1
|
Jahanbani F, Sing JC, Maynard RD, Jahanbani S, Dafoe J, Dafoe W, Jones N, Wallace KJ, Rastan A, Maecker HT, Röst HL, Snyder MP, Davis RW. Longitudinal cytokine and multi-modal health data of an extremely severe ME/CFS patient with HSD reveals insights into immunopathology, and disease severity. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1369295. [PMID: 38650940 PMCID: PMC11033372 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1369295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS) presents substantial challenges in patient care due to its intricate multisystem nature, comorbidities, and global prevalence. The heterogeneity among patient populations, coupled with the absence of FDA-approved diagnostics and therapeutics, further complicates research into disease etiology and patient managment. Integrating longitudinal multi-omics data with clinical, health,textual, pharmaceutical, and nutraceutical data offers a promising avenue to address these complexities, aiding in the identification of underlying causes and providing insights into effective therapeutics and diagnostic strategies. Methods This study focused on an exceptionally severe ME/CFS patient with hypermobility spectrum disorder (HSD) during a period of marginal symptom improvements. Longitudinal cytokine profiling was conducted alongside the collection of extensive multi-modal health data to explore the dynamic nature of symptoms, severity, triggers, and modifying factors. Additionally, an updated severity assessment platform and two applications, ME-CFSTrackerApp and LexiTime, were introduced to facilitate real-time symptom tracking and enhance patient-physician/researcher communication, and evaluate response to medical intervention. Results Longitudinal cytokine profiling revealed the significance of Th2-type cytokines and highlighted synergistic activities between mast cells and eosinophils, skewing Th1 toward Th2 immune responses in ME/CFS pathogenesis, particularly in cognitive impairment and sensorial intolerance. This suggests a potentially shared underlying mechanism with major ME/CFS comorbidities such as HSD, Mast cell activation syndrome, postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (POTS), and small fiber neuropathy. Additionally, the data identified potential roles of BCL6 and TP53 pathways in ME/CFS etiology and emphasized the importance of investigating adverse reactions to medication and supplements and drug interactions in ME/CFS severity and progression. Discussion Our study advocates for the integration of longitudinal multi-omics with multi-modal health data and artificial intelligence (AI) techniques to better understand ME/CFS and its major comorbidities. These findings highlight the significance of dysregulated Th2-type cytokines in patient stratification and precision medicine strategies. Additionally, our results suggest exploring the use of low-dose drugs with partial agonist activity as a potential avenue for ME/CFS treatment. This comprehensive approach emphasizes the importance of adopting a patient-centered care approach to improve ME/CFS healthcare management, disease severity assessment, and personalized medicine. Overall, these findings contribute to our understanding of ME/CFS and offer avenues for future research and clinical practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fereshteh Jahanbani
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Justin Cyril Sing
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Donnelly Center, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Rajan Douglas Maynard
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Shaghayegh Jahanbani
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Veterans Affairs (VA) Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, United States
| | - Janet Dafoe
- ME/CFS Collaborative Research Center at Stanford, Stanford Genome Technology Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, United States
| | - Whitney Dafoe
- ME/CFS Collaborative Research Center at Stanford, Stanford Genome Technology Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, United States
| | - Nathan Jones
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Kelvin J. Wallace
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Azuravesta Rastan
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Holden T. Maecker
- Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research at Stanford University, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Institute of Immunity, Transplantation, and Infectious Diseases, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, United States
| | - Hannes L. Röst
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Donnelly Center, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Michael P. Snyder
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Ronald W. Davis
- ME/CFS Collaborative Research Center at Stanford, Stanford Genome Technology Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Cornwell AC, Tisdale AA, Venkat S, Maraszek KE, Alahmari AA, George A, Attwood K, George M, Rempinski D, Franco-Barraza J, Seshadri M, Parker MD, Cortes Gomez E, Fountzilas C, Cukierman E, Steele NG, Feigin ME. Lorazepam Stimulates IL6 Production and Is Associated with Poor Survival Outcomes in Pancreatic Cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2023; 29:3793-3812. [PMID: 37587561 PMCID: PMC10502465 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-23-0547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This research investigates the association between benzodiazepines (BZD) and cancer patient survival outcomes, the pancreatic cancer tumor microenvironment, and cancer-associated fibroblast (CAF) signaling. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Multivariate Cox regression modeling was used to retrospectively measure associations between Roswell Park cancer patient survival outcomes and BZD prescription records. IHC, H&E, Masson's trichrome, RNAscope, and RNA sequencing were used to evaluate the impact of lorazepam (LOR) on the murine PDAC tumor microenvironment. ELISA and qPCR were used to determine the impact of BZDs on IL6 expression or secretion by human-immortalized pancreatic CAFs. PRESTO-Tango assays, reanalysis of PDAC single-cell sequencing/TCGA data sets, and GPR68 CRISPRi knockdown CAFs were used to determine the impact of BZDs on GPR68 signaling. RESULTS LOR is associated with worse progression-free survival (PFS), whereas alprazolam (ALP) is associated with improved PFS, in pancreatic cancer patients receiving chemotherapy. LOR promotes desmoplasia (fibrosis and extracellular matrix protein deposition), inflammatory signaling, and ischemic necrosis. GPR68 is preferentially expressed on human PDAC CAFs, and n-unsubstituted BZDs, such as LOR, significantly increase IL6 expression and secretion in CAFs in a pH and GPR68-dependent manner. Conversely, ALP and other GPR68 n-substituted BZDs decrease IL6 in human CAFs in a pH and GPR68-independent manner. Across many cancer types, LOR is associated with worse survival outcomes relative to ALP and patients not receiving BZDs. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate that LOR stimulates fibrosis and inflammatory signaling, promotes desmoplasia and ischemic necrosis, and is associated with decreased pancreatic cancer patient survival.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abigail C. Cornwell
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York
| | - Arwen A. Tisdale
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York
| | - Swati Venkat
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York
| | - Kathryn E. Maraszek
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York
| | - Abdulrahman A. Alahmari
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Alkharj, Saudi Arabia
| | - Anthony George
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York
| | - Kristopher Attwood
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York
| | - Madison George
- Department of Surgery, Henry Ford Pancreatic Cancer Center, Henry Ford Health, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Donald Rempinski
- Department of Surgery, Henry Ford Pancreatic Cancer Center, Henry Ford Health, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Janusz Franco-Barraza
- Cancer Signaling and Microenvironment Program, Institute for Cancer Research, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Marvin and Concetta Greenberg Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Institute for Cancer Research, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Mukund Seshadri
- Department of Oral Oncology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York
| | - Mark D. Parker
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University at Buffalo, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo, New York
- Department of Ophthalmology, University at Buffalo, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo, New York
| | - Eduardo Cortes Gomez
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York
- Department of Biostatistics, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
| | - Christos Fountzilas
- Department of Medicine, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York
| | - Edna Cukierman
- Cancer Signaling and Microenvironment Program, Institute for Cancer Research, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Marvin and Concetta Greenberg Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Institute for Cancer Research, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Nina G. Steele
- Department of Surgery, Henry Ford Pancreatic Cancer Center, Henry Ford Health, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Michael E. Feigin
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Oh TK, Park HY, Han JY, Song IA. Prior benzodiazepine use and mortality among adult patients with sepsis: A retrospective population-based cohort study in South Korea. Int J Clin Pract 2021; 75:e14517. [PMID: 34133821 DOI: 10.1111/ijcp.14517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study investigated whether long-term benzodiazepine use is associated with increased 90-day mortality among patients with sepsis. METHODS A retrospective population-based cohort study based on health records obtained from the National Health Insurance Service database in South Korea was conducted. All adult patients (≥18 years) admitted to the hospital with a primary diagnosis of sepsis or septic shock during 2010-2018 were included in the study. Sepsis and septic shock were diagnosed based on the International Classification of Diseases (10th revision: A40, A41 and R65.2). Benzodiazepine users were defined as individuals who were prescribed regular benzodiazepine continuously for over 6 months before admission. RESULTS A total of 251 837 patients with sepsis were included in this study, 16 686 of which (6.6%) were benzodiazepine users, and 235 151 (93.4%) were non-users. After propensity score (PS) matching, 33 370 patients (16 685 in both groups) were ultimately included. Moreover, following PS matching, the 90-day mortality among benzodiazepine users and non-users was 60.9% (10 167) and 41.4% (6916), respectively. Cox regression analysis further revealed the hazard ratio (HR) for 90-day mortality in benzodiazepine users to be 1.75, compared with non-users [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.70-1.81; P < .001]. Sensitivity analyses showed that, compared with non-users, HRs for 90-day mortality in benzodiazepine users without and with other psychiatric illnesses were 1.43 (95% CI: 1.38-1.49; P < .001) and 1.89 (95% CI: 1.84-1.94; P < .001), respectively. CONCLUSION Long-term benzodiazepine use is associated with increased 90-day mortality among adult patients with sepsis compared with non-users. This association was more evident in benzodiazepine users with other psychiatric diseases, such as depression or anxiety disorder.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tak Kyu Oh
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Yoon Park
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Yun Han
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Ae Song
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Pneumonia Risk Associated with the Use of Individual Benzodiazepines and Benzodiazepine Related Drugs among the Elderly with Parkinson's Disease. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18179410. [PMID: 34501996 PMCID: PMC8431585 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18179410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Most patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) gradually develop oropharyngeal dysphagia which is often associated with pneumonia risk. The possible association of benzodiazepine (BZD) and benzodiazepine related drugs (BZRD) use with pneumonia risk has received increasing attention but remains controversial. We investigated pneumonia risk associated with the use of BZDs and BZRDs in older adult patients with PD. This case-control study analyzed data of 551,975 older adult patients with PD between 2001 and 2018 in Taiwan. To minimize potential confounding, we used 1:4 propensity score matching to include older adult patients without pneumonia as controls. Incident pneumonia risk was significantly higher in current (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 1.25, 95% CI = 1.23-1.27) and past (aOR = 1.13, 95% CI = 1.11-1.15) users of BZDs. Regarding BZRDs, recent (aOR = 1.08, 95% CI = 1.06-1.11) and past (aOR = 0.89, 95% CI = 0.88-0.91) users had higher and lower risks of incident pneumonia, respectively. Pneumonia risk varied based on their use of BZDs and BZRDs. In these individuals, incident pneumonia risk was high in users of BZDs, such as midazolam, lorazepam, flunitrazepam, estazolam, and clonazepam. Regarding the use of BZRDs, zopiclone increased incident pneumonia risk.
Collapse
|
5
|
Davanço MG, Meulman J, Guzmán MRP, Palomino DMH, Tuiran CMG, Duarte FG, de Campos DR. A randomized, single-dose, two-sequence, two-period, crossover study to assess the bioequivalence between two formulations of clonazepam tablet in healthy subjects. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2019; 45:1982-1987. [PMID: 31702402 DOI: 10.1080/03639045.2019.1689994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Clonazepam is a benzodiazepine commonly prescribed to treat panic disorder, epilepsy, anxiety, depression and certain types of seizures. This study aimed to evaluate the bioequivalence between two formulations of clonazepam tablets in order to meet regulatory requirements for marketing in Colombia and other countries in Latin America. An open-label, randomized, single-dose, two-period, two-sequence, two-treatment crossover study was conducted in 36 healthy subjects of both genders. Subjects received a single dose of clonazepam 2 mg test tablet (Sanofi-Aventis de Colombia S.A.) and reference product (Rivotril®, Produtos Roche Químicos e Farmacêuticos S.A.) under fasting conditions according to a randomly assigned order with a 21-day washout period. Serial blood samples were collected up to 96 h post-dose. Plasma concentrations of clonazepam were obtained by a validated liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method. Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated using non-compartmental methods. A total of 36 healthy subjects were enrolled and 31 of them completed the study. Twenty-nine adverse events were reported (11 events with test product versus 18 events with reference product). There were no serious adverse events during the study. Geometric mean ratios (90% confidence intervals) for Cmax and AUC0-96h were 103.28% (98.10-108.64) and 102.50% (99.87-105.19), respectively. The test formulation of clonazepam 2 mg tablet manufactured by Sanofi-Aventis de Colombia S.A. was considered bioequivalent to reference product Rivotril® (Produtos Roche Químicos e Farmacêuticos S.A.) according to regulatory requirements. Both formulations were safe and well-tolerated during the study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jessica Meulman
- Sanofi Medley Farmacêutica Ltda, Industrial Development, Campinas, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
An FDA oncology analysis of toxicities associated with PBD-containing antibody-drug conjugates. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2019; 107:104429. [PMID: 31325532 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2019.104429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
With a new generation of antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) that contain a drug-to-antibody ratio (DAR) of 2, the question remains whether advances in technology have resulted in more stable and tumor-specific ADCs. These ADCs are anticipated to cause minimal systemic exposures of payloads, with toxicities being evident mainly at tumor sites. We examined 15 ADCs with PBD-dimer payloads and a DAR of 2 and concluded that dose limiting toxicities in animals and in humans are generally related to the payload. Both the payloads and the ADCs had pro-inflammatory responses causing severe toxicities that were at times of low incidence, making it difficult to assess a cause-effect relationship. Due to their low incidence, single-patient cohorts may not detect these events and such design may not be suitable in first-in-human (FIH) trials. The commonly proposed approach by the sponsors for FIH dose selection was 1/6th highest non-severely toxic dose (HNSTD) in monkeys. This approach resulted in an acceptable balance of safety and efficient dose escalation in phase 1 trials, when using data from repeat-dose toxicology studies and body surface area for scaling. No sponsor used the data generated in rodents or proposed novel approaches for FIH dose selection.
Collapse
|
7
|
Samadi A, Ansari MHK, Ulusu NN. Effects of alprazolam and haloperidol on thyroglobulin, antithyroglobulin, anti thyroid peroxidase and TSH in Rat. TURKISH JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 2018. [DOI: 10.1515/tjb-2017-0003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
AbstractBackground:A large number of psychotropic drugs can interfere with the thyroid physiology, function and autoimmunity.Objective:The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of alprazolam and haloperidol on thyroglobulin, antithyroglobulin (aTg), antithyroid peroxidase, and thyroid stimulating hormone levels on rats.Materials and Methods:First group of adult male Wistar rats was the control, second group received 0.5 mg kgResults:We have investigated a decrease in aTg amounts of control group (5.461±0.718) compared with drug treated rats with alprazolam (1.433±0.225) and haloperidol (1.21±0.228). (PConclusion:We found that these two drugs may interfere with the thyroid physiology and metabolism.
Collapse
|
8
|
Liang L, Zhou H, Zhang S, Yuan J, Wu H. Effects of gut microbiota disturbance induced in early life on the expression of extrasynaptic GABA-A receptor α5 and δ subunits in the hippocampus of adult rats. Brain Res Bull 2017; 135:113-119. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2017.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2017] [Revised: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
|
9
|
Effects of Traumatic Stress Induced in the Juvenile Period on the Expression of Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid Receptor Type A Subunits in Adult Rat Brain. Neural Plast 2017; 2017:5715816. [PMID: 28352479 PMCID: PMC5352903 DOI: 10.1155/2017/5715816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Revised: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies have found that early traumatic experience significantly increases the risk of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) deficits were proposed to be implicated in development of PTSD, but the alterations of GABA receptor A (GABAAR) subunits induced by early traumatic stress have not been fully elucidated. Furthermore, previous studies suggested that exercise could be more effective than medications in reducing severity of anxiety and depression but the mechanism is unclear. This study used inescapable foot-shock to induce PTSD in juvenile rats and examined their emotional changes using open-field test and elevated plus maze, memory changes using Morris water maze, and the expression of GABAAR subunits (γ2, α2, and α5) in subregions of the brain in the adulthood using western blotting and immunohistochemistry. We aimed to observe the role of GABAAR subunits changes induced by juvenile trauma in the pathogenesis of subsequent PTSD in adulthood. In addition, we investigated the protective effects of exercise for 6 weeks and benzodiazepine (clonazepam) for 2 weeks. This study found that juvenile traumatic stress induced chronic anxiety and spatial memory loss and reduced expression of GABAAR subunits in the adult rat brains. Furthermore, exercise led to significant improvement as compared to short-term BZ treatment.
Collapse
|
10
|
Kim HB, Myung SK, Park YC, Park B. Use of benzodiazepine and risk of cancer: A meta-analysis of observational studies. Int J Cancer 2016; 140:513-525. [PMID: 27667780 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.30443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Several observational epidemiological studies have reported inconsistent results on the association between the use of benzodiazepine and the risk of cancer. We investigated the association by using a meta-analysis. We searched PubMed, EMBASE, and the bibliographies of relevant articles to locate additional publications in January 2016. Three evaluators independently reviewed and selected eligible studies based on predetermined selection criteria. Of 796 articles meeting our initial criteria, a total of 22 observational epidemiological studies with 18 case-control studies and 4 cohort studies were included in the final analysis. Benzodiazepine use was significantly associated with an increased risk of cancer (odds ratio [OR] or relative risk [RR] 1.19; 95% confidence interval 1.16-1.21) in a random-effects meta-analysis of all studies. Subgroup meta-analyses by various factors such as study design, type of case-control study, study region, and methodological quality of study showed consistent findings. Also, a significant dose-response relationship was observed between the use of benzodiazepine and the risk of cancer (p for trend <0.01). The current meta-analysis of observational epidemiological studies suggests that benzodiazepine use is associated with an increased risk of cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Bae Kim
- Department of Family Medicine, MyongJi Hospital, 14-55 Hwasu-ro, Deokyang-gu, Goyang, Gyeonggi-do, 10475, Republic of Korea.,Department of Family Medicine, School of Medicine, Yonsei University, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemoon-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Kwon Myung
- Department of Cancer Control and Policy, Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy, National Cancer Center, 323 Ilsan-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang, Gyeonggi-do, 10408, Republic of Korea.,Molecular Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Republic of Korea.,Department of Family Medicine and Center for Cancer Prevention and Detection, Hospital, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Yon Chul Park
- Department of Family Medicine, School of Medicine, Yonsei University, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemoon-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea.,Department of Family Medicine, Wonju Severance Christian Hospital, 20 Ilsan-ro, Wonju, Gangwon-do, 220-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Byoungjin Park
- Department of Family Medicine, School of Medicine, Yonsei University, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemoon-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea.,Department of Family Medicine, Yongin Severance Hospital, 225 Gumhak-ro, Cheoin-gu, Yongin, Gyeonggi-do, 17046, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Divyashree S, Sarjan H, Yajurvedi H. Effects of long-term chronic stress on the lymphoid organs and blood leukocytes of the rat (Rattus norvegicus). CAN J ZOOL 2016. [DOI: 10.1139/cjz-2015-0150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Exposure of adult female rats (Rattus norvegicus (Berkenhout,1769)) to restraint (1 h) and after a gap of 4 h to forced swimming exercise for 15 min daily for 12 weeks resulted in a significant decrease in (i) weight of the body and lymphoid organs (spleen, thymus, and axillary lymph node), (ii) counts of total leukocytes and their subpopulation (lymphocytes, neutrophils, monocytes, eosinophils, and basophils), and (iii) healthy cells of all lymphoid organs and a significant increase in the count of apoptotic cells in all the lymphoid organs. One month after cessation of exposure to stressors (recovery group), all the parameters did not significantly differ from stress-group rats. The results may indicate that either deleterious effects of long-term chronic exposure to stress are not reversible or the 4-week recovery period is not sufficient to restore normalcy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S. Divyashree
- Department of Zoology, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysore 570 006, India
- Department of Zoology, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysore 570 006, India
| | - H.N. Sarjan
- Department of Zoology, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysore 570 006, India
- Department of Zoology, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysore 570 006, India
| | - H.N. Yajurvedi
- Department of Zoology, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysore 570 006, India
- Department of Zoology, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysore 570 006, India
| |
Collapse
|