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Efentakis P, Andreadou I, Iliodromitis KE, Triposkiadis F, Ferdinandy P, Schulz R, Iliodromitis EK. Myocardial Protection and Current Cancer Therapy: Two Opposite Targets with Inevitable Cost. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232214121. [PMID: 36430599 PMCID: PMC9696420 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232214121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Myocardial protection against ischemia/reperfusion injury (IRI) is mediated by various ligands, activating different cellular signaling cascades. These include classical cytosolic mediators such as cyclic-GMP (c-GMP), various kinases such as Phosphatydilinositol-3- (PI3K), Protein Kinase B (Akt), Mitogen-Activated-Protein- (MAPK) and AMP-activated (AMPK) kinases, transcription factors such as signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) and bioactive molecules such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Most of the aforementioned signaling molecules constitute targets of anticancer therapy; as they are also involved in carcinogenesis, most of the current anti-neoplastic drugs lead to concomitant weakening or even complete abrogation of myocardial cell tolerance to ischemic or oxidative stress. Furthermore, many anti-neoplastic drugs may directly induce cardiotoxicity via their pharmacological effects, or indirectly via their cardiovascular side effects. The combination of direct drug cardiotoxicity, indirect cardiovascular side effects and neutralization of the cardioprotective defense mechanisms of the heart by prolonged cancer treatment may induce long-term ventricular dysfunction, or even clinically manifested heart failure. We present a narrative review of three therapeutic interventions, namely VEGF, proteasome and Immune Checkpoint inhibitors, having opposing effects on the same intracellular signal cascades thereby affecting the heart. Moreover, we herein comment on the current guidelines for managing cardiotoxicity in the clinical setting and on the role of cardiovascular confounders in cardiotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiotis Efentakis
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15771 Athens, Greece
| | - Ioanna Andreadou
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15771 Athens, Greece
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +30-210-727-4827; Fax: +30-210-727-4747
| | | | | | - Péter Ferdinandy
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, 1089 Budapest, Hungary
- Pharmahungary Group, 6722 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Rainer Schulz
- Institute of Physiology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35390 Giessen, Germany
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Deng L, Meng T, Chen L, Wei W, Wang P. The role of ubiquitination in tumorigenesis and targeted drug discovery. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2020; 5:11. [PMID: 32296023 PMCID: PMC7048745 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-020-0107-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 366] [Impact Index Per Article: 91.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Ubiquitination, an important type of protein posttranslational modification (PTM), plays a crucial role in controlling substrate degradation and subsequently mediates the "quantity" and "quality" of various proteins, serving to ensure cell homeostasis and guarantee life activities. The regulation of ubiquitination is multifaceted and works not only at the transcriptional and posttranslational levels (phosphorylation, acetylation, methylation, etc.) but also at the protein level (activators or repressors). When regulatory mechanisms are aberrant, the altered biological processes may subsequently induce serious human diseases, especially various types of cancer. In tumorigenesis, the altered biological processes involve tumor metabolism, the immunological tumor microenvironment (TME), cancer stem cell (CSC) stemness and so on. With regard to tumor metabolism, the ubiquitination of some key proteins such as RagA, mTOR, PTEN, AKT, c-Myc and P53 significantly regulates the activity of the mTORC1, AMPK and PTEN-AKT signaling pathways. In addition, ubiquitination in the TLR, RLR and STING-dependent signaling pathways also modulates the TME. Moreover, the ubiquitination of core stem cell regulator triplets (Nanog, Oct4 and Sox2) and members of the Wnt and Hippo-YAP signaling pathways participates in the maintenance of CSC stemness. Based on the altered components, including the proteasome, E3 ligases, E1, E2 and deubiquitinases (DUBs), many molecular targeted drugs have been developed to combat cancer. Among them, small molecule inhibitors targeting the proteasome, such as bortezomib, carfilzomib, oprozomib and ixazomib, have achieved tangible success. In addition, MLN7243 and MLN4924 (targeting the E1 enzyme), Leucettamol A and CC0651 (targeting the E2 enzyme), nutlin and MI-219 (targeting the E3 enzyme), and compounds G5 and F6 (targeting DUB activity) have also shown potential in preclinical cancer treatment. In this review, we summarize the latest progress in understanding the substrates for ubiquitination and their special functions in tumor metabolism regulation, TME modulation and CSC stemness maintenance. Moreover, potential therapeutic targets for cancer are reviewed, as are the therapeutic effects of targeted drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Deng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling Shaanxi, 712100, China.
| | - Tong Meng
- Division of Spine, Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, 389 Xincun Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Chen
- Division of Laboratory Safety and Services, Northwest A&F University, Yangling Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Wenyi Wei
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Ping Wang
- Tongji University Cancer Center, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital of Tongji University, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China.
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Abstract
Proteasomes are multienzyme complexes that maintain protein homeostasis (proteostasis) and important cellular functions through the degradation of misfolded, redundant, and damaged proteins. It is well established that aging is associated with the accumulation of damaged and misfolded proteins. This phenomenon is paralleled by declined proteasome activity. When the accumulation of redundant proteins exceed degradation, undesirable signaling and/or aggregation occurs and are the hallmarks of neurodegenerative diseases and many cancers. Thus, increasing proteasome activity has been recognized as a new approach to delay the onset or ameliorate the symptoms of neurodegenerative and other proteotoxic disorders. Enhancement of proteasome activity has many therapeutic potentials but is still a relatively unexplored field. In this perspective, we review current approaches, genetic manipulation, posttranslational modification, and small molecule proteasome agonists used to increase proteasome activity, challenges facing the field, and applications beyond aging and neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evert Njomen
- Department of Chemistry, and Pharmacology & Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Jetze J. Tepe
- Department of Chemistry, and Pharmacology & Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
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Chen YS, Qiu XB. Ubiquitin at the crossroad of cell death and survival. CHINESE JOURNAL OF CANCER 2013; 32:640-7. [PMID: 23816559 PMCID: PMC3870847 DOI: 10.5732/cjc.012.10283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2012] [Revised: 02/20/2013] [Accepted: 03/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Ubiquitination is crucial for cellular processes, such as protein degradation, apoptosis, autophagy, and cell cycle progression. Dysregulation of the ubiquitination network accounts for the development of numerous diseases, including cancer. Thus, targeting ubiquitination is a promising strategy in cancer therapy. Both apoptosis and autophagy are involved in tumorigenesis and response to cancer therapy. Although both are categorized as types of cell death, autophagy is generally considered to have protective functions, including protecting cells from apoptosis under certain cellular stress conditions. This review highlights recent advances in understanding the regulation of apoptosis and autophagy by ubiquitination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Shan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology, Ministry of Education, and College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P. R. China.
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Smoum R, Rubinstein A, Dembitsky VM, Srebnik M. Boron containing compounds as protease inhibitors. Chem Rev 2012; 112:4156-220. [PMID: 22519511 DOI: 10.1021/cr608202m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 303] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Reem Smoum
- The School of Pharmacy, Institute for Drug Research, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Faculty of Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel.
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Liu LM, Yan MG, Yang DH, Sun WW, Zhang JX. PIAS3 expression in human gastric carcinoma and its adjacent non-tumor tissues. Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol 2011; 35:393-8. [PMID: 21334998 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinre.2010.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2010] [Revised: 11/27/2010] [Accepted: 12/02/2010] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE PIAS3 is the endogenous inhibitor of STAT3, which has been implicated in the pathogenesis of many cancers. However, the effect of PIAS3 on human tumors remains elusive. The aim of this article is to investigate the expression of PIAS3 in gastric carcinoma and its adjacent non-tumor tissues. METHODS Samples were taken from 30 patients with gastric cancer, which included tumor or non-tumor tissues in the excised sections. The expression of PIAS3 protein was detected by immunocytochemistry, and that of mRNA by in situ hybridization. The results were semi-quantitative analyzed by using cell count and color depth to stage. RESULTS The expression levels of PIAS3 protein and mRNA were significantly lower in gastric cancerous tissues than in its adjacent non-tumor tissues, and had a close relation with tumor size and differentiation, but not with age, gender and lymphatic metastasis in gastric carcinoma. The more large in size and poorly in differentiation, the more low PIAS3 expression was. CONCLUSION Loss of PIAS3 expression may be an important characteristic of gastric cancer and suggest vicious degree of the tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang-ming Liu
- Songjiang Hospital Affiliated to The First People's Hospital Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 201600, China.
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Huong PTT, Moon DO, Kim SO, Kim KE, Jeong SJ, Lee KW, Lee KS, Jang JH, Erikson RL, Ahn JS, Kim BY. Proteasome inhibitor-I enhances tunicamycin-induced chemosensitization of prostate cancer cells through regulation of NF-κB and CHOP expression. Cell Signal 2011; 23:857-65. [PMID: 21276850 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2011.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2010] [Accepted: 01/13/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Although endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress induction by some anticancer drugs can lead to apoptotic death of cancer cells, combination therapy with other chemicals would be much more efficient. It has been reported that proteasome inhibitors could induce cancer cell death through ER-stress. Our study, however, showed a differential mechanism of proteasome inhibitor-I (Pro-I)-induced cell death. Pro-I significantly enhanced apoptotic death of PC3 prostate cancer cells pretreated with tunicamycin (TM) while other signaling inhibitors against p38, mitogen activated kinase (MEK) and phosphatidyl-inositol 3-kinase (PI3K) did not, as evidenced by cell proliferation and cell cycle analyses. NF-κB inhibition by Pro-I, without direct effect on ER-stress, was found to be responsible for the TM-induced chemosensitization of PC3 cells. Moreover, TM-induced/enhancer-binding protein (C/EBP) homologous protein (CHOP) expression was enhanced by Pro-I without change in GRP78 expression. CHOP knockdown by siRNA also showed a significant decrease in Pro-I chemosensitization. All these data suggest that although TM could induce both NF-κB activation and CHOP expression through ER-stress, both NF-κB inhibition and increased CHOP level by Pro-I are required for enhanced chemosensitization of PC3 prostate cancer cells. Thus, our study might contribute to the identification of anticancer targets against prostate cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pham Thi Thu Huong
- Chemical Biology Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 685-1 Yangcheonri, Ochangeup, Cheongwongun, 363-883, Republic of Korea
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Lawrence HR, Kazi A, Luo Y, Kendig R, Ge Y, Jain S, Daniel K, Santiago D, Guida WC, Sebti SM. Synthesis and biological evaluation of naphthoquinone analogs as a novel class of proteasome inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2010; 18:5576-92. [PMID: 20621484 PMCID: PMC3530924 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2010.06.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2010] [Revised: 06/10/2010] [Accepted: 06/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Screening of the NCI Diversity Set-1 identified PI-083 (NSC-45382) a proteasome inhibitor selective for cancer over normal cells. Focused libraries of novel compounds based on PI-083 chloronaphthoquinone and sulfonamide moieties were synthesized to gain a better understanding of the structure-activity relationship responsible for chymotrypsin-like proteasome inhibitory activity. This led to the demonstration that the chloronaphthoquinone and the sulfonamide moieties are critical for inhibitory activity. The pyridyl group in PI-083 can be replaced with other heterocyclic groups without significant loss of activity. Molecular modeling studies were also performed to explore the detailed interactions of PI-083 and its derivatives with the beta5 and beta6 subunits of the 20S proteasome. The refined model showed an H-bond interaction between the Asp-114 and the sulfonamide moiety of the PI-083 in the beta6 subunit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harshani R Lawrence
- Drug Discovery Department, Moffitt Cancer Center, 12901 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.
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Ande SR, Chen J, Maddika S. The ubiquitin pathway: An emerging drug target in cancer therapy. Eur J Pharmacol 2009; 625:199-205. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2009.08.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2009] [Revised: 07/16/2009] [Accepted: 08/03/2009] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Hiss DC, Gabriels GA. Implications of endoplasmic reticulum stress, the unfolded protein response and apoptosis for molecular cancer therapy. Part II: targeting cell cycle events, caspases, NF-κB and the proteasome. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2009; 4:907-21. [PMID: 23480539 DOI: 10.1517/17460440903055032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS), the unfolded protein response (UPR) and apoptosis signal transduction pathways are fundamental to normal cellular homeostasis and survival, but are exploited by cancer cells to promote the cancer phenotype. OBJECTIVE Collateral activation of ERS and UPR role players impact on cell growth, cell cycle arrest or apoptosis, genomic stability, tumour initiation and progression, tumour aggressiveness and drug resistance. An understanding of these processes affords promising prospects for specific cancer drug targeting of the ERS, UPR and apoptotic pathways. METHOD This review (Part II of II) brings forward the latest developments relevant to the molecular connections among cell cycle regulators, caspases, NF-κB, and the proteasome with ERS and UPR signalling cascades, their functions in apoptosis induction, apoptosis resistance and oncogenesis, and how these relationships can be exploited for targeted cancer therapy. CONCLUSION Overall, ERS, the UPR and apoptosis signalling cascades (the molecular therapeutic targets) and the development of drugs that attack these targets signify a success story in cancer drug discovery, but a more reductionist approach is necessary to determine the precise molecular switches that turn on antiapoptotic and pro-apoptotic programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donavon C Hiss
- Head, Molecular Oncology Research Programme, University of the Western Cape, Department of Medical BioSciences, Bellville, 7535, South Africa +27 21 959 2334 ; +27 959 1563 ;
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Targeting apoptosis as an approach for gastrointestinal cancer therapy. Drug Resist Updat 2009; 12:55-64. [PMID: 19278896 DOI: 10.1016/j.drup.2009.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2009] [Revised: 02/09/2009] [Accepted: 02/10/2009] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Cancers in the gastrointestinal system account for a large proportion of malignancies and cancer-related deaths with gastric cancer and colorectal cancer being the most common ones. For those patients in whom surgical resection is not possible, other therapeutic approaches are necessary. Disordered apoptosis has been linked to cancer development and treatment resistance. Apoptosis occurs via extrinsic or intrinsic signaling each triggered and regulated by many different molecular pathways. In recent years, the selective induction of apoptosis in tumor cells has been increasingly recognized as a promising approach for cancer therapy. A detailed understanding of the molecular pathways involved in the regulation of apoptosis is essential for developing novel effective therapeutic approaches. Apoptosis can be induced by many different approaches including activating cell surface death receptors (for example, Fas, TRAIL and TNF receptors), inhibiting cell survival signaling (such as EGFR, MAPK and PI3K), altering apoptosis threshold by modulating pro-apoptotic and anti-apoptotic members of the Bcl-2 family, down-regulating anti-apoptosis proteins (such as XIAP, survivin and c-IAP2), and using other pro-apoptotic agents. In this review, the authors reviewed the currently reported apoptosis-targeting approaches in gastrointestinal cancers.
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