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Luo X, Zhang Z, Mu R, Hu G, Liu L, Liu X. Simultaneously Predicting the Pharmacokinetics of CES1-Metabolized Drugs and Their Metabolites Using Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Model in Cirrhosis Subjects. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:234. [PMID: 38399287 PMCID: PMC10893190 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16020234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Hepatic carboxylesterase 1 (CES1) metabolizes numerous prodrugs into active ingredients or direct-acting drugs into inactive metabolites. We aimed to develop a semi-physiologically based pharmacokinetic (semi-PBPK) model to simultaneously predict the pharmacokinetics of CES1 substrates and their active metabolites in liver cirrhosis (LC) patients. Six prodrugs (enalapril, benazepril, cilazapril, temocapril, perindopril and oseltamivir) and three direct-acting drugs (flumazenil, pethidine and remimazolam) were selected. Parameters such as organ blood flows, plasma-binding protein concentrations, functional liver volume, hepatic enzymatic activity, glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and gastrointestinal transit rate were integrated into the simulation. The pharmacokinetic profiles of these drugs and their active metabolites were simulated for 1000 virtual individuals. The developed semi-PBPK model, after validation in healthy individuals, was extrapolated to LC patients. Most of the observations fell within the 5th and 95th percentiles of simulations from 1000 virtual patients. The estimated AUC and Cmax were within 0.5-2-fold of the observed values. The sensitivity analysis showed that the decreased plasma exposure of active metabolites due to the decreased CES1 was partly attenuated by the decreased GFR. Conclusion: The developed PBPK model successfully predicted the pharmacokinetics of CES1 substrates and their metabolites in healthy individuals and LC patients, facilitating tailored dosing of CES1 substrates in LC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Li Liu
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; (X.L.); (Z.Z.); (R.M.); (G.H.)
| | - Xiaodong Liu
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; (X.L.); (Z.Z.); (R.M.); (G.H.)
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2
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Laeer S, Cawello W, Burckhardt BB, Ablonczy L, Bajcetic M, Breur JMPJ, Dalinghaus M, Male C, de Wildt SN, Breitkreutz J, Faisal M, Keatley-Clarke A, Klingmann I, Lagler FB. Enalapril and Enalaprilat Pharmacokinetics in Children with Heart Failure Due to Dilated Cardiomyopathy and Congestive Heart Failure after Administration of an Orodispersible Enalapril Minitablet (LENA-Studies). Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14061163. [PMID: 35745735 PMCID: PMC9228797 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14061163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 05/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI), such as enalapril, are a cornerstone of treatment for pediatric heart failure which is still used off-label. Using a novel age-appropriate formulation of enalapril orodispersible minitablets (ODMTs), phase II/III open-label, multicenter pharmacokinetic (PK) bridging studies were performed in pediatric patients with heart failure due to dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) and congenital heart disease (CHD) in five participating European countries. Children were treated for 8 weeks with ODMTs according to an age-appropriate dosing schedule. The primary objective was to describe PK parameters (area under the curve (AUC), maximal concentration (Cmax), time to reach maximal concentration (t-max)) of enalapril and its active metabolite enalaprilat. Of 102 patients, 89 patients (n = 26, DCM; n = 63 CHD) were included in the primary PK endpoint analysis. Rate and extent of enalapril and its active metabolite enalaprilat were described and etiology and age could be identified as potential PK modifying factors. The dosing schedule appeared to be tolerated well and did not result in any significant drug-related serious adverse events. The PK analysis and the lack of severe safety events supports the applied age-appropriate dosing schedule for the enalapril ODMTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Laeer
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacotherapy, Heinrich-Heine-Universitaet Düsseldorf, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany; (W.C.); (B.B.B.); (M.F.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-211-8110740
| | - Willi Cawello
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacotherapy, Heinrich-Heine-Universitaet Düsseldorf, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany; (W.C.); (B.B.B.); (M.F.)
| | - Bjoern B. Burckhardt
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacotherapy, Heinrich-Heine-Universitaet Düsseldorf, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany; (W.C.); (B.B.B.); (M.F.)
| | - László Ablonczy
- Goettsegen György Hungarian Institute of Cardiology (HPHC), 1450 Budapest, Hungary;
| | - Milica Bajcetic
- Univerzitetska Dečja Klinika (UDK), University Children Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11129 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Johannes M. P. J. Breur
- University Medical Center Utrecht, Wilhelmina Children’s Hospital, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands;
| | - Michiel Dalinghaus
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Erasmus MC Sophia Children’s Hospital, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Christoph Male
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Saskia N. de Wildt
- Intensive Care and Department of Pediatric Surgery, Erasmus MC Sophia Children’s Hospital, 3015 GJ Rotterdam, The Netherlands;
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Radboud Institute of Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Muhammed Faisal
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacotherapy, Heinrich-Heine-Universitaet Düsseldorf, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany; (W.C.); (B.B.B.); (M.F.)
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Chakraborty K, Dhara S. Spirornatas A-C from brown alga Turbinaria ornata: Anti-hypertensive spiroketals attenuate angiotensin-I converting enzyme. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2022; 195:113024. [PMID: 34894435 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2021.113024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Bioactive compounds with angiotensin-I converting enzyme attenuation potential are deemed as therapeutic agents for hypertension owing to their capacity to suppress the conversion of angiotensin-I into the vasoconstrictor angiotensin-II. In an aim to develop natural angiotensin-I converting enzyme (ACE-I) inhibitors from marine algae, three 6, 6-spiroketals, spirornatas A-C were isolated from the organic extract of the spiny brown marine macroalga Turbinaria ornata (Turner) (family Sargassaceae). Spirornata A exhibited comparatively greater ACE-I attenuation potential (IC50 4.5 μM) than those displayed by other studied spiroketals (IC50 4.7-4.9 μM), and its activity was comparable to the ACE inhibitory agent captopril (IC50 4.3 μM). Greater antioxidant properties of spirornata A against oxidants (IC50 1.1-1.3 mM) also substantiated its potential attenuation property against ACE-I. Structure-activity correlation studies showed that electronic properties (topological polar surface area, 71) and balanced hydrophilic-lipophilic parameters (partition coefficient of logarithmic octanol-water ∼3.2) of spirornata A appeared to play pivotal roles in the inhibition of the targeted enzyme. Predicted drug-likeness and other physicochemical parameters appeared to attribute to the acceptable oral bioavailability of spiroketal derivatives. Additionally, the least binding energy of spirornata A with ACE-I (-10.5 kcal/mol) coupled with the maximum number of hydrogen-bonding interactions with allosteric sites of the zinc-dependent dicarboxypeptidyl peptidase could recognize its potential therapeutic application against hypertensive diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kajal Chakraborty
- Marine Bioprospecting Section of Marine Biotechnology Division, Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Ernakulam North, P.B. No. 1603, Cochin, India.
| | - Shubhajit Dhara
- Marine Bioprospecting Section of Marine Biotechnology Division, Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Ernakulam North, P.B. No. 1603, Cochin, India; Department of Chemistry, Mangalore University, Mangalagangothri, 574199, Karnataka State, India
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4
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Popova EV, Tikhomirova VE, Beznos OV, Chesnokova NB, Grigoriev YV, Klyachko NL, Kost OA. Chitosan-covered calcium phosphate particles as a drug vehicle for delivery to the eye. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2021; 40:102493. [PMID: 34775060 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2021.102493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Formulations on the base of an inhibitor of angiotensin-converting enzyme, enalaprilat, were prepared by the inclusion of the drug into calcium phosphate (CaP)-particles in situ, followed by the covering of the particles with 5 kDa chitosan or 72 kDa glycol chitosan and cross-linking with sodium tripolyphosphate. Physicochemical characterization of the resulted hybrid particles was conducted using dynamic light scattering, as well as scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Enalaprilat-containing particles had a mean hydrodynamic diameter 180 nm and 260 nm and ζ-potential +7 mV and +16 mV for 5 kDa and 72 kDa chitosans, respectively. In vivo studies showed that enalaprilat within particles stayed longer in the tear fluid after single instillation and caused a significantly pronounced and prolonged decrease of intraocular pressure in rabbits, especially in the case of CaP-particles, covered by glycol chitosan. Thus, such formulations demonstrate potential as prospective therapeutic agents for the treatment of eye diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina V Popova
- Chemistry Faculty, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Olga V Beznos
- Helmholtz National Medical Research Center of Eye Diseases, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Yuri V Grigoriev
- Shubnikov Institute of Crystallography, Federal Scientific Research Center Crystallography and Photonics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Natalia L Klyachko
- Chemistry Faculty, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia; Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Research Institute "Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials", G.R. Derzhavin Tambov State University, Tambov, Russia
| | - Olga A Kost
- Chemistry Faculty, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia.
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Castelletto V, Seitsonen J, Ruokolainen J, Barnett SA, Sandu C, Hamley IW. Self-Assembly of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors Captopril and Lisinopril and Their Crystal Structures. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2021; 37:9170-9178. [PMID: 34292730 PMCID: PMC8397397 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c01340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The peptide angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors captopril and lisinopril are unexpectedly shown to exhibit critical aggregation concentration (CAC) behavior through measurements of surface tension, electrical conductivity, and dye probe fluorescence. These three measurements provide similar values for the CAC, and there is also evidence from circular dichroism spectroscopy for a possible conformational change in the peptides at the same concentration. Cryogenic transmission electron microscopy indicates the formation of micelle-like aggregates above the CAC, which can thus be considered a critical micelle concentration, and the formation of aggregates with a hydrodynamic radius of ∼6-7 nm is also evidenced by dynamic light scattering. We also used synchrotron radiation X-ray diffraction to determine the single-crystal structure of captopril and lisinopril. Our results improve the accuracy of previous data reported in the literature, obtained using conventional X-ray sources. We also studied the structure of aqueous solutions containing captopril or lisinopril at high concentrations. The aggregation may be driven by intermolecular interactions between the proline moiety of captopril molecules or between the phenylalanine moiety of lisinopril molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jani Seitsonen
- Nanomicroscopy
Center, Aalto University, Puumiehenkuja 2, Espoo FIN-02150, Finland
| | - Janne Ruokolainen
- Nanomicroscopy
Center, Aalto University, Puumiehenkuja 2, Espoo FIN-02150, Finland
| | - Sarah A. Barnett
- Diamond
Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation
Campus, Fermi Avenue, Didcot OX11 0DE, U.K.
| | - Callum Sandu
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6AD, U.K.
| | - Ian W. Hamley
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6AD, U.K.
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Human Tissue Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE) Activity Is Regulated by Genetic Polymorphisms, Posttranslational Modifications, Endogenous Inhibitors and Secretion in the Serum, Lungs and Heart. Cells 2021; 10:cells10071708. [PMID: 34359878 PMCID: PMC8305685 DOI: 10.3390/cells10071708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Inhibitors of the angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) are the primarily chosen drugs to treat heart failure and hypertension. Moreover, an imbalance in tissue ACE/ACE2 activity is implicated in COVID-19. In the present study, we tested the relationships between circulating and tissue (lung and heart) ACE levels in men. Methods: Serum, lung (n = 91) and heart (n = 72) tissue samples were collected from Caucasian patients undergoing lung surgery or heart transplantation. ACE I/D genotype, ACE concentration and ACE activity were determined from serum and tissue samples. Clinical parameters were also recorded. Results: A protocol for ACE extraction was developed for tissue ACE measurements. Extraction of tissue-localized ACE was optimal in a 0.3% Triton-X-100 containing buffer, resulting in 260 ± 12% higher ACE activity over detergent-free conditions. SDS or higher Triton-X-100 concentrations inhibited the ACE activity. Serum ACE concentration correlated with ACE I/D genotype (II: 166 ± 143 ng/mL, n = 19, ID: 198 ± 113 ng/mL, n = 44 and DD: 258 ± 109 ng/mL, n = 28, p < 0.05) as expected. In contrast, ACE expression levels in the lung tissue were approximately the same irrespective of the ACE I/D genotype (II: 1423 ± 1276 ng/mg, ID: 1040 ± 712 ng/mg and DD: 930 ± 1273 ng/mg, p > 0.05) in the same patients (values are in median ± IQR). Moreover, no correlations were found between circulating and lung tissue ACE concentrations and activities (Spearman’s p > 0.05). In contrast, a significant correlation was identified between ACE activities in serum and heart tissues (Spearman’s Rho = 0.32, p < 0.01). Finally, ACE activities in lung and the serum were endogenously inhibited to similar degrees (i.e., to 69 ± 1% and 53 ± 2%, respectively). Conclusion: Our data suggest that circulating ACE activity correlates with left ventricular ACE, but not with lung ACE in human. More specifically, ACE activity is tightly coordinated by genotype-dependent expression, endogenous inhibition and secretion mechanisms.
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7
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Clathrolides A–B: previously undescribed macrocylic lactones from marine demosponge Clathria (Thalysias) vulpina (Lamarck, 1814) as potential antihypertensive leads attenuating angiotensin converting enzyme. Med Chem Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-021-02743-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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8
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Kriplani P, Pathak K, Philip A. Preparation and Evaluation of '3 Cap' Pulsatile Drug Delivery System of Ramipril. Cardiovasc Hematol Agents Med Chem 2021; 19:50-61. [PMID: 32484113 DOI: 10.2174/1871525718666200528140527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2019] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronotherapeutics, the drug delivery based on circadian rhythm, is recently gaining much attention worldwide. Various diseases like asthma, hypertension, and arthritis show the circadian variation that demands time scheduled drug release for effective drug action. Therefore, the pulsatile drug delivery system has been designed to confer preprogrammed drug delivery. OBJECTIVE In the present study, a '3 Cap' pulsatile drug delivery system has been developed, optimized, and characterized in order to achieve the floating and pulsatile release of ramipril. METHODS An optimal response surface design was employed to investigate the effect of isopropanol: formaldehyde vapors for varying time on drug release from the capsules. '3 Cap' pulsatile drug delivery system was evaluated in terms of floating time, density, the effect of gastric flow rate, and type of dissolution apparatus on drug release. RESULTS Independent variables exhibited a significant effect on the drug release of the prepared formulations. Results showed that time between the release of fractions of dose increased with an increase in formaldehyde: isopropanol ratio and duration of exposure to formaldehyde vapors with no effect of gastric flow rate. CONCLUSION The results of the designed system revealed that an optimum exposure of 1:2 of isopropanol: formaldehyde vapors for sixty minutes resulted in the desired release of second pulse of dose after a predetermined lag time of 5 hours as desired. '3Cap' system was successful in achieving floating and pulsed release of hypertensive drug opening a 'new lease of life' to the existing drug molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kamla Pathak
- Department of Pharmacy, Rajiv Academy For Pharmacy, Mathura, India
| | - Anil Philip
- Department of Pharmacy, Rajiv Academy For Pharmacy, Mathura, Oman
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Ahmed HM, Belal TS, Shaalan RA, El Yazbi FA, Elonsy SM. Validated capillary zone electrophoretic method for simultaneous analysis of benazepril in combination with amlodipine besylate and hydrochlorothiazide. ACTA CHROMATOGR 2020. [DOI: 10.1556/1326.2019.00686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In this work, a novel, simple, and quick capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) method was proposed for simultaneous analysis of benazepril (BEN) with other co-administrated antihypertensive drugs, amlodipine besylate (AML) and hydrochlorothiazide (HCT), using a diode array detector (DAD). A fused silica capillary (78.5 cm total length, 70 cm effective length, and 75 μm id) was used in separation using a 40 mM phosphate buffer pH 7.5 as a running background electrolyte (BGE) under a positive potential of 30 KV, at a stable temperature of 25 °C for capillary during separation. Hydrodynamic injections were performed for 12 s at 50 mbar, and detection was performed at 210 nm for AML and BEN, at 225 nm for HCT, and at 232 nm for xipamide (XIP) added as an internal standard (IS). Separation of the three analyzed drugs and the IS was performed in less than 8 min. Migration times were 4.06, 5.23, 6.69, and 7.3 min for AML, HCT, BEN, and XIP, respectively. The findings proved that the proposed method was linear in the range of 10–80 μg/mL for all drugs with correlation coefficients >0.9994. The limit of detection (LOD) values of AML, HCT, and BEN were 1.004, 1.224, and 0.896 μg/mL, respectively, whereas the limit of quantification (LOQ) values were 3.124, 3.727, and 2.749 μg/mL for the cited drugs, respectively. Peak identity and purity were confirmed by DAD. The developed CZE method was applied for the analysis of the three antihypertensive drugs successfully in their combined pharmaceutical tablets, and it can be used for the quality control of single-pill combination (SPC) samples of these drugs in short time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hytham M. Ahmed
- 1 Pharmaceutical Analysis Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Menoufia University, Shebin El-Kom, Egypt
| | - Tarek S. Belal
- 2 Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Alexandria, Alexandria 21521, Egypt
| | - Rasha A. Shaalan
- 2 Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Alexandria, Alexandria 21521, Egypt
- 3 Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy and Drug Manufacturing, Pharos University in Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Fawzy A. El Yazbi
- 2 Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Alexandria, Alexandria 21521, Egypt
| | - Sohila M. Elonsy
- 4 Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Damanhour University, Damanhour, Egypt
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Bojarska J, Remko M, Breza M, Madura I, Fruziński A, Wolf WM. A Proline-Based Tectons and Supramolecular Synthons for Drug Design 2.0: A Case Study of ACEI. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2020; 13:E338. [PMID: 33114370 PMCID: PMC7692516 DOI: 10.3390/ph13110338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Proline is a unique, endogenous amino acid, prevalent in proteins and essential for living organisms. It is appreciated as a tecton for the rational design of new bio-active substances. Herein, we present a short overview of the subject. We analyzed 2366 proline-derived structures deposited in the Cambridge Structure Database, with emphasis on the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors. The latter are the first-line antihypertensive and cardiological drugs. Their side effects prompt a search for improved pharmaceuticals. Characterization of tectons (molecular building blocks) and the resulting supramolecular synthons (patterns of intermolecular interactions) involving proline derivatives, as presented in this study, may be useful for in silico molecular docking and macromolecular modeling studies. The DFT, Hirshfeld surface and energy framework methods gave considerable insight into the nature of close inter-contacts and supramolecular topology. Substituents of proline entity are important for the formation and cooperation of synthons. Tectonic subunits contain proline moieties characterized by diverse ionization states: -N and -COOH(-COO-), -N+ and -COOH(-COO-), -NH and -COOH(-COO-), -NH+ and -COOH(-COO-), and -NH2+ and -COOH(-COO-). Furthermore, pharmacological profiles of ACE inhibitors and their impurities were determined via an in silico approach. The above data were used to develop comprehensive classification, which may be useful in further drug design studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Bojarska
- Faculty of Chemistry, Institute of General and Ecological Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Żeromskiego 116, 90-924 Lodz, Poland; (A.F.); (W.M.W.)
| | - Milan Remko
- Remedika, Luzna 9, 85104 Bratislava, Slovakia;
| | - Martin Breza
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Slovak Technical University, Radlinskeho 9, SK-81237 Bratislava, Slovakia;
| | - Izabela Madura
- Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Andrzej Fruziński
- Faculty of Chemistry, Institute of General and Ecological Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Żeromskiego 116, 90-924 Lodz, Poland; (A.F.); (W.M.W.)
| | - Wojciech M. Wolf
- Faculty of Chemistry, Institute of General and Ecological Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Żeromskiego 116, 90-924 Lodz, Poland; (A.F.); (W.M.W.)
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Prediction of lisinopril pediatric dose from the reference adult dose by employing a physiologically based pharmacokinetic model. BMC Pharmacol Toxicol 2020; 21:56. [PMID: 32727574 PMCID: PMC7389632 DOI: 10.1186/s40360-020-00429-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background This study aimed to assess the pediatric lisinopril doses using an adult physiological based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model. As the empirical rules of dose calculation cannot calculate gender-specific pediatric doses and ignores the age-related physiological differences. Methods A PBPK model of lisinopril for the healthy adult population was developed for oral (fed and fasting) and IV administration using PK-Sim MoBI® and was scaled down to a virtual pediatric population for prediction of lisinopril doses in neonates to infants, infants to toddler, children at pre-school age, children at school age and the adolescents. The pharmacokinetic parameters were predicted for the above groups at decremental doses of 20 mg, 10 mg, 5 mg, 2.5 mg, and 1.5 mg in order to accomplish doses producing the pharmacokinetic parameters, similar (or comparable) to that of the adult population. The above simulated pediatric doses were compared to the doses computed using the conventional four methods, such as Young’s rule, Clark’s rule, and weight-based and body surface area-based equations and the dose reported in different studies. Results Though the doses predicted for all subpopulations of children were comparable to those calculated by Young’s rule, yet the conventional methods overestimated the pediatric doses when compared to the respective PBPK-predicted doses. The findings of previous real time pharmacokinetic studies in pediatric patients supported the present simulated dose. Conclusion Thus, PBPK seems to have predictability potential for pediatric dose since it takes into consideration the physiological changes related to age and gender.
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Yang X, Wang Y, Byrne R, Schneider G, Yang S. Concepts of Artificial Intelligence for Computer-Assisted Drug Discovery. Chem Rev 2019; 119:10520-10594. [PMID: 31294972 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 342] [Impact Index Per Article: 68.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Artificial intelligence (AI), and, in particular, deep learning as a subcategory of AI, provides opportunities for the discovery and development of innovative drugs. Various machine learning approaches have recently (re)emerged, some of which may be considered instances of domain-specific AI which have been successfully employed for drug discovery and design. This review provides a comprehensive portrayal of these machine learning techniques and of their applications in medicinal chemistry. After introducing the basic principles, alongside some application notes, of the various machine learning algorithms, the current state-of-the art of AI-assisted pharmaceutical discovery is discussed, including applications in structure- and ligand-based virtual screening, de novo drug design, physicochemical and pharmacokinetic property prediction, drug repurposing, and related aspects. Finally, several challenges and limitations of the current methods are summarized, with a view to potential future directions for AI-assisted drug discovery and design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital , Sichuan University , Chengdu , Sichuan 610041 , China
| | - Yifei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital , Sichuan University , Chengdu , Sichuan 610041 , China
| | - Ryan Byrne
- ETH Zurich , Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences , Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4 , CH-8093 Zurich , Switzerland
| | - Gisbert Schneider
- ETH Zurich , Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences , Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4 , CH-8093 Zurich , Switzerland
| | - Shengyong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital , Sichuan University , Chengdu , Sichuan 610041 , China
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Chakraborty K, Krishnan S, Joy M. Macrocyclic lactones from seafood Amphioctopus neglectus: Newly described natural leads to attenuate angiotensin-II induced cardiac hypertrophy. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 110:155-167. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.11.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
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Eid M, El-Shabrawy Y, El-Shaheny R. Green micellar HPLC analysis of three angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors in their mixtures with hydrochlorothiazide and modeling of their retention behavior by fitting toFoley'smodel. J Sep Sci 2017; 40:3646-3654. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201700622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2017] [Revised: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Manal Eid
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy; Mansoura University; Mansoura Egypt
| | - Yasser El-Shabrawy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy; Mansoura University; Mansoura Egypt
| | - Rania El-Shaheny
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy; Mansoura University; Mansoura Egypt
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15
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The Evaluation of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors in Renal Elimination with Selected Molecular Descriptors. SERBIAN JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL AND CLINICAL RESEARCH 2017. [DOI: 10.1515/sjecr-2016-0100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors modulate the function of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, and they are commonly prescribed antihypertensive drugs especially in patients with renal failure. In this study, the relationships between several molecular properties of eight ACE inhibitors (enalapril, quinapril, fosinopril, ramipril, benazepril, perindopril, moexipril, trandolapril) and their renal elimination data, from relevant literature, were investigated. The ’molecular descriptors of the ACE inhibitors, which included aqueous solubility data (logS); an electronic descriptor, polar surface area (PSA);, a constitutional parameter, molecular mass (Mr); and a geometric descriptor, volume value (Vol), as well as lipophilicity descriptors (logP values), were calculated using different software packages. Simple linear regression analysis showed the best correlation between renal elimination data and lipophilicity descriptor AClogP values (R2 = 0.5742). In the next stage of the study, multiple linear regression was applied to assess a higher correlation between the ACE inhibitors’ renal elimination data and lipophilicity, AClogP, with one additional descriptor as an independent variable. Good correlations were established between renal elimination data from the literature and the AClogP lipophilicity descriptor using the constitutional parameter (molecular mass (R2 = 0.7425)) or the geometric descriptor (volume value (R2 = 0.7224)) as an independent variable. The application of computed molecular descriptors in evaluating drug elimination is of great importance in drug research.
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16
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Hassan MQ, Akhtar M, Ahmed S, Ahmad A, Najmi AK. Nigella sativa protects against isoproterenol-induced myocardial infarction by alleviating oxidative stress, biochemical alterations and histological damage. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apjtb.2016.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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17
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LC-MS/MS assay for quantitation of enalapril and enalaprilat in plasma for bioequivalence study in Indian subjects. Future Sci OA 2017; 3:FSO165. [PMID: 28344828 PMCID: PMC5351712 DOI: 10.4155/fsoa-2016-0071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Enalapril (EPL) is an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor for the treatment of hypertension and chronic heart failure. Enalaprilat (EPLT) is an active metabolite that contributes to the overall activity of EPL. Aim: To quantitate EPL along with its metabolite EPLT using LC–MS/MS, a bioanalytical method was developed and validated with tolbutamide in human plasma using a protein precipitation technique. Results: The sensitive and selective method has an LLOQ of 1 ng/ml with a linearity range of 1–500 ng/ml for both EPL and EPLT using 300 µl of plasma without any matrix effect. Conclusion: Linearity, specificity, accuracy, precision and stability, as well as its application to the analysis of plasma samples after oral administration of 20 mg of EPL maleate in healthy volunteers demonstrate applicability to bioavailability/bioequivalence studies. The present study describes a sensitive, selective, simple, accurate and reproducible LC–MS/MS method for the simultaneous determination of both enalapril (EPL) and enalaprilat (EPLT) in human plasma. The results obtained indicate the high sensitivity of the described method for analysis of EPL and EPLT, which render this method particularly useful for pharmacokinetic or bioequivalence studies. The proposed method has been applied for the analysis of EPL and EPLT in the plasma of healthy volunteers in a single-dose pharmacokinetic study.
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Lautz LS, Struijs J, Nolte TM, Breure AM, van der Grinten E, van de Meent D, van Zelm R. Evaluation of SimpleTreat 4.0: Simulations of pharmaceutical removal in wastewater treatment plant facilities. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 168:870-876. [PMID: 27836282 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.10.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Revised: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 10/29/2016] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the removal of pharmaceuticals from wastewater as predicted by SimpleTreat 4.0 was evaluated. Field data obtained from literature of 43 pharmaceuticals, measured in 51 different activated sludge WWTPs were used. Based on reported influent concentrations, the effluent concentrations were calculated with SimpleTreat 4.0 and compared to measured effluent concentrations. The model predicts effluent concentrations mostly within a factor of 10, using the specific WWTP parameters as well as SimpleTreat default parameters, while it systematically underestimates concentrations in secondary sludge. This may be caused by unexpected sorption, resulting from variability in WWTP operating conditions, and/or QSAR applicability domain mismatch and background concentrations prior to measurements. Moreover, variability in detection techniques and sampling methods can cause uncertainty in measured concentration levels. To find possible structural improvements, we also evaluated SimpleTreat 4.0 using several specific datasets with different degrees of uncertainty and variability. This evaluation verified that the most influencing parameters for water effluent predictions were biodegradation and the hydraulic retention time. Results showed that model performance is highly dependent on the nature and quality, i.e. degree of uncertainty, of the data. The default values for reactor settings in SimpleTreat result in realistic predictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- L S Lautz
- Department of Environmental Science, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University Nijmegen, P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - J Struijs
- Department of Environmental Science, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University Nijmegen, P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands; JSScience, Zeist, The Netherlands
| | - T M Nolte
- Department of Environmental Science, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University Nijmegen, P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - A M Breure
- Department of Environmental Science, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University Nijmegen, P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands; National Institute of Public Health and the Environment, PO Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - E van der Grinten
- National Institute of Public Health and the Environment, PO Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | | | - R van Zelm
- Department of Environmental Science, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University Nijmegen, P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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Singh MK, Pooja D, Kulhari H, Jain SK, Sistla R, Chauhan AS. Poly (amidoamine) dendrimer-mediated hybrid formulation for combination therapy of ramipril and hydrochlorothiazide. Eur J Pharm Sci 2016; 96:84-92. [PMID: 27614111 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2016.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Revised: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We present a dendrimer-based hybrid formulation strategy to explore the potential of poly (amidoamine) PAMAM dendrimers to be used as drug carriers for combination therapy of an anti-hypertensive drug ramipril (RAPL) and a diuretic hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ). The drug-dendrimer complexes were prepared by phase-equilibration method. The results showed that the solubility of RAPL and HCTZ was dependent on dendrimer concentration and pH of dendrimer solution. The solubility profile of both RAPL and HCTZ dendrimer complexes illustrated a non-linear relationship with dendrimer concentration. At 0.8% (w/v) dendrimer concentration, solubility of RAPL was increased 4.91 folds with amine-terminated while for HCTZ, solubility enhancement was highest (3.72 folds) with carboxy-terminated. The complexes were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance analysis and high performance liquid chromatography. In-vitro drug dissolution performance of pure drugs, individual drug loaded dendrimer formulations and hybrid formulations was studied in USP dissolution medium (pH7.0) and in simulated gastric fluid (pH1.2). Dendrimer mediated formulations showed faster and complete dissolution compared to pure RAPL or HCTZ. Surprisingly, similar pattern of dissolution profile was established with hybrid formulations as compared to individual drug loaded dendrimers. The dendrimer-based hybrid formulations were found to be stable at dark and refrigerated conditions up to 5weeks. Conclusively, the proposed formulation strategy establishes a novel multitasking platform using dendrimer for simultaneous loading and delivery of multiple drugs for pharmaceutical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayank Kumar Singh
- Institute of Pharmacy, Bundelkhand University, Jhansi, Uttar Pradesh 284 128, India; Medicinal Chemistry & Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500 007, India
| | - Deep Pooja
- Medicinal Chemistry & Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500 007, India
| | - Hitesh Kulhari
- Medicinal Chemistry & Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500 007, India; IICT-RMIT Joint Research Centre, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500 007, India
| | - Sanjay Kumar Jain
- Institute of Pharmacy, Bundelkhand University, Jhansi, Uttar Pradesh 284 128, India
| | - Ramakrishna Sistla
- Medicinal Chemistry & Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500 007, India
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20
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Wu SJ, Soulez M, Yang YH, Chu CS, Shih SC, Hébert MJ, Kuo MC, Hsieh YJ. Local Augmented Angiotensinogen Secreted from Apoptotic Vascular Endothelial Cells Is a Vital Mediator of Vascular Remodelling. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0132583. [PMID: 26147666 PMCID: PMC4492977 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0132583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular remodelling is a critical vasculopathy found in atheromatous diseases and allograft failures. The local renin angiotensin system (RAS) has been implicated in vascular remodelling. However, the mechanisms by which the augmented local RAS is associated with the initial event of endothelial cell apoptosis in injured vasculature remain undefined. We induced the apoptosis of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) through serum starvation (SS). After the cells were subjected to SS, we found that the mRNA expression of angiotensinogen (AGT) was increased by >3-fold in HUVECs and by approximately 2.5-fold in VSMCs. In addition, the expression of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) mRNA was increased in VSMCs but decreased to 50% in HUVECs during the same apoptotic process. Increases in the expression of AGT protein and angiotensin II (Ang II) were found in a serum-free medium conditioned by HUVECs (SSC). The increased Ang II was suppressed using lisinopril (an ACE inhibitor) treatment. Moreover, the activation of ERK1/2 induced by the SSC in VSMCs was also suppressed by losartan. In conclusion, we first demonstrated that the augmented AGT released from apoptotic endothelial cells acts as a vital progenitor of Ang II to accelerate vascular remodelling, and we suggest that blocking local augmented Ang II might be an effective strategy for restraining intimal hyperplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shyh-Jong Wu
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Mathilde Soulez
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Ya-Hui Yang
- Department of Occupational Safety and Hygiene, Fooyin University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Sheng Chu
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Chuan Shih
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Marie-Josée Hébert
- Research Centre, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Hôpital Notre Dame and Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Mei-Chuan Kuo
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Ju Hsieh
- Department of Medical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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21
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Schönherr D, Wollatz U, Haznar-Garbacz D, Hanke U, Box KJ, Taylor R, Ruiz R, Beato S, Becker D, Weitschies W. Characterisation of selected active agents regarding pKa values, solubility concentrations and pH profiles by SiriusT3. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2015; 92:155-70. [PMID: 25758123 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2015.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Revised: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to determine pKa values and solubility properties of 34active agents using the SiriusT3 apparatus. The selected drug substances belong to the groups of ACE-inhibitors, β-blockers, antidiabetics and lipid lowering substances. Experimentally obtained pKa and intrinsic solubility values were compared to calculated values (program ACD/ChemSketch) and pKa values to published data as well. Solubility-pH profiles were generated to visualise the substance solubility over the gastrointestinal pH range. The relationship between the solubility characteristic of a substance, its bioavailability and categorisation according to the Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS) was examined as well. The results showed a good agreement between experimentally obtained, calculated and published pKa values. The measured and calculated intrinsic solubility values indicated several major deviations. All solubility-pH profiles showed the expected shape and appearance for acids, bases or zwitterionic substances. The obtained results for the pKa and solubility measurements of the examined active agents may help to predict their physicochemical behaviour in vivo, and to understand the bioavailability of the substances according to their BCS categorisation. The easy and reproducible determination of pKa and solubility values makes the SiriusT3 apparatus a useful tool in early stages of drug and formulation development.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Schönherr
- University of Greifswald, Center of Drug Absorption and Transport, Institute of Pharmacy, 17487 Greifswald, Germany
| | - U Wollatz
- University of Greifswald, Center of Drug Absorption and Transport, Institute of Pharmacy, 17487 Greifswald, Germany
| | - D Haznar-Garbacz
- University of Greifswald, Center of Drug Absorption and Transport, Institute of Pharmacy, 17487 Greifswald, Germany
| | - U Hanke
- University of Greifswald, Center of Drug Absorption and Transport, Institute of Pharmacy, 17487 Greifswald, Germany
| | - K J Box
- Sirius Analytical Ltd., Forest Row, East Sussex RH18 5DW, UK
| | - R Taylor
- Sirius Analytical Ltd., Forest Row, East Sussex RH18 5DW, UK
| | - R Ruiz
- Sirius Analytical Ltd., Forest Row, East Sussex RH18 5DW, UK
| | - S Beato
- Novartis Pharma AG, Technical Research & Development, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - D Becker
- Vivo Drug Delivery GmbH, 8832 Wollerau, Switzerland
| | - W Weitschies
- University of Greifswald, Center of Drug Absorption and Transport, Institute of Pharmacy, 17487 Greifswald, Germany.
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22
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Dendeni M, Cimetiere N, Soutrel I, Guegan JP, Ben Hamida N, Amrane A. Investigation of the Rotational Isomerism of Quinapril and Quinaprilat by UPLC–DAD and Elucidation of the Conformational Equilibrium by NMR. Aust J Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1071/ch14312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Quinapril and quinaprilat are two angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) characterized by a peak broadening and splitting when they were analyzed by ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC). This phenomenon is due to the existence of the two isomers cis and trans around the amide band. In order to confirm the existence of the two conformers and allow identification of the predominant form, NMR studies of quinapril, involving 1H, 13C, 1H-1HCOSY, Impact-HMBC, JMOD, HSQC, and ROESY have been conducted in this work. The analyses allowed us to identify the predominant form of quinapril; the conformer trans is the predominant form (75 %).
In addition, this study highlights the important benefits of UPLC to separate quinapril and quinaprilat isomers due to its high resolving power.
The effect of various operating conditions on the retention peak, namely, splitting and band broadening of quinaprilat and quinapril, has been qualitatively examined in this study. Several practical experimental conditions have been tested, allowing both the elution of the two ACEIs as single peaks, while keeping at the same time an acceptable separation. The effect of various factors on the conformational s-cis–s-trans equilibrium of quinapril and quinaprilat, namely, the composition of the mobile phase, column temperature, flow rate, pH, and type and amount of organic modifier was investigated by UPLC–DAD (diode array detector) with a BEH C18 column (100 mm, 2.1 mm internal diameter × 1.7 µm particle diameter). Several deconvolution models were used to model overlapped peaks and to determine resolution.
Results obtained showed that a mobile phase consisting of ammonium buffer (10 mM; pH 8) and acetonitrile allows the separation of the quinapril and quinaprilat conformers. Maximum resolution was obtained for a composition of mobile phase (55/45) and (65/35) (ammonium buffer/acetonitrile, v/v) for quinapril and quinaprilat, respectively at 45°C and flow rates of 0.4 and 0.5 mL min–1.
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23
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Md. Abdur Rauf S, Arvidsson PI, Albericio F, Govender T, Maguire GEM, Kruger HG, Honarparvar B. The effect of N-methylation of amino acids (Ac-X-OMe) on solubility and conformation: a DFT study. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 13:9993-10006. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ob01565k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
N-Methylation of amino acid derivatives (Ac-X-OMe, X = Gly, Val, Leu, Ile, Phe, Met, Cys, Ser, Asp and His) leads to an increase in aqueous solubility, lipophilicity and lowering of the cis/trans amide conformational energy barrier (EA).
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Affiliation(s)
- Shah Md. Abdur Rauf
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit
- School of Health Sciences
- University of KwaZulu-Natal
- Durban 4001
- South Africa
| | - Per I. Arvidsson
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit
- School of Health Sciences
- University of KwaZulu-Natal
- Durban 4001
- South Africa
| | - Fernando Albericio
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit
- School of Health Sciences
- University of KwaZulu-Natal
- Durban 4001
- South Africa
| | - Thavendran Govender
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit
- School of Health Sciences
- University of KwaZulu-Natal
- Durban 4001
- South Africa
| | - Glenn E. M. Maguire
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit
- School of Health Sciences
- University of KwaZulu-Natal
- Durban 4001
- South Africa
| | - Hendrik G. Kruger
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit
- School of Health Sciences
- University of KwaZulu-Natal
- Durban 4001
- South Africa
| | - Bahareh Honarparvar
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit
- School of Health Sciences
- University of KwaZulu-Natal
- Durban 4001
- South Africa
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Pharmacokinetic evaluation of lisinopril-tryptophan, a novel C-domain ACE inhibitor. Eur J Pharm Sci 2014; 56:113-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2014.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2013] [Revised: 01/16/2014] [Accepted: 01/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Ölçer M, Ölçer A, İnce İ, Karasulu E. Development andin vitro/in vivoevaluation of immediate release perindopril tablets. Pharm Dev Technol 2014; 20:684-93. [DOI: 10.3109/10837450.2014.915568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Transdermal delivery of Angiotensin Converting Enzyme inhibitors. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2014; 88:1-7. [PMID: 24657822 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2014.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2014] [Revised: 03/12/2014] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE) inhibitor class of drugs has been in clinical use since the 1970s for the management of all grades of heart failure, hypertension, diabetic nephropathy and prophylaxis of cardiovascular events. Because of the advantages associated with transdermal delivery compared with oral delivery many researchers have investigated the skin as a portal for administration of ACE inhibitors. This review summarises the various studies reported in the literature describing the development and evaluation of transdermal formulations of ACE inhibitors. Captopril, enalapril maleate, lisinopril dihydrate, perindopril erbumine and trandolapril are the most studied in connection with transdermal preparations. The methodologies reported are considered critically and the limitations of the various skin models used are also highlighted. Finally, opportunities for novel transdermal preparations of ACE inhibitor drugs are discussed with an emphasis on rational formulation design.
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Study of lipophilicity of alpha-asarone derivatives and their deterrent activity against the Colorado potato beetle. OPEN CHEM 2013. [DOI: 10.2478/s11532-013-0336-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractFive positional isomers and thirty derivatives of alpha-asarone wereobtained as a bioactive set of substances, and their deterrent activity against the Colorado potato beetle was studied. The lipophilicity values of thirty-six compounds were determined by using experimental, chromatographic and theoretical methods. The logk w values for all compounds were determined by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography using five different columns. The octan-1-ol/water partition coefficients values were determined experimentally as a measure of lipophilicity. For the purpose of comparison, theoretical lipophilic parameters for all compounds were calculated with the use of chemical programs. The experimental, chromatographic and calculated values were compared using linear regression analysis. The most significant correlations were found between the chromatographic lipophilicities using methanol/water for all tested columns and calculated values. It has been found that 13 compounds have the lowest lipophilicities, which correspond to deterrent activity. The presented results show that the computational method is useful for determining the lipophilicity of a series of homologues, but not for positional isomers. In addition, this study shows that determination of lipophilicity using HPLC with various stationary phases is practical and reasonable for all alpha-asarone derivatives.
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Sorrenti M, Catenacci L, Cruickshank DL, Caira MR. Lisinopril Dihydrate: Single-Crystal X-Ray Structure and Physicochemical Characterization of Derived Solid Forms. J Pharm Sci 2013; 102:3596-603. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.23660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2013] [Revised: 03/26/2013] [Accepted: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Remko M, Bojarska J, Ježko P, Maniukiewicz W, Olczak A. Molecular structure of antihypertensive drug perindopril, its active metabolite perindoprilat and impurity F. J Mol Struct 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2012.11.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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30
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Odovic JV, Markovic BD, Injac RD, Vladimirov SM, Karljikovic-Rajic KD. Correlation between ultra-high performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry and reversed-phase thin-layer chromatography hydrophobicity data for evaluation of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors absorption. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1258:94-100. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.08.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2012] [Revised: 08/07/2012] [Accepted: 08/12/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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31
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Remko M, Bojarska J, Ježko P, Sieroń L, Olczak A, Maniukiewicz W. Crystal and molecular structure of perindopril erbumine salt. J Mol Struct 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2011.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Mukherjee R, McCaddon A, Smith CA, Brasch NE. Synthesis, Synchrotron X-ray Diffraction, and Kinetic Studies on the Formation of a Novel Thiolatocobalamin of Captopril: Evidence for cis-trans Isomerization in the β-Axial Ligand. Inorg Chem 2009; 48:9526-34. [DOI: 10.1021/ic900891y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Riya Mukherjee
- Department of Chemistry, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio 44242
| | - Andrew McCaddon
- Cardiff School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, U.K
- Gardden Road Surgery, Rhosllanerchrugog, Wrexham, Wales, LL14 2EN, U.K
| | - Clyde A. Smith
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Stanford University, Menlo Park, California 94025
| | - Nicola E. Brasch
- Department of Chemistry, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio 44242
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio 44242
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Šramko M, Garaj V, Remko M. Thermodynamics of binding of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors to enzyme active site model. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theochem.2008.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Impact of the therapy by renin–angiotensin system targeting antihypertensive agents perindopril versus telmisartan on prothrombotic state in essential hypertension. J Hum Hypertens 2008; 22:338-45. [DOI: 10.1038/sj.jhh.1002328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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