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Mahesh PA, Moitra S, Mabalirajan U, Garg M, Malamardi S, Vedanthan PK, Christopher DJ, Agrawal A, Krishna MT. Allergic diseases in India - Prevalence, risk factors and current challenges. Clin Exp Allergy 2023; 53:276-294. [PMID: 36181726 DOI: 10.1111/cea.14239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies have shown a rise in the prevalence of allergic diseases in India during the last two decades. However, recent evidence from the Global Asthma Network study has observed a decrease in allergic rhinitis, asthma and atopic dermatitis in children. Still, with a population over 1.3 billion, there is a huge burden of allergic rhinitis, asthma and atopic dermatitis, and this is compounded by an unmet demand for trained allergy specialists and poor health service framework. There is wide variation in the prevalence of allergic diseases between different geographical locations in India, and the reasons are unclear at present. This may at least in part be attributable to considerable heterogeneity in aero-biology, weather, air pollution levels, cultural and religious factors, diet, socioeconomic strata and literacy. At present, factors enhancing risks and those protecting from development of atopy and allergic diseases have not been well delineated, although there is some evidence for the influence of genetic factors alongside cultural and environmental variables such as diet, exposure to tobacco smoke and air pollution and residence in urban areas. This narrative review provides an overview of data from India regarding epidemiology, risk factors and genetics and highlights gaps in evidence as well as areas for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Padukudru Anand Mahesh
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysore, India
| | - Saibal Moitra
- Department of Allergy and Immunology, Apollo Gleneagles Hospital, Kolkota, India
| | - Ulaganathan Mabalirajan
- Molecular Pathobiology of Respiratory Diseases, Cell Biology and Physiology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India.,Center of Excellence, Translational Research in Asthma & Lung Disease, CSIR-Institute of Genomics & Integrative Biology, Delhi, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Mayank Garg
- Center of Excellence, Translational Research in Asthma & Lung Disease, CSIR-Institute of Genomics & Integrative Biology, Delhi, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Sowmya Malamardi
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysore, India.,School of Psychology & Public Health, College of Science Health and Engineering, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Pudupakkam K Vedanthan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Immunology, The University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | | | - Anurag Agrawal
- Center of Excellence, Translational Research in Asthma & Lung Disease, CSIR-Institute of Genomics & Integrative Biology, Delhi, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Mamidipudi Thirumala Krishna
- Department of Allergy and Immunology, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, and Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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Malamardi S, Lambert KA, Praveena AS, Anand MP, Erbas B. Time Trends of Greenspaces, Air Pollution, and Asthma Prevalence among Children and Adolescents in India. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:15273. [PMID: 36429991 PMCID: PMC9690186 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192215273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of childhood asthma contributes to the global burden of the disease substantially. Air pollution in India has increased. In this study, we examine the associations among greenspaces, air pollution, and asthma prevalence in children and adolescents over a large, diverse population in India. We used state-wide global burden of disease data on asthma from age 0 to 19 years in 2005, 2011, and 2017. For greenspace, we used the normalized differential vegetation index (NDVI), which is the surface reflectance of light during photosynthetic activity. NDVI, air pollutants (PM2.5, PM10, SO2, NO2, and O3), weather, and socio-demographic factors were included in generalized estimating equation (GEE) models to estimate their associations with childhood asthma prevalence over time. Novel data visualization illustrated the complex spatial distributions. NDVI was associated with asthma prevalence (β = 0.144; 95% CI = 0.10, 0.186; p < 0.0001) for high PM2.5, along with high levels of both gaseous air pollutants, SO2, and NO2 ((β = 0.12; 95% CI = 0.08, 0.16; p < 0.0001) and (β = 0.09; 95% CI = 0.05, 0.13; p < 0.0001)). However, NDVI and high O3, had a strong negative association with asthma prevalence (β = -0.19; 95% CI = -0.26, -0.11; p < 0.0001). We observed additional effects of the interaction between the NDVI and high concentrations of PM2.5, PM10, NO2, and O3, assuming that these associations share a common pathway, and found interaction effects for asthma prevalence. Given the changing environmental conditions that interplay over geographical characteristics on the prevalence of asthma, further studies may elucidate a better understanding of these complex associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sowmya Malamardi
- Department of Public Health, School of Psychology and Public Health, College of Science Health and Engineering, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research (JSSAHER), Mysore 570015, India
| | - Katrina A. Lambert
- Department of Public Health, School of Psychology and Public Health, College of Science Health and Engineering, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia
| | | | - Mahesh Padukudru Anand
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research (JSSAHER), Mysore 570015, India
| | - Bircan Erbas
- Department of Public Health, School of Psychology and Public Health, College of Science Health and Engineering, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia
- Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia
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Fu B, Liu ZL, Zhang H, Gu F. Interleukin-13 and age-related macular degeneration. Int J Ophthalmol 2017; 10:535-540. [PMID: 28503424 DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2017.04.06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM o identify the effects of interleukin (IL)-13 on retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells and the IL-13 level in aqueous humor of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) patients. METHODS IL-13 levels in aqueous humor specimens from AMD patients were detected with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). ARPE-19 cells were treated with 10 ng/mL IL-13 for 12, 24, and 48h. The cell proliferaton was evaluated by the MTS method. The mRNA and protein levels of α-SMA and ZO-1 were evaluated with quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and Western blot respectively. The expression of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) were assessed by ELISA. RESULTS IL-13 levels in the aqueous humor of patients with AMD were significantly higher than those in the control (167.33±17.64 vs 27.12±5.65 pg/mL; P<0.01). In vitro, IL-13 of high concentrations (10, 15, and 20 ng/mL) inhibited ARPE-19 cell proliferation. α-SMA mRNA in ARPE-19 cell were increased (1.017±0.112 vs 1.476±0.168; P<0.001) and ZO-1 decreased (1.051±0.136 vs 0.702±0.069; P<0.001) after treated with 10 ng/mL IL-13 for 48h. The protein expression of α-SMA and ZO-1 also showed the same tendency (α-SMA: P=0.038; ZO-1: P=0.008). IL-13 significantly reduced the level of TNF-α (44.70±1.67 vs 31.79±3.53 pg/mL; P=0.005) at 48h, but the level of TGF-β2 was significantly increased from 34.44±2.92 to 57.61±6.31 pg/mL at 24h (P=0.004) and from 61.26±1.11 to 86.91±3.59 pg/mL at 48h (P<0.001). While expressions of VEGF didn't change after IL-13 treatment. CONCLUSION IL-13 in vitro inhibit ARPE-19 cell proliferation and expression in the aqueous may be associated with AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Fu
- China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Zhe-Li Liu
- China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Han Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Feng Gu
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, Liaoning Province, China
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