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Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of N14-Amino Acid-Substituted Tetrandrine Derivatives as Potential Antitumor Agents against Human Colorectal Cancer. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27134040. [PMID: 35807286 PMCID: PMC9268013 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27134040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
As a typical dibenzylisoquinoline alkaloid, tetrandrine (TET) is clinically used for the treatment of silicosis, inflammatory pulmonary, and cardiovascular diseases in China. Recent investigations have demonstrated the outstanding anticancer activity of this structure, but its poor aqueous solubility severely restricts its further development. Herein, a series of its 14-N-amino acid-substituted derivatives with improved anticancer effects and aqueous solubility were designed and synthesized. Among them, compound 16 displayed the best antiproliferative activity against human colorectal cancer (HCT-15) cells, with an IC50 value of 0.57 μM. Compared with TET, 16 was markedly improved in terms of aqueous solubility (by 5-fold). Compound 16 significantly suppressed the colony formation, migration, and invasion of HCT-15 cells in a concentration-dependent manner, with it being more potent in this respect than TET. Additionally, compound 16 markedly impaired the morphology and motility of HCT-15 cells and induced the death of colorectal cancer cells in double-staining and flow cytometry assays. Western blot results revealed that 16 could induce the autophagy of HCT-15 cells by significantly decreasing the content of p62/SQSTM1 and enhancing the Beclin-1 level and the ratio of LC3-II to LC3-I. Further study showed that 16 effectively inhibited the proliferation, migration, and tube formation of umbilical vein endothelial cells, manifesting in a potent anti-angiogenesis effect. Overall, these results revealed the potential of 16 as a promising candidate for further preclinical studies.
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Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) remains a leading cause of cancer-related morbidity and mortality worldwide. Although targeted therapy in combination with chemotherapy in CRC prolongs the overall survival of patients with metastatic disease, acquired resistance and relapse hinder their clinical benefits. Moreover, patients with some specific genetic profile are unlikely to benefit from targeted therapy, suggesting the need for safe and effective treatment strategies. Retinoids, comprising of natural and synthetic analogs, are a class of chemical compounds that regulate cellular proliferation, differentiation, and cell death. Retinoids have been used in the clinic for several leukemias and solid tumors, either as single agents or in combination therapy. Furthermore, retinoids have shown potent chemotherapeutic and chemopreventive properties in different cancer models, including CRC. In this review, we summarize the major preclinical findings in CRC in which natural and synthetic retinoids showed promising antitumor activities and stress on the proposed mechanisms of action. Understanding of the retinoids' antitumor mechanisms would provide insights to support and warrant their development in the management of CRC.
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Park J, Zhang X, Lee SK, Song NY, Son SH, Kim KR, Shim JH, Park KK, Chung WY. CCL28-induced RARβ expression inhibits oral squamous cell carcinoma bone invasion. J Clin Invest 2020; 129:5381-5399. [PMID: 31487270 DOI: 10.1172/jci125336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) frequently invades the maxillary or mandibular bone, and this bone invasion is closely associated with poor prognosis and survival. Here, we show that CCL28 functions as a negative regulator of OSCC bone invasion. CCL28 inhibited invasion and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and its inhibition of EMT was characterized by induced E-cadherin expression and reduced nuclear localization of β-catenin in OSCC cells with detectable RUNX3 expression levels. CCL28 signaling via CCR10 increased retinoic acid receptor-β (RARβ) expression by reducing the interaction between RARα and HDAC1. In addition, CCL28 reduced RANKL production in OSCC and osteoblastic cells and blocked RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis in osteoclast precursors. Intraperitoneally administered CCL28 inhibited tumor growth and osteolysis in mouse calvaria and tibia inoculated with OSCC cells. RARβ expression was also increased in tumor tissues. In patients with OSCC, low CCL28, CCR10, and RARβ expression levels were highly correlated with bone invasion. Patients with OSCC who had higher expression of CCL28, CCR10, or RARβ had significantly better overall survival. These findings suggest that CCL28, CCR10, and RARβ are useful markers for the prediction and treatment of OSCC bone invasion. Furthermore, CCL28 upregulation in OSCC cells or CCL28 treatment can be a therapeutic strategy for OSCC bone invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhee Park
- Department of Dentistry and.,Department of Applied Life Science, Graduate School, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Oral Biology and BK21 PLUS project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Korea
| | - Xianglan Zhang
- Oral Cancer Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Pathology, Yanbian University Hospital, Yanji city, China
| | - Sun Kyoung Lee
- Department of Applied Life Science, Graduate School, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Oral Biology and BK21 PLUS project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Korea
| | - Na-Young Song
- Department of Dentistry and.,Department of Oral Biology and BK21 PLUS project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung Hwa Son
- Oral Cancer Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ki Rim Kim
- Department of Dental Hygiene, College of Science and Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Sangju, Korea
| | - Jae Hoon Shim
- Department of Applied Life Science, Graduate School, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kwang-Kyun Park
- Department of Dentistry and.,Department of Applied Life Science, Graduate School, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Oral Biology and BK21 PLUS project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Korea
| | - Won-Yoon Chung
- Department of Dentistry and.,Department of Applied Life Science, Graduate School, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Oral Biology and BK21 PLUS project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Korea.,Oral Cancer Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Korea
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Modarai SR, Gupta A, Opdenaker LM, Kowash R, Masters G, Viswanathan V, Zhang T, Fields JZ, Boman BM. The anti-cancer effect of retinoic acid signaling in CRC occurs via decreased growth of ALDH+ colon cancer stem cells and increased differentiation of stem cells. Oncotarget 2018; 9:34658-34669. [PMID: 30410666 PMCID: PMC6205182 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.26157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Tumorigenesis is driven by stem cell (SC) overpopulation. Because ALDH is both a marker for SCs in many tissues and a key enzyme in retinoid acid (RA) signaling, we studied RA signaling in normal and malignant colonic SCs. Hypothesis RA signaling regulates growth and differentiation of ALDH+ colonic SCs; dysregulation of RA signaling contributes to SC overpopulation and colorectal cancer (CRC) development. Methods We analyzed normal and malignant colonic tissues and CRC cell lines to see if retinoid receptors (RXR & RAR) are exclusively expressed in ALDH+ SCs, and if RA signaling changes during CRC development. We determined whether RA signaling regulates cancer SC (CSC) proliferation, differentiation, sphere formation, and population size. Results RXR & RAR were expressed in ALDH+ colonic SCs, but not in MCM2+ proliferative cells. Western blotting/immunostaining of CRCs revealed that RA signaling components become overexpressed in parallel with ALDH overexpression, which coincides with the known overpopulation of ALDH+ SCs that occurs during, and drives, CRC development. Treatment of SCs with all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) decreased proliferation, sphere formation and ALDH+ SC population size, and induced differentiation along the neuroendocrine cell (NEC) lineage. Conclusions Retinoid signaling, by regulating ALDH+ colonic CSCs, decreases SC proliferation, sphere formation, and population size, and increases SC differentiation to NECs. Dysregulation of RA signaling in colonic SCs likely contributes to overpopulation of ALDH+ SCs and CRC growth. Implications That retinoid receptors RXR and RAR are selectively expressed in ALDH+ SCs indicates RA signaling mainly occurs via ALDH+ SCs, which provides a mechanism to selectively target CSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirin R Modarai
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA.,Center for Translational Cancer Research, Helen F. Graham Cancer Center and Research Institute, Christiana Care Health System, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Anindita Gupta
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA.,Center for Translational Cancer Research, Helen F. Graham Cancer Center and Research Institute, Christiana Care Health System, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Lynn M Opdenaker
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA.,Center for Translational Cancer Research, Helen F. Graham Cancer Center and Research Institute, Christiana Care Health System, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Ryan Kowash
- Center for Translational Cancer Research, Helen F. Graham Cancer Center and Research Institute, Christiana Care Health System, Newark, DE, USA.,Department of Biological Sciences, Dickinson College, Carlisle, PA, USA
| | - Gabriel Masters
- Center for Translational Cancer Research, Helen F. Graham Cancer Center and Research Institute, Christiana Care Health System, Newark, DE, USA.,Biochemistry Department, Hamilton College, Clinton, NY, USA
| | - Vignesh Viswanathan
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA.,Center for Translational Cancer Research, Helen F. Graham Cancer Center and Research Institute, Christiana Care Health System, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Tao Zhang
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA.,Center for Translational Cancer Research, Helen F. Graham Cancer Center and Research Institute, Christiana Care Health System, Newark, DE, USA.,Genetic and Preventive Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Research Pediatric Development, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Bruce M Boman
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA.,Center for Translational Cancer Research, Helen F. Graham Cancer Center and Research Institute, Christiana Care Health System, Newark, DE, USA.,Genetic and Preventive Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Applegate CC, Lane MA. Role of retinoids in the prevention and treatment of colorectal cancer. World J Gastrointest Oncol 2015; 7:184-203. [PMID: 26483874 PMCID: PMC4606174 DOI: 10.4251/wjgo.v7.i10.184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Revised: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Vitamin A and its derivatives, retinoids, have been widely studied for their use as cancer chemotherapeutic agents. With respect to colorectal cancer (CRC), several critical mutations dysregulate pathways implicated in progression and metastasis, resulting in aberrant Wnt/β-catenin signaling, gain-of-function mutations in K-ras and phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase/Akt, cyclooxygenase-2 over-expression, reduction of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ activation, and loss of p53 function. Dysregulation leads to increased cellular proliferation and invasion and decreased cell-cell interaction and differentiation. Retinoids affect these pathways by various mechanisms, many involving retinoic acid receptors (RAR). RAR bind to all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA) to induce the transcription of genes responsible for cellular differentiation. Although most research concerning the chemotherapeutic efficacy of retinoids focuses on the ability of ATRA to decrease cancer cell proliferation, increase differentiation, or promote apoptosis; as CRC progresses, RAR expression is often lost, rendering treatment of CRCs with ATRA ineffective. Our laboratory focuses on the ability of dietary vitamin A to decrease CRC cell proliferation and invasion via RAR-independent pathways. This review discusses our research and others concerning the ability of retinoids to ameliorate the defective signaling pathways listed above and decrease tumor cell proliferation and invasion through both RAR-dependent and RAR-independent mechanisms.
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Chlapek P, Neradil J, Redova M, Zitterbart K, Sterba J, Veselska R. The ATRA-induced differentiation of medulloblastoma cells is enhanced with LOX/COX inhibitors: an analysis of gene expression. Cancer Cell Int 2014; 14:51. [PMID: 24959102 PMCID: PMC4066709 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2867-14-51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A detailed analysis of the expression of 440 cancer-related genes was performed after the combined treatment of medulloblastoma cells with all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) and inhibitors of lipoxygenases (LOX) and cyclooxygenases (COX). The combinations of retinoids and celecoxib as a COX-2 inhibitor were reported to be effective in some regimens of metronomic therapy of relapsed solid tumors with poor prognosis. Our previous findings on neuroblastoma cells using expression profiling showed that LOX/COX inhibitors have the capability of enhancing the differentiating action of ATRA. Presented study focused on the continuation of our previous work to confirm the possibility of enhancing ATRA-induced cell differentiation in these cell lines via the application of LOX/COX inhibitors. This study provides more detailed information concerning the mechanisms of the enhancement of the ATRA-induced differentiation of medulloblastoma cells. Methods The Daoy and D283 Med medulloblastoma cell lines were chosen for this study. Caffeic acid (an inhibitor of 5-LOX) and celecoxib (an inhibitor on COX-2) were used in combined treatment with ATRA. The expression profiling was performed using Human Cancer Oligo GEArray membranes, and the most promising results were verified using RT-PCR. Results The expression profiling of the selected cancer-related genes clearly confirmed that the differentiating effects of ATRA should be enhanced via its combined administration with caffeic acid or celecoxib. This effect was detected in both cell lines. An increased expression of the genes that encoded the proteins participating in induced differentiation and cytoskeleton remodeling was detected in both cell lines in a concentration-dependent manner. This effect was also observed for the CDKN1A gene encoding the p21 protein, which is an important regulator of the cell cycle, and for the genes encoding proteins that are associated with proteasome activity. Furthermore, our results showed that D283 Med cells are significantly more sensitive to treatment with ATRA alone than Daoy cells. Conclusions The obtained results on medulloblastoma cell lines are in accordance with our previous findings on neuroblastoma cells and confirm our hypothesis concerning the common mechanism of the enhancement of ATRA-induced cell differentiation in various types of pediatric solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Chlapek
- Department of Experimental Biology - Laboratory of Tumor Biology, School of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jakub Neradil
- Department of Experimental Biology - Laboratory of Tumor Biology, School of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic ; Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Zluty kopec 7, 656 53 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Martina Redova
- Department of Experimental Biology - Laboratory of Tumor Biology, School of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Karel Zitterbart
- Department of Experimental Biology - Laboratory of Tumor Biology, School of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic ; Department of Pediatric Oncology, University Hospital Brno and School of Medicine, Masaryk University, Cernopolni 9, 613 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Sterba
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, University Hospital Brno and School of Medicine, Masaryk University, Cernopolni 9, 613 00 Brno, Czech Republic ; Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Zluty kopec 7, 656 53 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Renata Veselska
- Department of Experimental Biology - Laboratory of Tumor Biology, School of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic ; Department of Pediatric Oncology, University Hospital Brno and School of Medicine, Masaryk University, Cernopolni 9, 613 00 Brno, Czech Republic
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Palomares T, García-Alonso I, San Isidro R, Méndez J, Alonso-Varona A. All-trans-retinoic acid counteract the tumor-stimulating effect of hepatectomy and increases survival of rats bearing liver metastases. J Surg Res 2013; 188:143-51. [PMID: 24439134 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2013.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2013] [Revised: 12/12/2013] [Accepted: 12/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We previously demonstrated a stimulating effect of hepatectomy on residual tumor cells after resection of liver metastases. The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA) on the protumor effect of hepatectomy and survival of hepatectomized rats bearing liver metastases. We also explored whether ATRA interfered with the tumor promoting effect of hepatotropic growth factors (GFs). METHODS The in vitro effect of ATRA on proliferation of S4MH rhabdomyosarcoma tumor cells was assessed when cultured with laparotomized or hepatectomized rat serum (HRS), or in the presence of GFs (hepatocyte growth factor, insulin growth factor 2, Platelet Derived Growth Factor (PDGF)-BB, and vascular endothelial growth factor). For the in vivo studies, rats were partially hepatectomized on day 10 after metastasis induction, one group being treated with ATRA from day 7 to 14, and a second receiving cyclophosphamide (CY; on days 10 and 14) alone or with ATRA. We determined the size and number of liver and lung metastases. Finally, we analyzed the effect of treatments on rat survival. RESULTS Hepatotropic GFs increased cell proliferation in a similar manner to HRS. In vitro, ATRA blocked the protumor effect of both HRS and GFs. In vivo, ATRA reduced the size and number of liver and lung metastases, and significantly increased rat survival. Furthermore, adding ATRA to CY significantly increased survival compared with CY alone. CONCLUSIONS In our model, ATRA minimizes the tumor-stimulating effect of hepatectomy, reducing the number and size of liver metastases and improving survival. The results suggest that the ATRA may be useful for blocking the growth-promoting effect of hepatotropic GFs released after liver metastasis resection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teodoro Palomares
- Department of Surgery and Radiology, University of the Basque Country, Leioa, Spain
| | - Ignacio García-Alonso
- Department of Surgery and Radiology, University of the Basque Country, Leioa, Spain.
| | - Roberto San Isidro
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa, Spain
| | - Jaime Méndez
- Department of Surgery and Radiology, University of the Basque Country, Leioa, Spain
| | - Ana Alonso-Varona
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa, Spain
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Bell E, Ponthan F, Whitworth C, Westermann F, Thomas H, Redfern CPF. Cell survival signalling through PPARδ and arachidonic acid metabolites in neuroblastoma. PLoS One 2013; 8:e68859. [PMID: 23874790 PMCID: PMC3706415 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0068859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2012] [Accepted: 06/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinoic acid (RA) has paradoxical effects on cancer cells: promoting cell death, differentiation and cell cycle arrest, or cell survival and proliferation. Arachidonic acid (AA) release occurs in response to RA treatment and, therefore, AA and its downstream metabolites may be involved in cell survival signalling. To test this, we inhibited phospholipase A2-mediated AA release, cyclooxygenases and lipoxygenases with small-molecule inhibitors to determine if this would sensitise cells to cell death after RA treatment. The data suggest that, in response to RA, phospholipase A2-mediated release of AA and subsequent metabolism by lipoxygenases is important for cell survival. Evidence from gene expression reporter assays and PPARδ knockdown suggests that lipoxygenase metabolites activate PPARδ. The involvement of PPARδ in cell survival is supported by results of experiments with the PPARδ inhibitor GSK0660 and siRNA-mediated knockdown. Quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR studies demonstrated that inhibition of 5-lipoxygenase after RA treatment resulted in a strong up-regulation of mRNA for PPARδ2, a putative inhibitory PPARδ isoform. Over-expression of PPARδ2 using a tetracycline-inducible system in neuroblastoma cells reduced proliferation and induced cell death. These data provide evidence linking lipoxygenases and PPARδ in a cell survival-signalling mechanism and suggest new drug-development targets for malignant and hyper-proliferative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Bell
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Frida Ponthan
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Claire Whitworth
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Frank Westermann
- Division of Tumor Genetics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Huw Thomas
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher P. F. Redfern
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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