1
|
Azimi P, Yazdanian T, Ahmadiani A. mRNA markers for survival prediction in glioblastoma multiforme patients: a systematic review with bioinformatic analyses. BMC Cancer 2024; 24:612. [PMID: 38773447 PMCID: PMC11106946 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-024-12345-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a type of fast-growing brain glioma associated with a very poor prognosis. This study aims to identify key genes whose expression is associated with the overall survival (OS) in patients with GBM. METHODS A systematic review was performed using PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane, and Web of Science up to Journey 2024. Two researchers independently extracted the data and assessed the study quality according to the New Castle Ottawa scale (NOS). The genes whose expression was found to be associated with survival were identified and considered in a subsequent bioinformatic study. The products of these genes were also analyzed considering protein-protein interaction (PPI) relationship analysis using STRING. Additionally, the most important genes associated with GBM patients' survival were also identified using the Cytoscape 3.9.0 software. For final validation, GEPIA and CGGA (mRNAseq_325 and mRNAseq_693) databases were used to conduct OS analyses. Gene set enrichment analysis was performed with GO Biological Process 2023. RESULTS From an initial search of 4104 articles, 255 studies were included from 24 countries. Studies described 613 unique genes whose mRNAs were significantly associated with OS in GBM patients, of which 107 were described in 2 or more studies. Based on the NOS, 131 studies were of high quality, while 124 were considered as low-quality studies. According to the PPI network, 31 key target genes were identified. Pathway analysis revealed five hub genes (IL6, NOTCH1, TGFB1, EGFR, and KDR). However, in the validation study, only, the FN1 gene was significant in three cohorts. CONCLUSION We successfully identified the most important 31 genes whose products may be considered as potential prognosis biomarkers as well as candidate target genes for innovative therapy of GBM tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Parisa Azimi
- Neurosurgeon, Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Arabi Ave, Daneshjoo Blvd, Velenjak, Tehran, 19839- 63113, Iran.
| | | | - Abolhassan Ahmadiani
- Neurosurgeon, Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Arabi Ave, Daneshjoo Blvd, Velenjak, Tehran, 19839- 63113, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Morimoto T, Nakazawa T, Maeoka R, Nakagawa I, Tsujimura T, Matsuda R. Natural Killer Cell-Based Immunotherapy against Glioblastoma. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032111. [PMID: 36768432 PMCID: PMC9916747 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most aggressive and malignant primary brain tumor in adults. Despite multimodality treatment involving surgical resection, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, and tumor-treating fields, the median overall survival (OS) after diagnosis is approximately 2 years and the 5-year OS is poor. Considering the poor prognosis, novel treatment strategies are needed, such as immunotherapies, which include chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy, immune checkpoint inhibitors, vaccine therapy, and oncolytic virus therapy. However, these therapies have not achieved satisfactory outcomes. One reason for this is that these therapies are mainly based on activating T cells and controlling GBM progression. Natural killer (NK) cell-based immunotherapy involves the new feature of recognizing GBM via differing mechanisms from that of T cell-based immunotherapy. In this review, we focused on NK cell-based immunotherapy as a novel GBM treatment strategy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Morimoto
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nara Medical University, Kashihara 634-8521, Japan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nara City Hospital, Nara 630-8305, Japan
- Correspondence: (T.M.); (T.N.); Tel.: +81-744-22-3051 (T.M.); +81-745-84-9335 (T.N.)
| | - Tsutomu Nakazawa
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nara Medical University, Kashihara 634-8521, Japan
- Grandsoul Research Institute for Immunology, Inc., Uda 633-2221, Japan
- Clinic Grandsoul Nara, Uda 633-2221, Japan
- Correspondence: (T.M.); (T.N.); Tel.: +81-744-22-3051 (T.M.); +81-745-84-9335 (T.N.)
| | - Ryosuke Maeoka
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nara Medical University, Kashihara 634-8521, Japan
| | - Ichiro Nakagawa
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nara Medical University, Kashihara 634-8521, Japan
| | - Takahiro Tsujimura
- Grandsoul Research Institute for Immunology, Inc., Uda 633-2221, Japan
- Clinic Grandsoul Nara, Uda 633-2221, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Matsuda
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nara Medical University, Kashihara 634-8521, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Sahan AZ, Baday M, Patel CB. Biomimetic Hydrogels in the Study of Cancer Mechanobiology: Overview, Biomedical Applications, and Future Perspectives. Gels 2022; 8:gels8080496. [PMID: 36005097 PMCID: PMC9407355 DOI: 10.3390/gels8080496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrogels are biocompatible polymers that are tunable to the system under study, allowing them to be widely used in medicine, bioprinting, tissue engineering, and biomechanics. Hydrogels are used to mimic the three-dimensional microenvironment of tissues, which is essential to understanding cell–cell interactions and intracellular signaling pathways (e.g., proliferation, apoptosis, growth, and survival). Emerging evidence suggests that the malignant properties of cancer cells depend on mechanical cues that arise from changes in their microenvironment. These mechanobiological cues include stiffness, shear stress, and pressure, and have an impact on cancer proliferation and invasion. The hydrogels can be tuned to simulate these mechanobiological tissue properties. Although interest in and research on the biomedical applications of hydrogels has increased in the past 25 years, there is still much to learn about the development of biomimetic hydrogels and their potential applications in biomedical and clinical settings. This review highlights the application of hydrogels in developing pre-clinical cancer models and their potential for translation to human disease with a focus on reviewing the utility of such models in studying glioblastoma progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ayse Z. Sahan
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University California at San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Murat Baday
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Precision Health and Integrated Diagnostics Center, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Correspondence: (M.B.); (C.B.P.)
| | - Chirag B. Patel
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences (GSBS), Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Cancer Biology Program, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences (GSBS), Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Correspondence: (M.B.); (C.B.P.)
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Senjor E, Perišić Nanut M, Breznik B, Mitrović A, Mlakar J, Rotter A, Porčnik A, Lah Turnšek T, Kos J. Cystatin F acts as a mediator of immune suppression in glioblastoma. Cell Oncol (Dordr) 2021; 44:1051-1063. [PMID: 34189679 DOI: 10.1007/s13402-021-00618-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Glioblastoma, the most aggressive type of brain cancer, is composed of heterogeneous populations of differentiated cells, cancer stem cells and immune cells. Cystatin F, an endogenous inhibitor of lysosomal cysteine peptidases, regulates the function of cytotoxic immune cells. The aim of this study was to determine which type of cells expresses cystatin F in glioblastoma and to determine the role of cystatin F during disease progression. METHODS RT-qPCR and immunohistochemistry were used to determine cystatin F mRNA and protein levels in glioblastoma tissue samples. The internalization of cystatin F was analyzed by Western blotting. Enzyme kinetics, real time invasion and calcein release cytotoxicity assays were used to assess the role of internalized cystatin F. RESULTS We found that cystatin F was not expressed in non-cancer brain tissues, but that its expression increased with glioma progression. In tumor tissues, extensive staining was observed in cancer stem-like cells and microglia/monocytes, which secrete cystatin F into their microenvironment. In trans activity of cystatin F was confirmed using an in vitro glioblastoma cell model. Internalized cystatin F affected cathepsin L activity in glioblastoma cells and decreased their invasiveness. In addition, we found that cystatin F decreased the susceptibility of glioblastoma cells to the cytotoxic activity of natural killer (NK) cells. CONCLUSIONS Our data implicate cystatin F as a mediator of immune suppression in glioblastoma. Increased cystatin F mRNA and protein levels in immune, glioblastoma and glioblastoma stem-like cells or trans internalized cystatin F may have an impact on decreased susceptibility of glioblastoma cells to NK cytotoxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emanuela Senjor
- Department of Biotechnology, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova cesta 39, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva cesta 7, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Milica Perišić Nanut
- Department of Biotechnology, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova cesta 39, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Barbara Breznik
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology, National Institute of Biology, Večna pot 111, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Ana Mitrović
- Department of Biotechnology, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova cesta 39, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jernej Mlakar
- Institute of Pathology, Medical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Korytkova 2, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Ana Rotter
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology, National Institute of Biology, Večna pot 111, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Andrej Porčnik
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Clinical Centre Ljubljana, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tamara Lah Turnšek
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology, National Institute of Biology, Večna pot 111, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Janko Kos
- Department of Biotechnology, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova cesta 39, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia. .,Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva cesta 7, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Juric V, Düssmann H, Lamfers MLM, Prehn JHM, Rehm M, Murphy BM. Transcriptional CDK Inhibitors CYC065 and THZ1 Induce Apoptosis in Glioma Stem Cells Derived from Recurrent GBM. Cells 2021; 10:1182. [PMID: 34066147 PMCID: PMC8151379 DOI: 10.3390/cells10051182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioma stem cells (GSCs) are tumour initiating cells which contribute to treatment resistance, temozolomide (TMZ) chemotherapy and radiotherapy, in glioblastoma (GBM), the most aggressive adult brain tumour. A major contributor to the uncontrolled tumour cell proliferation in GBM is the hyper activation of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs). Due to resistance to standard of care, GBMs relapse in almost all patients. Targeting GSCs using transcriptional CDK inhibitors, CYC065 and THZ1 is a potential novel treatment to prevent relapse of the tumour. TCGA-GBM data analysis has shown that the GSC markers, CD133 and CD44 were significantly upregulated in GBM patient tumours compared to non-tumour tissue. CD133 and CD44 stem cell markers were also expressed in gliomaspheres derived from recurrent GBM tumours. Light Sheet Florescence Microscopy (LSFM) further revealed heterogeneous expression of these GSC markers in gliomaspheres. Gliomaspheres from recurrent tumours were highly sensitive to transcriptional CDK inhibitors, CYC065 and THZ1 and underwent apoptosis while being resistant to TMZ. Apoptotic cell death in GSC subpopulations and non-stem tumour cells resulted in sphere disruption. Collectively, our study highlights the potential of these novel CKIs to induce cell death in GSCs from recurrent tumours, warranting further clinical investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Viktorija Juric
- Department of Physiology & Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin 2, Ireland; (V.J.); (H.D.); (J.H.M.P.)
| | - Heiko Düssmann
- Department of Physiology & Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin 2, Ireland; (V.J.); (H.D.); (J.H.M.P.)
- Centre for Systems Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Martine L. M. Lamfers
- Brain Tumor Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Erasmus MC, 3015 CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Jochen H. M. Prehn
- Department of Physiology & Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin 2, Ireland; (V.J.); (H.D.); (J.H.M.P.)
- Centre for Systems Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Markus Rehm
- Institute of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of Stuttgart, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany;
- Stuttgart Research Center Systems Biology, University of Stuttgart, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Brona M. Murphy
- Department of Physiology & Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin 2, Ireland; (V.J.); (H.D.); (J.H.M.P.)
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Janjua TI, Rewatkar P, Ahmed-Cox A, Saeed I, Mansfeld FM, Kulshreshtha R, Kumeria T, Ziegler DS, Kavallaris M, Mazzieri R, Popat A. Frontiers in the treatment of glioblastoma: Past, present and emerging. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 171:108-138. [PMID: 33486006 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is one of the most aggressive cancers of the brain. Despite extensive research over the last several decades, the survival rates for GBM have not improved and prognosis remains poor. To date, only a few therapies are approved for the treatment of GBM with the main reasons being: 1) significant tumour heterogeneity which promotes the selection of resistant subpopulations 2) GBM induced immunosuppression and 3) fortified location of the tumour in the brain which hinders the delivery of therapeutics. Existing therapies for GBM such as radiotherapy, surgery and chemotherapy have been unable to reach the clinical efficacy necessary to prolong patient survival more than a few months. This comprehensive review evaluates the current and emerging therapies including those in clinical trials that may potentially improve both targeted delivery of therapeutics directly to the tumour site and the development of agents that may specifically target GBM. Particular focus has also been given to emerging delivery technologies such as focused ultrasound, cellular delivery systems nanomedicines and immunotherapy. Finally, we discuss the importance of developing novel materials for improved delivery efficacy of nanoparticles and therapeutics to reduce the suffering of GBM patients.
Collapse
|
7
|
Majc B, Novak M, Kopitar-Jerala N, Jewett A, Breznik B. Immunotherapy of Glioblastoma: Current Strategies and Challenges in Tumor Model Development. Cells 2021; 10:265. [PMID: 33572835 PMCID: PMC7912469 DOI: 10.3390/cells10020265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma is the most common brain malignant tumor in the adult population, and immunotherapy is playing an increasingly central role in the treatment of many cancers. Nevertheless, the search for effective immunotherapeutic approaches for glioblastoma patients continues. The goal of immunotherapy is to promote tumor eradication, boost the patient's innate and adaptive immune responses, and overcome tumor immune resistance. A range of new, promising immunotherapeutic strategies has been applied for glioblastoma, including vaccines, oncolytic viruses, immune checkpoint inhibitors, and adoptive cell transfer. However, the main challenges of immunotherapy for glioblastoma are the intracranial location and heterogeneity of the tumor as well as the unique, immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. Owing to the lack of appropriate tumor models, there are discrepancies in the efficiency of various immunotherapeutic strategies between preclinical studies (with in vitro and animal models) on the one hand and clinical studies (on humans) on the other hand. In this review, we summarize the glioblastoma characteristics that drive tolerance to immunotherapy, the currently used immunotherapeutic approaches against glioblastoma, and the most suitable tumor models to mimic conditions in glioblastoma patients. These models are improving and can more precisely predict patients' responses to immunotherapeutic treatments, either alone or in combination with standard treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bernarda Majc
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology, National Institute of Biology, 111 Večna pot, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (B.M.); (M.N.)
- International Postgraduate School Jozef Stefan, 39 Jamova ulica, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Metka Novak
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology, National Institute of Biology, 111 Večna pot, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (B.M.); (M.N.)
| | - Nataša Kopitar-Jerala
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular and Structural Biology, Jozef Stefan Institute, 39 Jamova ulica, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
| | - Anahid Jewett
- Division of Oral Biology and Medicine, The Jane and Jerry Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, University of California School of Dentistry, 10833 Le Conte Ave, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA;
| | - Barbara Breznik
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology, National Institute of Biology, 111 Večna pot, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (B.M.); (M.N.)
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Bastola S, Pavlyukov MS, Yamashita D, Ghosh S, Cho H, Kagaya N, Zhang Z, Minata M, Lee Y, Sadahiro H, Yamaguchi S, Komarova S, Yang E, Markert J, Nabors LB, Bhat K, Lee J, Chen Q, Crossman DK, Shin-Ya K, Nam DH, Nakano I. Glioma-initiating cells at tumor edge gain signals from tumor core cells to promote their malignancy. Nat Commun 2020; 11:4660. [PMID: 32938908 PMCID: PMC7494913 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-18189-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Intratumor spatial heterogeneity facilitates therapeutic resistance in glioblastoma (GBM). Nonetheless, understanding of GBM heterogeneity is largely limited to the surgically resectable tumor core lesion while the seeds for recurrence reside in the unresectable tumor edge. In this study, stratification of GBM to core and edge demonstrates clinically relevant surgical sequelae. We establish regionally derived models of GBM edge and core that retain their spatial identity in a cell autonomous manner. Upon xenotransplantation, edge-derived cells show a higher capacity for infiltrative growth, while core cells demonstrate core lesions with greater therapy resistance. Investigation of intercellular signaling between these two tumor populations uncovers the paracrine crosstalk from tumor core that promotes malignancy and therapy resistance of edge cells. These phenotypic alterations are initiated by HDAC1 in GBM core cells which subsequently affect edge cells by secreting the soluble form of CD109 protein. Our data reveal the role of intracellular communication between regionally different populations of GBM cells in tumor recurrence. Intratumoural spatial heterogeneity is crucial to enhance therapeutic resistance in glioblastoma. Here, the authors show a paracrine signaling mechanism where glioblastoma-initiating cells located in the tumour edge elevate their malignancy by interaction with core-located tumour cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Soniya Bastola
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Marat S Pavlyukov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Moscow, 117997, Russian Federation
| | - Daisuke Yamashita
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Sadashib Ghosh
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Heejin Cho
- Research Institute for Future Medicine, Seoul, 06351, Republic of Korea.,Institute for Refractory Cancer Research, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, 06351, Republic of Korea
| | - Noritaka Kagaya
- Biomedical Information Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, 2-4-7 Aomi, Koto-ku, Tokyo, 135-0064, Japan
| | - Zhuo Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35233, USA
| | - Mutsuko Minata
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Yeri Lee
- Research Institute for Future Medicine, Seoul, 06351, Republic of Korea.,Institute for Refractory Cancer Research, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, 06351, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Shinobu Yamaguchi
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Svetlana Komarova
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Eddy Yang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35233, USA
| | - James Markert
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Louis B Nabors
- Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Krishna Bhat
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology and Brain Tumor Center, The University of Texas, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - James Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Qin Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA.,Department of Integrative medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - David K Crossman
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Kazuo Shin-Ya
- Biomedical Information Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, 2-4-7 Aomi, Koto-ku, Tokyo, 135-0064, Japan
| | - Do-Hyun Nam
- Department of Neurosurgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, 06351, Republic of Korea.,Department of Health Science and Technology, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Science and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, 06351, Republic of Korea
| | - Ichiro Nakano
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA. .,Research and Development Center for Precision Medicine, Tsukuba University, Tsukuba, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
CCR5-Mediated Signaling Is Involved in Invasion of Glioblastoma Cells in Its Microenvironment. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21124199. [PMID: 32545571 PMCID: PMC7352708 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21124199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The chemokine CCL5/RANTES is a versatile inflammatory mediator, which interacts with the receptor CCR5, promoting cancer cell interactions within the tumor microenvironment. Glioblastoma is a highly invasive tumor, in which CCL5 expression correlates with shorter patient survival. Using immunohistochemistry, we identified CCL5 and CCR5 in a series of glioblastoma samples and cells, including glioblastoma stem cells. CCL5 and CCR5 gene expression were significantly higher in a cohort of 38 glioblastoma samples, compared to low-grade glioma and non-cancerous tissues. The in vitro invasion of patients-derived primary glioblastoma cells and glioblastoma stem cells was dependent on CCL5-induced CCR5 signaling and is strongly inhibited by the small molecule CCR5 antagonist maraviroc. Invasion of these cells, which was enhanced when co-cultured with mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), was inhibited by maraviroc, suggesting that MSCs release CCR5 ligands. In support of this model, we detected CCL5 and CCR5 in MSC monocultures and glioblastoma-associated MSC in tissue sections. We also found CCR5 expressing macrophages were in close proximity to glioblastoma cells. In conclusion, autocrine and paracrine cross-talk in glioblastoma and, in particular, glioblastoma stem cells with its stromal microenvironment, involves CCR5 and CCL5, contributing to glioblastoma invasion, suggesting the CCL5/CCR5 axis as a potential therapeutic target that can be targeted with repositioned drug maraviroc.
Collapse
|
10
|
Pišlar A, Jewett A, Kos J. Cysteine cathepsins: Their biological and molecular significance in cancer stem cells. Semin Cancer Biol 2018; 53:168-177. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2018.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2018] [Revised: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
|
11
|
Localization patterns of cathepsins K and X and their predictive value in glioblastoma. Radiol Oncol 2018; 52:433-442. [PMID: 30367810 PMCID: PMC6287179 DOI: 10.2478/raon-2018-0040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Glioblastoma is a highly aggressive central nervous system neoplasm characterized by extensive infiltration of malignant cells into brain parenchyma, thus preventing complete tumor eradication. Cysteine cathepsins B, S, L and K are involved in cancer progression and are overexpressed in glioblastoma. We report here for the first time that cathepsin X mRNA and protein are also abundantly present in malignant glioma. Materials and methods Gene expression of cathepsins K and X was analyzed using publically-available tran-scriptomic datasets and correlated with glioma grade and glioblastoma subtype. Kaplan-Maier survival analysis was performed to evaluate the predictive value of cathepsin K and X mRNA expression. Cathepsin protein expression was localized and semi-quantified in tumor tissues by immunohistochemistry. Results Highest gene expression of cathepsins K and X was found in glioblastoma, in particular in the mesenchymal subtype. Overall, high mRNA expression of cathepsin X, but not that of cathepsin K, correlated with poor patients’ survival. Cathepsin K and X proteins were abundantly and heterogeneously expressed in glioblastoma tissue. Immuno-labeling of cathepsins K and X was observed in areas of CD133-positive glioblastoma stem cells, localized around arterioles in their niches that also expressed SDF-1α and CD68. mRNA levels of both cathepsins K and X correlated with mRNA levels of markers of glioblastoma stem cells and their niches. Conclusions The presence of both cathepsins in glioblastoma stem cell niche regions indicates their possible role in regulation of glioblastoma stem cell homing in their niches. The clinical relevance of this data needs to be elaborated in further prospective studies.
Collapse
|
12
|
Breznik B, Limbaeck Stokin C, Kos J, Khurshed M, Hira VVV, Bošnjak R, Lah TT, Van Noorden CJF. Cysteine cathepsins B, X and K expression in peri-arteriolar glioblastoma stem cell niches. J Mol Histol 2018; 49:481-497. [PMID: 30046941 PMCID: PMC6182580 DOI: 10.1007/s10735-018-9787-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most lethal brain tumor also due to malignant and therapy-resistant GBM stem cells (GSCs) that are localized in protecting hypoxic GSC niches. Some members of the cysteine cathepsin family of proteases have been found to be upregulated in GBM. Cathepsin K gene expression is highly elevated in GBM tissue versus normal brain and it has been suggested to regulate GSC migration out of the niches. Here, we investigated the cellular distribution of cathepsins B, X and K in GBM tissue and whether these cathepsins are co-localized in GSC niches. Therefore, we determined expression of these cathepsins in serial paraffin sections of 14 human GBM samples and serial cryostat sections of two samples using immunohistochemistry and metabolic mapping of cathepsin activity using selective fluorogenic substrates. We detected cathepsins B, X and K in peri-arteriolar GSC niches in 9 out of 16 GBM samples, which were defined by co-expression of the GSC marker CD133, the niche marker stromal-derived factor-1α (SDF-1α) and smooth muscle actin as a marker for arterioles. The expression of cathepsin B and X was detected in stromal cells and cancer cells throughout the GBM sections, whereas cathepsin K expression was more restricted to arteriole-rich regions in the GBM sections. Metabolic mapping showed that cathepsin B, but not cathepsin K is active in GSC niches. On the basis of these findings, it is concluded that cathepsins B, X and K have distinct functions in GBM and that cathepsin K is the most likely GSC niche-related cathepsin of the three cathepsins investigated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Breznik
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology, National Institute of Biology, Večna Pot 111, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia. .,International Postgraduate School Jozef Stefan, Jamova 39, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Clara Limbaeck Stokin
- Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Korytkova 2, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Janko Kos
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, 7 Aškerčeva cesta, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Mohammed Khurshed
- Cancer Center Amsterdam, Department of Medical Biology at the Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam UMC, Meibergdreef 15, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Vashendriya V V Hira
- Cancer Center Amsterdam, Department of Medical Biology at the Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam UMC, Meibergdreef 15, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Roman Bošnjak
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Clinical Centre Ljubljana, Zaloška cesta 7, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tamara T Lah
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology, National Institute of Biology, Večna Pot 111, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,International Postgraduate School Jozef Stefan, Jamova 39, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Cornelis J F Van Noorden
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology, National Institute of Biology, Večna Pot 111, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Cancer Center Amsterdam, Department of Medical Biology at the Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam UMC, Meibergdreef 15, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Brehar FM, Gafencu AV, Trusca VG, Fuior EV, Arsene D, Amaireh M, Giovani A, Gorgan MR. Preferential Association of Lissencephaly-1 Gene Expression with CD133+ Glioblastoma Cells. J Cancer 2017; 8:1284-1291. [PMID: 28607604 PMCID: PMC5463444 DOI: 10.7150/jca.17635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Lissencephaly-1 (Lis1) protein is a dynein-binding protein involved in neural stem cell division, morphogenesis and motility. To determine whether Lis1 is a key factor in glioblastoma, we evaluated its expression and function in CD133+ glioblastoma cells. Global, Lis1 gene expression is similar in glioblastoma and normal samples. Interestingly, immunohistochemistry data indicate increased Lis1 expression colocalized with CD133 in a subset of glioma cells, including the tumor cells with perivascular localization. Lis1 gene expression is increased up to 60-fold in CD133 positive cells isolated from primary cultures of glioblastoma and U87 glioblastoma cell line as compared to CD133 negative cells. To investigate the potential role of Lis1 in CD133+ glioblastoma cells, we silenced Lis1 gene in U87 cell line obtaining shLis1-U87 cells. In shLis1-U87 cell culture we noticed a significant decrease of CD133+ cells fraction as compared with control cells and also, CD133+ cells isolated from shLis1-U87 were two times less adhesive, migratory and proliferative, as compared with control transfected U87 CD133+ cells. Moreover, Lis1 silencing decreased the proliferative capacity of irradiated U87 cells, an effect attributable to the lower percentage of CD133+ cells. This is the first report showing a preferential expression of Lis1 gene in CD133+ glioblastoma cells. Our data suggest a role of Lis1 in regulating CD133+ glioblastoma cells function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Felix Mircea Brehar
- "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 37 Dionisie Lupu Street, 020021 Bucharest, Romania.,"Bagdasar-Arseni" Clinical Hospital, Neurosurgery Clinic, 10-12 Berceni Street, 041915 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Anca Violeta Gafencu
- Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology, "Nicolae Simionescu", 8 B. P. Hasdeu Street, 050568 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Violeta Georgeta Trusca
- Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology, "Nicolae Simionescu", 8 B. P. Hasdeu Street, 050568 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Elena Valeria Fuior
- Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology, "Nicolae Simionescu", 8 B. P. Hasdeu Street, 050568 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Dorel Arsene
- " Victor Babes" National Institute of Pathology, 99-101 Splaiul Independentei Street, 055096 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mirela Amaireh
- "Bagdasar-Arseni" Clinical Hospital, Neurosurgery Clinic, 10-12 Berceni Street, 041915 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Andrei Giovani
- "Bagdasar-Arseni" Clinical Hospital, Neurosurgery Clinic, 10-12 Berceni Street, 041915 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mircea Radu Gorgan
- "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 37 Dionisie Lupu Street, 020021 Bucharest, Romania.,"Bagdasar-Arseni" Clinical Hospital, Neurosurgery Clinic, 10-12 Berceni Street, 041915 Bucharest, Romania
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Smrdel U, Popovic M, Zwitter M, Bostjancic E, Zupan A, Kovac V, Glavac D, Bokal D, Jerebic J. Long-term survival in glioblastoma: methyl guanine methyl transferase (MGMT) promoter methylation as independent favourable prognostic factor. Radiol Oncol 2016; 50:394-401. [PMID: 27904447 PMCID: PMC5120572 DOI: 10.1515/raon-2015-0041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In spite of significant improvement after multi-modality treatment, prognosis of most patients with glioblastoma remains poor. Standard clinical prognostic factors (age, gender, extent of surgery and performance status) do not clearly predict long-term survival. The aim of this case-control study was to evaluate immuno-histochemical and genetic characteristics of the tumour as additional prognostic factors in glioblastoma. Patients and methods Long-term survivor group were 40 patients with glioblastoma with survival longer than 30 months. Control group were 40 patients with shorter survival and matched to the long-term survivor group according to the clinical prognostic factors. All patients underwent multimodality treatment with surgery, postoperative conformal radiotherapy and temozolomide during and after radiotherapy. Biopsy samples were tested for the methylation of MGMT promoter (with methylation specific polymerase chain reaction), IDH1 (with immunohistochemistry), IDH2, CDKN2A and CDKN2B (with multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification), and 1p and 19q mutations (with fluorescent in situ hybridization). Results Methylation of MGMT promoter was found in 95% and in 36% in the long-term survivor and control groups, respectively (p < 0.001). IDH1 R132H mutated patients had a non-significant lower risk of dying from glioblastoma (p = 0.437), in comparison to patients without this mutation. Other mutations were rare, with no significant difference between the two groups. Conclusions Molecular and genetic testing offers additional prognostic and predictive information for patients with glioblastoma. The most important finding of our analysis is that in the absence of MGMT promoter methylation, longterm survival is very rare. For patients without this mutation, alternative treatments should be explored.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Uros Smrdel
- Department of Radiotherapy, Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Mara Popovic
- Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | | | - Emanuela Bostjancic
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Andrej Zupan
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Viljem Kovac
- Department of Radiotherapy, Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Damjan Glavac
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Drago Bokal
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, University of Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Janja Jerebic
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, University of Maribor, Slovenia
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Kenig S, Faoro V, Bourkoula E, Podergajs N, Ius T, Vindigni M, Skrap M, Lah T, Cesselli D, Storici P, Vindigni A. Topoisomerase IIβ mediates the resistance of glioblastoma stem cells to replication stress-inducing drugs. Cancer Cell Int 2016; 16:58. [PMID: 27462186 PMCID: PMC4960855 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-016-0339-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glioblastoma stem cells (GSC) have been extensively recognized as a plausible cause of glioblastoma resistance to therapy and recurrence resulting in high glioblastoma mortality. Abnormalities in the DNA repair pathways might be responsible for the inability of the currently used chemotherapeutics to eliminate the (GSC) subpopulation. METHODS In this work, we compared the expression of sixty DNA repair related genes between primary glioblastoma cell cultures and the glioblastoma enriched stem cell primary cultures. MTT test was used to analyze the effect of selected drugs and immunofluorescence to evaluate the load of DNA damage. RESULTS We found several differentially expressed genes and we identified topoisomerase IIβ (Top2β) as the gene with highest up-regulation in GSC. Also among the tested cell lines the expression of Top2β was the highest in NCH421k cells, a well-characterized glioblastoma cell line with all the stemness characteristics. On the other hand, Top2β expression markedly decreased upon the induction of differentiation by all trans-retinoic acid. Depletion of Top2β increased the sensitivity of NCH421k cells to replication stress inducing drugs, such as cisplatin, methyl-methanesulfonate, hydrogen peroxide, and temozolomide. Consistently, we found an increased load of DNA damage and increased Chk1 activation upon Top2β depletion in NCH421k cells. CONCLUSION We suggest that Top2β may represent a new target for gene therapy in glioblastoma. In addition, the other genes that we found to be up-regulated in GSC versus glioblastoma primary cells should be further investigated as glioblastoma theranostics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saša Kenig
- Structural Biology Laboratory, Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste, Strada Statale 14-km 163, 5, Basovizza, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - Valentina Faoro
- Structural Biology Laboratory, Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste, Strada Statale 14-km 163, 5, Basovizza, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - Evgenia Bourkoula
- Department of Medical and Biological Sciences, University of Udine, Piazzale Kolbe 4, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Neža Podergajs
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology, National Institute of Biology, Večna pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tamara Ius
- Neurosurgery Unit, Department of Neurosciences, Santa Maria della Misericordia University Hospital, Piazzale Santa Maria della Misericordia, 15, Udine, Italy
| | - Marco Vindigni
- Neurosurgery Unit, Department of Neurosciences, Santa Maria della Misericordia University Hospital, Piazzale Santa Maria della Misericordia, 15, Udine, Italy
| | - Miran Skrap
- Neurosurgery Unit, Department of Neurosciences, Santa Maria della Misericordia University Hospital, Piazzale Santa Maria della Misericordia, 15, Udine, Italy
| | - Tamara Lah
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology, National Institute of Biology, Večna pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia ; Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Daniela Cesselli
- Department of Medical and Biological Sciences, University of Udine, Piazzale Kolbe 4, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Paola Storici
- Structural Biology Laboratory, Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste, Strada Statale 14-km 163, 5, Basovizza, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - Alessandro Vindigni
- Structural Biology Laboratory, Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste, Strada Statale 14-km 163, 5, Basovizza, 34149 Trieste, Italy ; Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Li C, Yan Z, Cao X, Zhang X, Yang L. Phosphoribosylpyrophosphate Synthetase 1 Knockdown Suppresses Tumor Formation of Glioma CD133+ Cells Through Upregulating Cell Apoptosis. J Mol Neurosci 2016; 60:145-56. [DOI: 10.1007/s12031-016-0783-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
|
17
|
Ferguson SD, Srinivasan VM, Ghali MG, Heimberger AB. Cytomegalovirus-targeted immunotherapy and glioblastoma: hype or hope? Immunotherapy 2016; 8:413-23. [PMID: 26973123 DOI: 10.2217/imt.16.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant gliomas, including glioblastoma (GBM), are the most common primary brain tumors. Despite extensive research only modest gains have been made in long-term survival. Standard of care involves maximizing safe surgical resection followed by concurrent chemoradiation with temozolomide. Immunotherapy for GBM is an area of intense research in recent years. New immunotherapies, although promising, have not been integrated into standard practice. Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a DNA virus of the family Herpesviridae. Human seroprevalence is approximately 80%, and in most cases, is associated with asymptomatic infection. HCMV may be an important agent in the initiation, promotion and/or progression of tumorigenesis. Regardless of a possible etiologic role in GBM, interest has centered on exploiting this association for development of immunomodulatory therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sherise D Ferguson
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Department of Neurosurgery, 1400 Holcombe Blvd, Unit 442, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Visish M Srinivasan
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Department of Neurosurgery, 1400 Holcombe Blvd, Unit 442, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Michael Gz Ghali
- Department of Neurobiology & Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, 2900 Queen Lane, PA, USA
| | - Amy B Heimberger
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Department of Neurosurgery, 1400 Holcombe Blvd, Unit 442, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Podergajs N, Motaln H, Rajčević U, Verbovšek U, Koršič M, Obad N, Espedal H, Vittori M, Herold-Mende C, Miletic H, Bjerkvig R, Turnšek TL. Transmembrane protein CD9 is glioblastoma biomarker, relevant for maintenance of glioblastoma stem cells. Oncotarget 2016; 7:593-609. [PMID: 26573230 PMCID: PMC4808020 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.5477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The cancer stem cell model suggests that glioblastomas contain a subpopulation of stem-like tumor cells that reproduce themselves to sustain tumor growth. Targeting these cells thus represents a novel treatment strategy and therefore more specific markers that characterize glioblastoma stem cells need to be identified. In the present study, we performed transcriptomic analysis of glioblastoma tissues compared to normal brain tissues revealing sensible up-regulation of CD9 gene. CD9 encodes the transmembrane protein tetraspanin which is involved in tumor cell invasion, apoptosis and resistance to chemotherapy. Using the public REMBRANDT database for brain tumors, we confirmed the prognostic value of CD9, whereby a more than two fold up-regulation correlates with shorter patient survival. We validated CD9 gene and protein expression showing selective up-regulation in glioblastoma stem cells isolated from primary biopsies and in primary organotypic glioblastoma spheroids as well as in U87-MG and U373 glioblastoma cell lines. In contrast, no or low CD9 gene expression was observed in normal human astrocytes, normal brain tissue and neural stem cells. CD9 silencing in three CD133+ glioblastoma cell lines (NCH644, NCH421k and NCH660h) led to decreased cell proliferation, survival, invasion, and self-renewal ability, and altered expression of the stem-cell markers CD133, nestin and SOX2. Moreover, CD9-silenced glioblastoma stem cells showed altered activation patterns of the Akt, MapK and Stat3 signaling transducers. Orthotopic xenotransplantation of CD9-silenced glioblastoma stem cells into nude rats promoted prolonged survival. Therefore, CD9 should be further evaluated as a target for glioblastoma treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Neža Podergajs
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology, National Institute of Biology, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Helena Motaln
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology, National Institute of Biology, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Uroš Rajčević
- Department of Biochemistry, Blood Transfusion Centre of Slovenia, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Urška Verbovšek
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology, National Institute of Biology, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Marjan Koršič
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Centre, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Nina Obad
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, 5009 Bergen, Norway
| | - Heidi Espedal
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, 5009 Bergen, Norway
| | - Miloš Vittori
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology, National Institute of Biology, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Christel Herold-Mende
- Division of Neurosurgical Research, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hrvoje Miletic
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, 5009 Bergen, Norway
| | - Rolf Bjerkvig
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, 5009 Bergen, Norway
- NorLux Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Centre de Recherche Public de la Santé, 1526 Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Tamara Lah Turnšek
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology, National Institute of Biology, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Wang W, Long L, Wang L, Tan C, Fei X, Chen L, Huang Q, Liang Z. Knockdown of Cathepsin L promotes radiosensitivity of glioma stem cells both in vivo and in vitro. Cancer Lett 2015; 371:274-84. [PMID: 26706414 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2015.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Revised: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The presence of glioma stem cells (GSCs) in tumor is relevant for glioma treatment resistance. This study assessed whether knockdown of Cathepsin L can influence GSC growth, tumor radiosensitivity, and clinical outcome. Protein levels of Cathepsin L and stem cell markers (CD133 and Nestin) were analyzed in samples from 90 gliomas of different WHO grades and 6 normal brain tissues by immunohistochemistry. Two glioma stem cell lines with overexpressed Cathepsin L were stably transfected with Cathepsin L short hairpin RNA expression vectors. The effects of Cathepsin L inhibition on radiosensitivity, self-renewal, stemness, DNA damage, and apoptosis were evaluated. In addition, an intracranial animal model and subcutaneous tumor xenografts in nude mice were used to assess tumor response to Cathepsin L inhibition in vivo. Our results proved that expressions of Cathepsin L and CD133, but not of Nestin, correlated with malignant grades of glioma tissues. GSCs with high Cathepsin L and CD133 co-expression were extraordinarily radioresistant. Cathepsin L inhibition with radiotherapy significantly reduced GSC growth, promoted apoptosis, and improved radiosensitivity. Knockdown of Cathepsin L resulted in a dramatic reduction of CD133 expression, as well as the decreased phosphorylation of DNA repair checkpoint proteins (ATM and DNA-PKcs). Furthermore, combination of Cathepsin L inhibition and radiotherapy potently blocked tumor growth and decreased blood vessel formation in vivo. Taken together, these findings suggest Cathepsin L as a promising therapeutic target for clinical therapy in GBM patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenjuan Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Linmei Long
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Long Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Caihong Tan
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China; Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Xifeng Fei
- Department of Neurosurgery, Suzhou Kowloon Hospital of Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Suzhou, China
| | - Leisong Chen
- Department of Radiotherapy, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Qiang Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Zhongqin Liang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Fornara O, Bartek J, Rahbar A, Odeberg J, Khan Z, Peredo I, Hamerlik P, Bartek J, Stragliotto G, Landázuri N, Söderberg-Nauclér C. Cytomegalovirus infection induces a stem cell phenotype in human primary glioblastoma cells: prognostic significance and biological impact. Cell Death Differ 2015; 23:261-9. [PMID: 26138445 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2015.91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Revised: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is associated with poor prognosis despite aggressive surgical resection, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy. Unfortunately, this standard therapy does not target glioma cancer stem cells (GCSCs), a subpopulation of GBM cells that can give rise to recurrent tumors. GBMs express human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) proteins, and previously we found that the level of expression of HCMV immediate-early (IE) protein in GBMs is a prognostic factor for poor patient survival. In this study, we investigated the relation between HCMV infection of GBM cells and the presence of GCSCs. Primary GBMs were characterized by their expression of HCMV-IE and GCSCs marker CD133 and by patient survival. The extent to which HCMV infection of primary GBM cells induced a GCSC phenotype was evaluated in vitro. In primary GBMs, a large fraction of CD133-positive cells expressed HCMV-IE, and higher co-expression of these two proteins predicted poor patient survival. Infection of GBM cells with HCMV led to upregulation of CD133 and other GSCS markers (Notch1, Sox2, Oct4, Nestin). HCMV infection also promoted the growth of GBM cells as neurospheres, a behavior typically displayed by GCSCs, and this phenotype was prevented by either chemical inhibition of the Notch1 pathway or by treatment with the anti-viral drug ganciclovir. GBM cells that maintained expression of HCMV-IE failed to differentiate into neuronal or astrocytic phenotypes. Our findings imply that HCMV infection induces phenotypic plasticity of GBM cells to promote GCSC features and may thereby increase the aggressiveness of this tumor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- O Fornara
- Karolinska Institute, Department of Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Cell and Molecular Immunology, Microbial Pathogenesis Unit, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - J Bartek
- Karolinska Institute, Department of Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Cell and Molecular Immunology, Microbial Pathogenesis Unit, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Neurosurgery, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - A Rahbar
- Karolinska Institute, Department of Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Cell and Molecular Immunology, Microbial Pathogenesis Unit, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - J Odeberg
- Karolinska Institute, Department of Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Cell and Molecular Immunology, Microbial Pathogenesis Unit, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Z Khan
- Karolinska Institute, Department of Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Cell and Molecular Immunology, Microbial Pathogenesis Unit, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - I Peredo
- Karolinska Institute, Department of Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Cell and Molecular Immunology, Microbial Pathogenesis Unit, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - P Hamerlik
- Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - J Bartek
- Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.,Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - G Stragliotto
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - N Landázuri
- Karolinska Institute, Department of Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Cell and Molecular Immunology, Microbial Pathogenesis Unit, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - C Söderberg-Nauclér
- Karolinska Institute, Department of Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Cell and Molecular Immunology, Microbial Pathogenesis Unit, Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Zhang W, Chen H, Lv S, Yang H. High CD133 Expression Is Associated with Worse Prognosis in Patients with Glioblastoma. Mol Neurobiol 2015; 53:2354-60. [PMID: 25983032 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9187-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The CD133 antigen has been identified as a putative stem cell marker in gliomas. However, the prognostic significance of CD133 expression in glioblastoma patients remained controversial. A meta-analysis of published data was performed to comprehensively assess the prognostic role of CD133 expression in glioblastoma patients. Publications assessing the prognostic significance of CD133 expression in glioblastoma patients were identified in PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science up to November 2014. The pooled hazard ratio (HR) with 95% confidence interval (95% CI) was calculated using meta-analysis to evaluate the prognostic significance of CD133 expression in glioblastoma. Ten studies with a total of 715 glioblastoma patients were included into the meta-analysis. Overall, high CD133 expression was associated with poorer overall survival in patients with glioblastoma (HR = 1.96, 95% CI 1.46-2.64, P < 0.001). In addition, high CD133 expression was also associated with poorer progression-free survival in patients with glioblastoma (HR = 2.03, 95% CI 1.43-2.88, P < 0.001). Meta-analyses of studies with high quality showed that high CD133 expression was associated with both poorer overall survival (HR = 2.39, 95% CI 1.77-3.23, P < 0.001) and poorer progression-free survival (HR = 2.17, 95% CI 1.60-2.94, P < 0.001) in patients with glioblastoma. Meta-analysis of studies with adjusted estimates further showed that high CD133 expression was an independent prognostic factor of glioblastoma. High CD133 expression is associated with worse prognosis in patients with glioblastoma. More prospective studies with well-design are needed to confirm this finding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, China
| | - Huanran Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, China
| | - Shengqing Lv
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, China
| | - Hui Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, China.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Do relevant markers of cancer stem cells CD133 and Nestin indicate a poor prognosis in glioma patients? A systematic review and meta-analysis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2015; 34:44. [PMID: 25967234 PMCID: PMC4436020 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-015-0163-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Background CD133 and Nestin, as the markers of cancer stem cells, have recently been reported frequently in the pathogenesis and development of human gliomas. However, the prognostic role of CD133 and Nestin in gliomas still remains controversial. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the association between the expression of CD133 and Nestin and the outcome of glioma patients by conducting a systematic review and meta-analysis. Methods We performed systematically electronic and manual searches through the database of Pubmed and embase (until to December 25, 2014) for titles and abstracts which investigated the relationships between CD133 and Nestin expression and outcome of glioma patients. A systematic review and meta-analysis was executed to generate Pooled hazard ratios (HRs) with 95 % confidence intervals (CIs) for overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS). Results A total of 1,490 patients from 32 studies (13 articles) were included in the analysis. 19 studies and 13 studies investigated correlation between CD133 expression or Nestin and survival in gliomas, respectively. Our results showed that high CD133 expression in patients with glioma was associated with poor prognosis in terms of OS (HR 1.69; 95 % CI, 1.16–2.47; P =0.0060) and PFS (HR, 1.64; 95 % CI, 1.12–2.39; P = 0.010). In addition, high Nestin expression were associated with worse OS (HR 1.751; 95 % CI, 1.19–2.58, p = 0.004) but has no significant association with PFS (HR 1.55; 95 % CI, 0.96–2.51, p = 0.074). Even more important, the results of the subgroup meta-analyses show that that high CD133 expression was associated with worse prognosis in terms of OS and PFS in patients with WHO IV glioma but not WHO II-III. On the other hand, Nestin high expression was associated with worse prognosis in terms of OS and PFS in patients with WHO II-III glioma but not WHO IV. Conclusion High level of CD133 expression trends to correlate with a worse OS and PFS in glioma patients, especially WHO IV gliomas and Nestin high expression trends to correlate with a worse OS in glioma patients especially WHO II–III, revealing both the markers of cancer stem cells may as the potential pathological prognostic markers for glioma patients.
Collapse
|
23
|
Xavier-Magalhães A, Nandhabalan M, Jones C, Costa BM. Molecular prognostic factors in glioblastoma: state of the art and future challenges. CNS Oncol 2015; 2:495-510. [PMID: 25054820 DOI: 10.2217/cns.13.48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Gliomas account for the majority of primary tumors of the CNS, of which glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common and malignant, and for which survival is very poor. Despite significant inter- and intra-tumor heterogeneity, all patients are treated with a standardized therapeutic approach. While some clinical features of GBM patients have already been established as classic prognostic factors (e.g., patient age at diagnosis and Karnofsky performance status), one of the most important research fields in neuro-oncology today is the identification of novel molecular determinants of patient survival and tumor response to therapy. Here, we aim to review and discuss some of the most relevant and novel prognostic biomarkers in adult and pediatric GBM patients that may aid in stratifying subgroups of GBMs and rationalizing treatment decisions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Xavier-Magalhães
- Life & Health Sciences Research Institute, School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Kološa K, Motaln H, Herold-Mende C, Koršič M, Lah TT. Paracrine effects of mesenchymal stem cells induce senescence and differentiation of glioblastoma stem-like cells. Cell Transplant 2015; 24:631-44. [PMID: 25806680 DOI: 10.3727/096368915x687787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) displays high resistance to radiation and chemotherapy, due to the presence of a fraction of GBM stem-like cells (GSLCs), which are thus representing the target for GBM elimination. Since mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) display high tumor tropism, we examined possible antitumor effects of the secreted factors from human MSCs on four GSLC lines (NCH421k, NCH644, NIB26, and NIB50). We found that conditioned media from bone marrow and umbilical cord-derived MSCs (MSC-CM) mediated cell cycle arrest of GSLCs by downregulating cyclin D1. PCR arrays revealed significantly deregulated expression of 13 genes associated with senescence in NCH421k cells exposed to MSC-CM. Among these, ATM, CD44, COL1A1, MORC3, NOX4, CDKN1A, IGFBP5, and SERPINE1 genes were upregulated, whereas IGFBP3, CDKN2A, CITED2, FN1, and PRKCD genes were found to be downregulated. Pathway analyses in GO and KEGG revealed their association with p53 signaling, which can trigger senescence via cell cycle inhibitors p21 or p16. For both, upregulated expression was proven in all four GSLC lines exhibiting senescence after MSC-CM exposure. Moreover, MSC paracrine signals were shown to increase the sensitivity of NCH421k and NCH644 cells toward temozolomide, possibly by altering them toward more differentiated cell types, as evidenced by vimentin and GFAP upregulation, and Sox-2 and Notch-1 downregulation. Our findings support the notion that MSCs posses an intrinsic ability to inhibit cell cycle and induce senescence and differentiation of GSLCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katja Kološa
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology, National Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Identification of plasma biomarker candidates in glioblastoma using an antibody-array-based proteomic approach. Radiol Oncol 2014; 48:257-66. [PMID: 25177240 PMCID: PMC4110082 DOI: 10.2478/raon-2014-0014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a brain tumour with a very high patient mortality rate, with a median survival of 47 weeks. This might be improved by the identification of novel diagnostic, prognostic and predictive therapy-response biomarkers, preferentially through the monitoring of the patient blood. The aim of this study was to define the impact of GBM in terms of alterations of the plasma protein levels in these patients. Materials and methods. We used a commercially available antibody array that includes 656 antibodies to analyse blood plasma samples from 17 healthy volunteers in comparison with 17 blood plasma samples from patients with GBM. Results We identified 11 plasma proteins that are statistically most strongly associated with the presence of GBM. These proteins belong to three functional signalling pathways: T-cell signalling and immune responses; cell adhesion and migration; and cell-cycle control and apoptosis. Thus, we can consider this identified set of proteins as potential diagnostic biomarker candidates for GBM. In addition, a set of 16 plasma proteins were significantly associated with the overall survival of these patients with GBM. Guanine nucleotide binding protein alpha (GNAO1) was associated with both GBM presence and survival of patients with GBM. Conclusions Antibody array analysis represents a useful tool for the screening of plasma samples for potential cancer biomarker candidates in small-scale exploratory experiments; however, clinical validation of these candidates requires their further evaluation in a larger study on an independent cohort of patients.
Collapse
|
26
|
Zhang X, Hou Y, Niu Z, Li W, Meng X, Zhang N, Yang S. [Clinical significance of detection of cathepsin X and cystatin C in the sera of patients with lung cancer]. ZHONGGUO FEI AI ZA ZHI = CHINESE JOURNAL OF LUNG CANCER 2014; 16:411-6. [PMID: 23945244 PMCID: PMC6000661 DOI: 10.3779/j.issn.1009-3419.2013.08.04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Cathepsin X (Cat X) has been identified as a member of cathepsin family. Studies have shown that Cat X is involved in tumorigenesis and tumor development of various cancers. The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between the clinicopathological prognosis and the levels of Cat X and cystatin C in the serum of patients with lung cancer. METHODS Blood samples were collected from 84 patients with lung cancer and 36 healthy control subjects. Cat X and cystatin C were determined by quantitative ELISA. RESULTS Cat X and cystatin C levels were significantly higher in the patients with lung cancer than that in the healthy control subjects (P<0.01). Cat X level was correlated with the pathological types of lung cancer (P=0.076). Cystatin C was positively correlated with TNM stage (P=0.01). Furthermore, cystatin C/Cat X was correlated with lymph node metastasis (P=0.058). The patients with high Cat X levels experienced significantly shorter overall survival rates compared with those with low Cat X. Univariate analysis indicated that Cat X and TNM stage were related to overall survival. Multivariate Cox analysis indicated that TNM stage may be used as an independent prognostic variable in patients with lung cancer. CONCLUSIONS Cat X and cystatin C levels were significantly higher in patients with lung cancer. Cat X and cystatin C detection in the sera may contribute to the diagnosis of lung cancer and may be used to evaluate the prognosis of patients with NSCLC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuede Zhang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Medical School of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710004, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Vižin T, Christensen IJ, Wilhelmsen M, Nielsen HJ, Kos J. Prognostic and predictive value of cathepsin X in serum from colorectal cancer patients. BMC Cancer 2014; 14:259. [PMID: 24725597 PMCID: PMC4021260 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-14-259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cathepsin X is a cysteine protease involved in mechanisms of malignant progression. It is secreted from tumour cells as a proenzyme and may serve to predict the disease status and risk of death for cancer patients. In a previous, pilot, study on 77 colorectal patients we demonstrated the correlation of higher serum levels with shorter overall survival. METHODS 264 patients with colorectal cancer were included in a prospectively accrued multi-centre observational cohort study with the aim of testing novel biomarkers. Blood samples were collected before preoperative large bowel endoscopy and total cathepsin X was measured in sera by ELISA. As a control group we selected at random 77 subjects who had no findings at endoscopy and reported no co-morbidity. RESULTS The mean level of cathepsin X in cancer patients did not differ from the control levels (23.4 ng/ml ± 6.4 SD vs. 18.8 ng/ml ± 11.4 SD, p > 0.05) and there was no association with age, gender, disease stage, tumour location or CEA. In univariate analysis no association between cathepsin X levels and overall survival was demonstrated for the entire set of patients, however, cathepsin X was associated with survival in a group of patients with local resectable disease (stages I-III) (HR = 1.69, 95% CI: 1.03-2.75, p = 0.03). For this group, multivariate Cox regression analysis showed an association (HR = 3.13, 95% CI: 1.37-7.18, p = 0.003) between high cathepsin X levels and shorter overall survival for patients who did not receive chemotherapy, whereas, for patients who received chemotherapy, there was no association between cathepsin X and survival (HR = 0.51, 95% CI: 0.20-1.33, p = 0.88). CONCLUSIONS Association of cathepsin X levels with overall survival was not confirmed for an entire set of 264 colorectal patients, but for patients in stages I-III with local resectable disease. The significant association of cathepsin X with survival in a group of patients who received no chemotherapy and the absence of this association in the group who received chemotherapy, suggest the possible predictive value for response to chemotherapy. The results have to be confirmed in a further prospective study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Janko Kos
- Chair of Pharmaceutical Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glioblastoma is the most common primary brain tumour. It has a poor prognosis despite some advances in treatment that have been achieved over the last ten years. In Slovenia, 50 to 60 glioblastoma patients are diagnosed each year. In order to establish whether the current treatment options have any influence on the survival of the Slovenian glioblastoma patients, their data in the period from the beginning of the year 1997 to the end of the year 2008 have been analysed. PATIENTS AND METHODS All patients treated at the Institute of Oncology Ljubljana from 1997 to 2008 were included in the retrospective study. Demographics, treatment details, and survival time after the diagnosis were collected and statistically analysed for the group as a whole and for subgroups. RESULTS From 1997 to 2008, 527 adult patients were diagnosed with glioblastoma and referred to the Institute of Oncology for further treatment. Their median age was 59 years (from 20 to 85) and all but one had the diagnosis confirmed by a pathologist. Gross total resection was reported by surgeons in 261 (49.5%) patients; good functional status (WHO 0 or 1) after surgery was observed in 336 (63.7%) patients, radiotherapy was performed in 422 (80.1%) patients, in 317 (75.1%) of them with radical intent, and 198 (62.5 %) of those received some form of systemic treatment (usually temozolomide). The median survival of all patients amounted to 9.7 months. There was no difference in median survival of all patients or of all treated patients before or after the chemo-radiotherapy era. However, the overall survival of patients treated with radical intent was significantly better (11.4 months; p < 0.05). A better survival was also noticed in radically treated patients who received additional temozolomide therapy (11.4 vs. 13.1 months; p = 0.014). The longer survival was associated with a younger age and a good performance status as well as with a more extensive tumour resection. In patients treated with radical intent, having a good performance status, and receiving radiotherapy and additional temozolomide therapy, the survival was significantly longer, based on multivariate analysis. CONCLUSIONS We observed a gradual increase in the survival of glioblastoma patients who were treated with radical intent over the last ten years. Good functional surgery, advances in radiotherapy and addition of temozolomide all contributed to this increase. Though the increased survival seems to be more pronounced in certain subgroups, we have still not been able to exactly define them. Further research, especially in tumour biology and genetics is needed.
Collapse
|
29
|
New molecules and old drugs as emerging approaches to selectively target human glioblastoma cancer stem cells. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:126586. [PMID: 24527434 PMCID: PMC3909978 DOI: 10.1155/2014/126586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2013] [Accepted: 12/04/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Despite relevant progress obtained by multimodal treatment, glioblastoma (GBM), the most aggressive primary brain tumor, is still incurable. The most encouraging advancement of GBM drug research derives from the identification of cancer stem cells (CSCs), since these cells appear to represent the determinants of resistance to current standard therapies. The goal of most ongoing studies is to identify drugs able to affect CSCs biology, either inducing selective toxicity or differentiating this tumor cell population into nontumorigenic cells. Moreover, the therapeutic approach for GBM could be improved interfering with chemo- or radioresistance mechanisms, microenvironment signals, and the neoangiogenic process. During the last years, molecular targeted compounds such as sorafenib and old drugs, like metformin, displayed interesting efficacy in preclinical studies towards several tumors, including GBM, preferentially affecting CSC viability. In this review, the latest experimental results, controversies, and prospective application concerning these promising anticancer drugs will be discussed.
Collapse
|
30
|
Impact of CD133 positive stem cell proportion on survival in patients with glioblastoma multiforme. Radiol Oncol 2013; 47:405-10. [PMID: 24294187 PMCID: PMC3814287 DOI: 10.2478/raon-2013-0055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2013] [Accepted: 07/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of the study was to assess the impact of CD133-positive (CD133+) cancer stem cell proportions on treatment results of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS Patients with GBM (n = 42) received postoperative radiotherapy (± chemotherapy). Surgically excised GBM tissue sections were immunohistochemically examined for CD133 expression. The proportions of CD133+ GBM cells were determined (%). The proportion of CD133+ GBM stem cells was established by 2 independent researchers whose results were in good accordance (R = 0.8, p < 0.01). Additionally, CD133 expression levels were correlated with patients overall survival. RESULTS The proportion of CD133+ cells varied between patients, being from 0.5% to 82%. Mean and median proportions of CD133+ cells of the entire study group were 33% ± 24% (mean ± SD) and 28%, respectively. Clinical data do not support the association between higher proportion of stem cells and the aggressiveness of GBM. Median survival time of the study group was 10.0 months (95% CI 9.0-11.0). The survival time clearly depended on the proportion of CD133+ cells (log rank test, p = 0.02). Median survival times for patients with low (< median) and high (≥ median) proportion of CD133+ cells were 9.0 months (95% CI 7.6-10.5) and 12.0 months (95% CI 9.3-14.7), respectively. In multivariate analysis, the proportion of CD133+ cells emerged as a significant independent predictor for longer overall survival (HR 2.0, 95% CI 1.0-3.8, p = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS In patients with higher stem cell proportion, significantly longer survival times after postoperative radiotherapy were achieved. Underlying reasons and possible higher sensitivity of GBM stem cells to fractionated radio-therapy should be clarified in further studies.
Collapse
|
31
|
Löser R, Bergmann R, Frizler M, Mosch B, Dombrowski L, Kuchar M, Steinbach J, Gütschow M, Pietzsch J. Synthesis and radiopharmacological characterisation of a fluorine-18-labelled azadipeptide nitrile as a potential PET tracer for in vivo imaging of cysteine cathepsins. ChemMedChem 2013; 8:1330-44. [PMID: 23785011 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201300135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2013] [Revised: 05/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
A fluorinated cathepsin inhibitor based on the azadipeptide nitrile chemotype was prepared and selected for positron emission tomography (PET) tracer development owing to its high affinity for the oncologically relevant cathepsins L, S, K and B. Labelling with fluorine-18 was accomplished in an efficient and reliable two-step, one-pot radiosynthesis by using 2-[(18) F]fluoroethylnosylate as a prosthetic agent. The pharmacokinetic properties of the resulting radiotracer compound were studied in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo in normal rats by radiometabolite analysis and small-animal positron emission tomography. These investigations revealed rapid conjugate formation of the tracer with glutathione in the blood, which is associated with slow blood clearance. The potential of the developed (18) F-labelled probe to image tumour-associated cathepsin activity was investigated by dynamic small-animal PET imaging in nude mice bearing tumours derived from the human NCI-H292 lung carcinoma cell line. Computational analysis of the obtained image data indicated the time-dependent accumulation of the radiotracer in the tumours. The expression of the target enzymes in the tumours was confirmed by immunohistochemistry with specific antibodies. This indicates that azadipeptide nitriles have the potential to target thiol-dependent cathepsins in vivo despite their disadvantageous pharmacokinetics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Reik Löser
- Institut für Radiopharmazeutische Krebsforschung, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Donovan LK, Pilkington GJ. CD133: holy of grail of neuro-oncology or promiscuous red-herring? Cell Prolif 2013; 45:527-37. [PMID: 23106300 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2184.2012.00842.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The CD133 glycoprotein is a controversial cancer stem cell marker in the field of neuro-oncology, based largely on the now considerable experimental evidence for the existence of both CD133+ve and CD133-ve populations as tumour-initiating cells. It is thought that decreasing oxygen tension enhances the complex regulation and phenotype of CD133 in glioma. In light of these ideologies, establishing the precise functional role of CD133 is becoming increasingly critical. In this article, we review the complex regulation of CD133 and its extracellular epitope AC133, and associated alterations, to tumour cell behaviour by hypoxia. Furthermore, its role in functional modulation of tumours, rather than determination of a specific stem cell type is therefore alluded to, while evidence for and against its ability as a cancer stem cell marker in primary brain tumours, is critically evaluated. Thus, the suggestion that CD133 may be a central 'holy grail' in identifying core cells for propagation of malignant glial neoplasms seems increasingly less convincing. It remains to be seen, however, whether CD133 is randomly expressed on such brain tumour cell populations or whether it is of major significance to brain biological behaviour.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L K Donovan
- Cellular and Molecular Neuro-oncology Research Group, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Portsmouth, UK.
| | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Cathepsin X in serum from patients with colorectal cancer: relation to prognosis. Radiol Oncol 2012; 46:207-12. [PMID: 23077459 PMCID: PMC3472949 DOI: 10.2478/v10019-012-0040-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2012] [Accepted: 06/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Up-regulation of lysosomal cysteine protease cathepsin X (Cat X) is associated with disorders of the immune system and neurodegenerative diseases, while its role in the development and progression of cancer is less understood. Enhanced secretion of pro-Cat X was observed in malignant processes, and therefore, the level of total serum Cat X rather than the active enzyme may better reflect the tumour status. Patients and methods Seventy-seven patients with colorectal cancer (CRC) were included in a retrospective study. Blood samples were collected prior to therapy. Using ELISA, the values of total Cat X were measured in serum. Groups of healthy persons (n=77), patients with adenomas (n=77) and patients with non-neoplastic findings (n=77) were included. Results Significant differences between the group of colorectal patients and the groups of healthy persons, adenoma patients and patients with non-malignant findings could not be shown (p=0.89). Within the group of CRC, higher levels of total Cat X significantly correlated to shorter overall survival (HR=2.08, 95% CI:1.07–4.05, p=0.028). Conclusions Total serum Cat X could be a useful prognostic indicator for determining survival of patients with CRC. Increased serum levels of total Cat X may reflect more aggressive tumour cell phenotypes and suggest the involvement of Cat X in processes involved in later stages of tumour progression.
Collapse
|
34
|
Lima FRS, Kahn SA, Soletti RC, Biasoli D, Alves T, da Fonseca ACC, Garcia C, Romão L, Brito J, Holanda-Afonso R, Faria J, Borges H, Moura-Neto V. Glioblastoma: therapeutic challenges, what lies ahead. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2012; 1826:338-49. [PMID: 22677165 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2012.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2012] [Revised: 05/25/2012] [Accepted: 05/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is one of the most aggressive human cancers. Despite current advances in multimodality therapies, such as surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy, the outcome for patients with high grade glioma remains fatal. The knowledge of how glioma cells develop and depend on the tumor environment might open opportunities for new therapies. There is now a growing awareness that the main limitations in understanding and successfully treating GBM might be bypassed by the identification of a distinct cell type that has defining properties of somatic stem cells, as well as cancer-initiating capacity - brain tumor stem cells, which could represent a therapeutic target. In addition, experimental studies have demonstrated that the combination of antiangiogenic therapy, based on the disruption of tumor blood vessels, with conventional chemotherapy generates encouraging results. Emerging reports have also shown that microglial cells can be used as therapeutic vectors to transport genes and/or substances to the tumor site, which opens up new perspectives for the development of GBM therapies targeting microglial cells. Finally, recent studies have shown that natural toxins can be conjugated to drugs that bind to overexpressed receptors in cancer cells, generating targeted-toxins to selectively kill cancer cells. These targeted-toxins are highly effective against radiation- and chemotherapy-resistant cancer cells, making them good candidates for clinical trials in GBM patients. In this review, we discuss recent studies that reveal new possibilities of GBM treatment taking into account cancer stem cells, angiogenesis, microglial cells and drug delivery in the development of new targeted-therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Flavia R S Lima
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
miR-548c-5p inhibits proliferation and migration and promotes apoptosis in CD90(+) HepG2 cells. Radiol Oncol 2012; 46:233-41. [PMID: 23077462 PMCID: PMC3472946 DOI: 10.2478/v10019-012-0025-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2011] [Accepted: 02/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Since the introduction of the theory of tumour stem cells (TSCs), the liver cancer stem cell (LCSC)-like cells have become one of the focuses in the research on liver cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS.: In this study, CD90(+) cells were applied as the possible LCSC-like cells, and the miRNA and gene expression were analyzed in the CD90(+) HepG2 cells. The pilot study showed miR-548c-5p exerted potential effect on the CD90(+) HepG2 cells and was thereafter applied for the further study. CD90(+) HepG2 cells were assigned to miR-548c-5p mimic transfection group and control group. MTT assay was performed to detect the proliferation of CD90(+) HepG2 cells. The migration and invasion abilities were examined by wound healing assay and transwell migration assay, respectively. A detection of apoptosis was performed by fluorescence microscopy. RESULTS Our results showed that caspase-3 and bcl-2 were down-regulated while caspase-8 was up-regulated in the CD90(+) HepG2 cells. Moreover, the miR-548c-5p transfection could down-regulate the expression of β-catenin, Tg737, bcl-2, bcl-XL, and caspase-3, inhibit the proliferation, migration and invasion and promote the apoptosis of the CD90(+) HepG2 cells. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate the imbalance between apoptosis and anti-apoptosis in the LCSC-like cells, which influence the biological features of LCSC-like cells. miRNA plays a regulatory role in the LCSC-like cells among which miR-548c-5p might be a suppressor.
Collapse
|
36
|
Cathepsin H indirectly regulates morphogenetic protein-4 (BMP-4) in various human cell lines. Radiol Oncol 2011; 45:259-66. [PMID: 22933963 PMCID: PMC3423750 DOI: 10.2478/v10019-011-0034-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2011] [Accepted: 09/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cathepsin H is a cysteine protease considered to play a major role in tumor progression, however, its precise function in tumorigenesis is unclear. Cathepsin H was recently proposed to be involved in processing of bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP-4) in mice. In order to clarify whether cathepsin H also regulates BMP-4 in humans, its impact on BMP-4 expression, processing and degradation was investigated in prostate cancer (PC-3), osteosarcoma (HOS) and pro-monocytic (U937) human cell lines. Materials and methods BMP-4 expression was founded to be regulated by cathepsin H using PCR array technology and confirmed by real time PCR. Immunoassays including Western blot and confocal microscopy were used to evaluate the influence of cathepsin H on BMP-4 processing. Results In contrast to HOS, the expression of BMP-4 mRNA in U937 and PC3 cells was significantly decreased by cathepsin H. The different regulation of BMP-4 synthesis could be associated with the absence of the mature 28 kDa cathepsin H form in HOS cells, where only the intermediate 30 kDa form was observed. No co-localization of BMP-4 and cathepsin H was observed in human cell lines and the multistep processing of BMP-4 was not altered in the presence of specific cathepsin H inhibitor. Isolated cathepsin H does not cleave mature recombinant BMP-4, neither with its amino- nor its endopeptidase activity. Conclusions Our results exclude direct proteolytic processing of BMP-4 by cathepsin H, however, they provide support for its involvement in the regulation of BMP-4 expression.
Collapse
|