continuous (cartridge) system. Results of the adsorption of alprazolam on the MIPUF had 39% more recovery than NIPUF (reference polymer). Then, the proposed method suggests a selective extraction of mentioned analyte from urine and tablets as complex matrixes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeynab Tavakoli
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Imam Khomeini International University (IKIU), Qazvin, Iran
| | - Majid Soleimani
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Imam Khomeini International University (IKIU), Qazvin, Iran
| | - Mir Mohammad Alavi Nikje
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Imam Khomeini International University (IKIU), Qazvin, Iran
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Novel family of fused tricyclic [1,4]diazepines: Design, synthesis, crystal structures and molecular docking studies. Tetrahedron 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2017.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Voltammetry of benzodiazepines on meniscus-modified silver solid amalgam electrode. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s00706-015-1594-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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12
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Woźniakiewicz A, Wietecha-Posłuszny R, Woźniakiewicz M, Bryczek E, Kościelniak P. A quick method for determination of psychoactive agents in serum and hair by using capillary electrophoresis and mass spectrometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2015; 111:177-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2015.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Revised: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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13
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Ole¸dzka I, Kulińska Z, Prahl A, Ba¸czek T. Simultaneous Separation of Eight Benzodiazepines in Human Urine Using Field-Amplified Sample Stacking Micellar Electrokinetic Chromatography. J Anal Toxicol 2015; 39:436-43. [DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkv042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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14
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Famiglini G, Capriotti F, Palma P, Termopoli V, Cappiello A. The Rapid Measurement of Benzodiazepines in a Milk-Based Alcoholic Beverage Using QuEChERS Extraction and GC-MS Analysis. J Anal Toxicol 2015; 39:306-12. [DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkv014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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15
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Guan D, Guo L, Liu L, Kong N, Kuang H, Xu C. Development of an ELISA for nitrazepam based on a monoclonal antibody. FOOD AGR IMMUNOL 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/09540105.2014.998637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
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