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Ma J, Zhong P, Li Y, Sun Z, Sun X, Aung M, Hao L, Cheng Y, Zhu W. Hydrogenosome, Pairing Anaerobic Fungi and H2-Utilizing Microorganisms Based on Metabolic Ties to Facilitate Biomass Utilization. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8040338. [PMID: 35448569 PMCID: PMC9026988 DOI: 10.3390/jof8040338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Anaerobic fungi, though low in abundance in rumen, play an important role in the degradation of forage for herbivores. When only anaerobic fungi exist in the fermentation system, the continuous accumulation of metabolites (e.g., hydrogen (H2) and formate) generated from their special metabolic organelles—the hydrogenosome—inhibits the enzymatic reactions in the hydrogenosome and reduces the activity of the anaerobic fungi. However, due to interspecific H2 transfer, H2 produced by the hydrogenosome can be used by other microorganisms to form valued bioproducts. This symbiotic interaction between anaerobic fungi and other microorganisms can be used to improve the nutritional value of animal feeds and produce value-added products that are normally in low concentrations in the fermentation system. Because of the important role in the generation and further utilization of H2, the study of the hydrogensome is increasingly becoming an important part of the development of anaerobic fungi as model organisms that can effectively improve the utilization value of roughage. Here, we summarize and discuss the classification and the process of biomass degradation of anaerobic fungi and the metabolism and function of anaerobic fungal hydrogensome, with a focus on the potential role of the hydrogensome in the efficient utilization of biomass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Ma
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, National Center for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (J.M.); (P.Z.); (Y.L.); (Z.S.); (X.S.); (M.A.); (W.Z.)
| | - Pei Zhong
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, National Center for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (J.M.); (P.Z.); (Y.L.); (Z.S.); (X.S.); (M.A.); (W.Z.)
| | - Yuqi Li
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, National Center for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (J.M.); (P.Z.); (Y.L.); (Z.S.); (X.S.); (M.A.); (W.Z.)
| | - Zhanying Sun
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, National Center for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (J.M.); (P.Z.); (Y.L.); (Z.S.); (X.S.); (M.A.); (W.Z.)
| | - Xiaoni Sun
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, National Center for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (J.M.); (P.Z.); (Y.L.); (Z.S.); (X.S.); (M.A.); (W.Z.)
| | - Min Aung
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, National Center for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (J.M.); (P.Z.); (Y.L.); (Z.S.); (X.S.); (M.A.); (W.Z.)
- Department of Animal Nutrition, University of Veterinary Science, Nay Pyi Taw 15013, Myanmar
| | - Lizhuang Hao
- Key Laboratory of Plateau Grazing Animal Nutrition and Feed Science of Qinghai Province, State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai Plateau Yak Research Center, Qinghai Academy of Science and Veterinary Medicine of Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China;
| | - Yanfen Cheng
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, National Center for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (J.M.); (P.Z.); (Y.L.); (Z.S.); (X.S.); (M.A.); (W.Z.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-25-8439-5523
| | - Weiyun Zhu
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, National Center for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (J.M.); (P.Z.); (Y.L.); (Z.S.); (X.S.); (M.A.); (W.Z.)
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Paës G, Berrin JG, Beaugrand J. GH11 xylanases: Structure/function/properties relationships and applications. Biotechnol Adv 2011; 30:564-92. [PMID: 22067746 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2011.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 281] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2011] [Revised: 10/06/2011] [Accepted: 10/13/2011] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
For technical, environmental and economical reasons, industrial demands for process-fitted enzymes have evolved drastically in the last decade. Therefore, continuous efforts are made in order to get insights into enzyme structure/function relationships to create improved biocatalysts. Xylanases are hemicellulolytic enzymes, which are responsible for the degradation of the heteroxylans constituting the lignocellulosic plant cell wall. Due to their variety, xylanases have been classified in glycoside hydrolase families GH5, GH8, GH10, GH11, GH30 and GH43 in the CAZy database. In this review, we focus on GH11 family, which is one of the best characterized GH families with bacterial and fungal members considered as true xylanases compared to the other families because of their high substrate specificity. Based on an exhaustive analysis of the sequences and 3D structures available so far, in relation with biochemical properties, we assess biochemical aspects of GH11 xylanases: structure, catalytic machinery, focus on their "thumb" loop of major importance in catalytic efficiency and substrate selectivity, inhibition, stability to pH and temperature. GH11 xylanases have for a long time been used as biotechnological tools in various industrial applications and represent in addition promising candidates for future other uses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Paës
- INRA, UMR614 FARE, 2 esplanade Roland-Garros, F-51686 Reims, France.
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Comlekcioglu U, Ozkose E, Yazdic FC, Akyol I, Ekinci MS. Polysaccharidase and glycosidase production of avicel grown rumen fungus Orpinomyces sp. GMLF5. ACTA BIOLOGICA HUNGARICA 2010; 61:333-43. [PMID: 20724279 DOI: 10.1556/abiol.61.2010.3.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular and cell-associated enzyme preparations were obtained from ruminal anaerobic fungi Orpinomyces sp. GMLF5 grown in culture containing microcrystalline cellulose (avicel) as sole energy source and degradation capacities of the preparations towards several polysaccharides and glycosides were studied. Fungus showed substantial increases in xylanase, carboxymethyl cellulase (CMCase), lichenase, amylase, beta-xylosidase, beta-glucosidase and alpha-L-arabinofuranosidase activities between 72 and 168 hours. High amounts of cell associated beta-xylosidase were noted in 4 and 5 days old cultures. Optimum temperature and pH of the polysaccharidases were found at 50 degrees C and 6.0-6.5, respectively. Xylanase was found to be virtually stable at 50 degrees C, CMCase and lichenase were stable at 40 degrees C for 200 min, however amylase was found more sensitive to heat treatment. The fibrolytic enzymes of the isolate GMLF5 were observed to be capable of hydrolyze the avicel.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Comlekcioglu
- Animal Science Department, Agriculture Faculty, Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University, Kahramanmaras, Turkey.
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