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Giustino V, Vicari DSS, Patti A, Figlioli F, Thomas E, Schifaudo N, Tedesco M, Drid P, Paoli A, Palma A, Messina G, Bianco A. Postural control during the back squat at different load intensities in powerlifters and weightlifters. Ann Med 2024; 56:2383965. [PMID: 39078324 PMCID: PMC11290288 DOI: 10.1080/07853890.2024.2383965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The movement of the barbell has been detected as success factor for the snatch and the clean and jerk events. As the barbell's movement has been shown to be related to the athlete's body movement, we hypothesized that the latter could be a success factor also for the back squat (BS) event. Hence, this study aimed to investigate postural control during the execution of the BS at different load intensities in powerlifters and weightlifters. METHODS Seventeen powerlifters and weightlifters were enrolled and the one-repetition maximum (1-RM) of the BS of each participant was measured. Afterwards, the assessment of postural control during the execution of the BS at different load intensities (i.e. 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 100%) of the 1-RM of each participant was carried out through a posturographic platform to measure the displacement of the centre of pressure (CoP). The following parameters were considered: sway path length (SPL), sway ellipse surface (SES), length/surface (LFS ratio), sway mean speed (SMS), CoP coordinates along X and Y planes. RESULTS We found a significant increase in SPL and LFS ratio, and a significant decrease in SMS as the load intensity increased. In detail, we detected a significant difference in: (a) SPL between the BS at 60% and 80%, 60% and 90%, 60% and 100%; between the BS at 70% and 90%, 70% and 100%; between the BS at 80% and 100%; and between the BS at 90% and 100%; (b) SMS between the BS at 60% and 80%, 60% and 90%; (c) LFS ratio between the BS at 60% and 90%, 60% and 100%. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that powerlifters and weightlifters adopt different postural control strategies depending on the load intensity when performing the BS. Our findings showed that higher effort could affect postural control during the BS. Thus, postural control could be considered a success factor for the BS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerio Giustino
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Unit, Department of Psychology, Educational Science and Human Movement, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Domenico Savio Salvatore Vicari
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Unit, Department of Psychology, Educational Science and Human Movement, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Antonino Patti
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Unit, Department of Psychology, Educational Science and Human Movement, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Flavia Figlioli
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Unit, Department of Psychology, Educational Science and Human Movement, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
- PhD Program in Health Promotion and Cognitive Sciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Ewan Thomas
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Unit, Department of Psychology, Educational Science and Human Movement, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Naima Schifaudo
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Unit, Department of Psychology, Educational Science and Human Movement, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | | | - Patrik Drid
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Antonio Paoli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Antonio Palma
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Unit, Department of Psychology, Educational Science and Human Movement, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
- Regional Sports School, Italian National Olympic Committee (CONI) Sicilia, Palermo, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Messina
- Department of Human Sciences and Promotion of the Quality of Life, San Raffaele University, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonino Bianco
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Unit, Department of Psychology, Educational Science and Human Movement, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
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Evaluating the effect of electrode location on surface EMG amplitude of the m. erector spinae p. longissimus dorsi. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 2008; 19:e257-66. [PMID: 18556215 DOI: 10.1016/j.jelekin.2008.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2007] [Revised: 03/13/2008] [Accepted: 03/13/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Variations in surface electromyography (SEMG) amplitude have been shown to be dependent on the dislocation of recording electrodes. Yet no literature is available about the effect of electrode dislocation on SEMG amplitude of the lower back muscles. In this project, the aim was to determine this effect by investigating changes in the SEMG root mean square (RMS), induced by a well-defined dislocation of the recording electrodes. Bipolar SEMG of the longissimus dorsi (LD) muscles was measured in 16 healthy subjects undertaking five functional tasks (standing, forward flexion, re-extension, unsupported sitting and arm/leg lifting), and for eight of those subjects the experiment was repeated within two weeks. Intra-class correlation coefficients (ICCs) were used to show the reliability of the RMS in relation to electrode dislocation, the repeatability of the tasks, and the test-retest reliability. Results showed that: (1) lateral dislocation causes a significant decrease (18%, p<0.001) in RMS; (2) longitudinal dislocation does not change the RMS; and (3) the variability caused by electrode dislocation is comparable to the variability caused by repetitions of tasks or by electrode repositioning. Our conclusion is that positioning in the mediolateral direction should be exact to minimize changes in SEMG amplitude due to dislocation. However, precise longitudinal electrode positioning seems to be less critical in experimental setups which measure the SEMG of the lower back muscles.
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