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Felberg A, Bieńkowski M, Stokowy T, Myszczyński K, Polakiewicz Z, Kitowska K, Sądej R, Mohlin F, Kuźniewska A, Kowalska D, Stasiłojć G, Jongerius I, Spaapen R, Mesa-Guzman M, Montuenga LM, Blom AM, Pio R, Okrój M. Elevated expression of complement factor I in lung cancer cells associates with shorter survival-Potentially via non-canonical mechanism. Transl Res 2024; 269:1-13. [PMID: 38395390 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2024.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
While numerous membrane-bound complement inhibitors protect the body's cells from innate immunity's autoaggression, soluble inhibitors like complement factor I (FI) are rarely produced outside the liver. Previously, we reported the expression of FI in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell lines. Now, we assessed the content of FI in cancer biopsies from lung cancer patients and associated the results with clinicopathological characteristics and clinical outcomes. Immunohistochemical staining intensity did not correlate with age, smoking status, tumor size, stage, differentiation grade, and T cell infiltrates, but was associated with progression-free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS) and disease-specific survival (DSS). Multivariate Cox analysis of low vs. high FI content revealed HR 0.55, 95 % CI 0.32-0.95, p=0.031 for PFS, HR 0.51, 95 % CI 0.25-1.02, p=0.055 for OS, and HR 0.32, 95 % CI 0.12-0.84, p=0.021 for DSS. Unfavorable prognosis might stem from the non-canonical role of FI, as the staining pattern did not correlate with C4d - the product of FI-supported degradation of active complement component C4b. To elucidate that, we engineered three human NSCLC cell lines naturally expressing FI with CRISPR/Cas9 technology, and compared the transcriptome of FI-deficient and FI-sufficient clones in each cell line. RNA sequencing revealed differentially expressed genes engaged in intracellular signaling pathways controlling proliferation, apoptosis, and responsiveness to growth factors. Moreover, in vitro colony-formation assays showed that FI-deficient cells formed smaller foci than FI-sufficient NSCLC cells, but their size increased when purified FI protein was added to the medium. We postulate that a non-canonical activity of FI influences cellular physiology and contributes to the poor prognosis of lung cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Felberg
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdańsk and Medical University of Gdańsk, Dębinki 1 street, 80-211 Gdańsk, Poland
| | | | - Tomasz Stokowy
- Scientific Computing Group, IT Division, University of Bergen, Norway
| | - Kamil Myszczyński
- Centre of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Analysis, Medical University of Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Zuzanna Polakiewicz
- Department of Molecular Enzymology and Oncology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdańsk and Medical University of Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Kamila Kitowska
- Department of Molecular Enzymology and Oncology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdańsk and Medical University of Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Rafał Sądej
- Department of Molecular Enzymology and Oncology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdańsk and Medical University of Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Frida Mohlin
- Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Sweden
| | - Alicja Kuźniewska
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdańsk and Medical University of Gdańsk, Dębinki 1 street, 80-211 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Daria Kowalska
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdańsk and Medical University of Gdańsk, Dębinki 1 street, 80-211 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Stasiłojć
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdańsk and Medical University of Gdańsk, Dębinki 1 street, 80-211 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Ilse Jongerius
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research, Amsterdam and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Emma Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatric Immunology, Rheumatology and Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam University Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | - Robbert Spaapen
- Emma Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatric Immunology, Rheumatology and Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam University Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | - Miguel Mesa-Guzman
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Clinica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Luis M Montuenga
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; Program in Solid Tumors, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Cancer Center Clinica Universidad de Navarra (CCUN), Pamplona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdisNa), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Anna M Blom
- Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Sweden
| | - Ruben Pio
- Program in Solid Tumors, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Cancer Center Clinica Universidad de Navarra (CCUN), Pamplona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdisNa), Pamplona, Spain; Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, School of Sciences, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Marcin Okrój
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdańsk and Medical University of Gdańsk, Dębinki 1 street, 80-211 Gdańsk, Poland.
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Koszałka P, Stasiłojć G, Miękus-Purwin N, Niedźwiecki M, Purwin M, Grabowski S, Bączek T. The Cooperative Anti-Neoplastic Activity of Polyphenolic Phytochemicals on Human T-Cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Cell Line MOLT-4 In Vitro. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23094753. [PMID: 35563141 PMCID: PMC9099961 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is the most common hematological malignancy affecting pediatric patients. ALL treatment regimens with cytostatics manifest substantial toxicity and have reached the maximum of well-tolerated doses. One potential approach for improving treatment efficiency could be supplementation of the current regimen with naturally occurring phytochemicals with anti-cancer properties. Nutraceuticals such as quercetin, curcumin, resveratrol, and genistein have been studied in anti-cancer therapy, but their application is limited by their low bioavailability. However, their cooperative activity could potentially increase their efficiency at low, bioavailable doses. We studied their cooperative effect on the viability of a human ALL MOLT-4 cell line in vitro at the concentration considered to be in the bioavailable range in vivo. To analyze their potential side effect on the viability of non-tumor cells, we evaluated their toxicity on a normal human foreskin fibroblast cell line (BJ). In both cell lines, we also measured specific indicators of cell death, changes in cell membrane permeability (CMP), and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP). Even at a low bioavailable concentration, genistein and curcumin decreased MOLT-4 viability, and their combination had a significant interactive effect. While resveratrol and quercetin did not affect MOLT-4 viability, together they enhanced the effect of the genistein/curcumin mix, significantly inhibiting MOLT-4 population growth in vitro. Moreover, the analyzed phytochemicals and their combinations did not affect the BJ cell line. In both cell lines, they induced a decrease in MMP and correlating CMP changes, but in non-tumor cells, both metabolic activity and cell membrane continuity were restored in time. (4) Conclusions: The results indicate that the interactive activity of analyzed phytochemicals can induce an anti-cancer effect on ALL cells without a significant effect on non-tumor cells. It implies that the application of the combinations of phytochemicals an anti-cancer treatment supplement could be worth further investigation regardless of their low bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrycja Koszałka
- Institute of Medical Biotechnology and Experimental Oncology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdańsk and Medical University of Gdańsk, Dębinki Street 1, 80-211 Gdańsk, Poland; (P.K.); (G.S.)
| | - Grzegorz Stasiłojć
- Institute of Medical Biotechnology and Experimental Oncology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdańsk and Medical University of Gdańsk, Dębinki Street 1, 80-211 Gdańsk, Poland; (P.K.); (G.S.)
| | - Natalia Miękus-Purwin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdańsk, Hallera Street 107, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland; (N.M.-P.); (M.P.)
| | - Maciej Niedźwiecki
- Department of Pediatrics, Hematology and Oncology, Medical University of Gdansk, Debinki Street 7, 80-211 Gdańsk, Poland;
| | - Maciej Purwin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdańsk, Hallera Street 107, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland; (N.M.-P.); (M.P.)
| | - Szymon Grabowski
- GetResponse Cares Foundation, Arkońska Street 6/A3, 80-387 Gdańsk, Poland;
| | - Tomasz Bączek
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdańsk, Hallera Street 107, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland; (N.M.-P.); (M.P.)
- Correspondence:
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Żołnowska B, Sławiński J, Pogorzelska A, Szafrański K, Kawiak A, Stasiłojć G, Belka M, Zielińska J, Bączek T. Synthesis, QSAR studies, and metabolic stability of novel 2-alkylthio-4-chloro-N-(5-oxo-4,5-dihydro-1,2,4-triazin-3-yl)benzenesulfonamide derivatives as potential anticancer and apoptosis-inducing agents. Chem Biol Drug Des 2017; 90:380-396. [PMID: 28122174 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.12955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Revised: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A series of novel 2-alkylthio-4-chloro-N-(5-oxo-4,5-dihydro-1,2,4-triazin-3-yl)benzenesulfonamide derivatives 12-46 have been synthesized by the reaction of aminoguanidines with an appropriate alpha-oxo-acids hydrates in glacial acetic acid. All the synthesized compounds were evaluated for their anticancer activity against HeLa, HCT-116, and MCF-7 human tumor cell lines. Two compounds 33 and 34 displayed outstanding cytotoxic effect selectively toward HeLa cancer cells (IC50 = 19 μm) and did not exhibit toxicity to the non-cancerous HaCaT cells. QSAR analysis determined the most important parameters controlling cytotoxic activity of 5-oxo-1,2,4-triazines against HeLa cells. QSAR model showed five significant descriptors: HATS6s (GETAWAY descriptor), RDF125 m (radial distribution function), SpMax7_Bh(p) (Burden descriptor), SM3_G (3D matrix descriptor), and Hy (hydrophilic factor). The apoptotic potential of the most active compounds was thoroughly analyzed through various assays: cells' morphology, DNA fragmentation, mitochondrial potential disruption, and phosphatidylserine translocation. Selected compounds were tested for metabolic stability in the presence of pooled human liver microsomes and NADPH. Compound 34 was the most resistant for human metabolism (t1/2 = 38.5 min) and can be pointed as a hit compound for further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Żołnowska
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Jarosław Sławiński
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Aneta Pogorzelska
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | | | - Anna Kawiak
- Department of Biotechnology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdańsk and Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
- Laboratory of Human Physiology, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Stasiłojć
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Department of Medical Biotechnology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology UG-MUG, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Mariusz Belka
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Joanna Zielińska
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Tomasz Bączek
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
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Żołnowska B, Sławiński J, Pogorzelska A, Szafrański K, Kawiak A, Stasiłojć G, Belka M, Ulenberg S, Bączek T, Chojnacki J. Novel 5-Substituted 2-(Aylmethylthio)-4-chloro-N-(5-aryl-1,2,4-triazin-3-yl)benzenesulfonamides: Synthesis, Molecular Structure, Anticancer Activity, Apoptosis-Inducing Activity and Metabolic Stability. Molecules 2016; 21:E808. [PMID: 27338337 PMCID: PMC6273912 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21060808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Revised: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of novel 5-substituted 2-(arylmethylthio)-4-chloro-N-(5-aryl-1,2,4-triazin-3-yl) benzenesulfonamide derivatives 27-60 have been synthesized by the reaction of aminoguanidines with an appropriate phenylglyoxal hydrate in glacial acetic acid. A majority of the compounds showed cytotoxic activity toward the human cancer cell lines HCT-116, HeLa and MCF-7, with IC50 values below 100 μM. It was found that for the analogues 36-38 the naphthyl moiety contributed significantly to the anticancer activity. Cytometric analysis of translocation of phosphatidylserine as well as mitochondrial membrane potential and cell cycle revealed that the most active compounds 37 (HCT-116 and HeLa) and 46 (MCF-7) inhibited the proliferation of cells by increasing the number of apoptotic cells. Apoptotic-like, dose dependent changes in morphology of cell lines were also noticed after treatment with 37 and 46. Moreover, triazines 37 and 46 induced caspase activity in the HCT-116, HeLa and MCF-7 cell lines. Selected compounds were tested for metabolic stability in the presence of pooled human liver microsomes and NADPH, both R² and Ar = 4-CF₃-C₆H₄ moiety in 2-(R²-methylthio)-N-(5-aryl-1,2,4-triazin-3-yl)benzenesulfonamides simultaneously increased metabolic stability. The results pointed to 37 as a hit compound with a good cytotoxicity against HCT-116 (IC50 = 36 μM), HeLa (IC50 = 34 μM) cell lines, apoptosis-inducing activity and moderate metabolic stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Żołnowska
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Medical University of Gdańsk, Al. Gen. J. Hallera 107, Gdańsk 80-416, Poland.
| | - Jarosław Sławiński
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Medical University of Gdańsk, Al. Gen. J. Hallera 107, Gdańsk 80-416, Poland.
| | - Aneta Pogorzelska
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Medical University of Gdańsk, Al. Gen. J. Hallera 107, Gdańsk 80-416, Poland.
| | - Krzysztof Szafrański
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Medical University of Gdańsk, Al. Gen. J. Hallera 107, Gdańsk 80-416, Poland.
| | - Anna Kawiak
- Department of Biotechnology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdańsk and Medical University of Gdańsk, ul. Abrahama 58, Gdańsk 80-307, Poland.
- Laboratory of Human Physiology, Medical University of Gdańsk, ul. Tuwima 15, Gdańsk 80-210, Poland.
| | - Grzegorz Stasiłojć
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Department of Medical Biotechnology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology UG-MUG, Medical University of Gdańsk, ul. Dębinki 1, Gdańsk 80-211, Poland.
| | - Mariusz Belka
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdańsk, Al. Gen. J. Hallera 107, Gdańsk 80-416, Poland.
| | - Szymon Ulenberg
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdańsk, Al. Gen. J. Hallera 107, Gdańsk 80-416, Poland.
| | - Tomasz Bączek
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdańsk, Al. Gen. J. Hallera 107, Gdańsk 80-416, Poland.
| | - Jarosław Chojnacki
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, Gdańsk 80-233, Poland.
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Monitoring the progression of cell death and the disassembly of dying cells by flow cytometry. Nat Protoc 2016; 11:655-63. [PMID: 26938116 DOI: 10.1038/nprot.2016.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The use of annexin A5 (A5) and either propidium iodide or 7-aminoactinomycin D (PI/7-AAD) stains to measure cell death by flow cytometry has been considered the gold standard by most investigators. However, this widely used method often makes the assumption that there are only three types of particles in a sample: viable, apoptotic and necrotic cells. To study the progression of cell death in greater detail, in particular how apoptotic cells undergo fragmentation to generate membrane-bound vesicles known as apoptotic bodies, we established a flow cytometry-based protocol to accurately and rapidly measure the cell death process. This protocol uses a combination of A5 and TO-PRO-3 (a commercially available nucleic acid-binding dye that stains early apoptotic and necrotic cells differentially), and a logical seven-stage analytical approach to distinguish six types of particles in a sample, including apoptotic bodies and cells at three different stages of cell death. The protocol requires 1-5 h for sample preparation (including induction of cell death), 20 min for staining and 5 min for data analysis.
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