Analysis of Tooth Surface Elements by Ion Beam Analysis

Imaging of demineralized enamel in intact tooth by epidetected stimulated Raman scattering microscopy

Stimulated Raman scattering microscopy (SRS) was deployed to quantify enamel demineralization in intact teeth. The surfaces of 15 bovine-enamel blocks were divided into four equal-areas, and chemically demineralized for 0, 8, 16, or 24 h, respectively. SRS images (spectral coverage from ∼850 to 1150  cm  -  1) were obtained at 10-μm increments up to 90  μm from the surface to the dentin-enamel junction. SRS intensities of phosphate (peak: 959  cm  -  1), carbonate (1070  cm  -  1), and water (3250  cm  -  1) were measured. The phosphate peak height was divided by the carbonate peak height to calculate the SRS-P/C-ratio, which was normalized relative to 90  μm (SRS-P/C-ratio-normalized). The water intensity against depth decay curve was fitted with exponential decay. A decay constant (SRS-water-content) was obtained. Knoop-hardness values were obtained before (SMHS) and after demineralization (SMHD). Surface microhardness-change (SMH-change) [  (  SMHD  -  SMHS  )    /  SMHS] was calculated. Depth and integrated mineral loss (ΔZ) were determined by transverse microradiography. Comparisons were made using repeated-measures of analysis of variance. For SRS-P/C-ratio-normalized, at 0-μm (surface), sound (0-h demineralization) was significantly higher than 8-h demineralization and 24-h demineralization; 16-h demineralization was significantly higher than 24-h demineralization. For SRS-water-content, 24-h demineralization was significantly higher than all other demineralization-groups; 8-h demineralization and 16-h demineralization were significantly higher than 0-h demineralization. SRS-water-content presented moderate-to-strong correlation with SMH-change and weak-to-moderate correlation with depth. These results collectively demonstrate the potential of using SRS microscopy for in-situ chemical analysis of dental caries.