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Abderrahmane A, Kharbach A, Azzine H, Lkoul A, Bouchriti Y, Cherrat Z, Ezzahir N, Boukrim M, Sine H. [Tentatives de suicide au Maroc: une revue systématique]. Rev Epidemiol Sante Publique 2022; 70:243-251. [PMID: 35927118 DOI: 10.1016/j.respe.2022.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Suicide is a widespread phenomenon that affects persons of all ages, and it has become a major public health problem in Morocco. OBJECTIVES This study aims to describe the epidemiological profile of suicide attempters in Morocco, as well as the identification of associated factors. METHODS The present work is a systematic review that was conducted according to the recommendations of the "Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analysis (2009)", including articles dealing with suicide attempts in Morocco that meet the usual inclusion criteria. The PubMed, ScienceDirect and Scopus databases were searched; articles had to be written in English or French. Additional studies were manually identified through via Google Scholar. Quality assessment of the included studies was carried out according to the NIH Assessment Tool. The review protocol was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42020165493). RESULTS Twenty studies were selected. Adults and adolescents are the age groups most affected by suicide. That said, the phenomenon mainly concerns children over 10 years of age. In some studies, more than 90% of the cases involve females, and they are more numerous in urban than in rural settings, and single individuals are more affected than married people. As for children and adolescents, most of them had divorced parents, and more than 50% of suicidal persons of all ages had a low socio-economic level. Although females are more likely than males to commit suicide, males are more exposed to death due to the violent means used. CONCLUSIONS Because of the alarming rate of suicide in our country, nationwide prevention strategies are called for.
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Affiliation(s)
- Achbani Abderrahmane
- Higher Institute of Nursing Professions and Health Techniques, Marrakech, Morocco; Laboratory of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University Ibn Zohr, Agadir, Morocco
| | - Ahmed Kharbach
- Higher Institute of Nursing Professions and Health Techniques, Agadir, Morocco; Laboratory of Biostatistics, Clinical Research and Epidemiology (LBRCE), Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy of Rabat, Mohammed V University of Rabat, Morocco.
| | - Hajar Azzine
- Higher Institute of Nursing Professions and Health Techniques, Agadir, Morocco
| | - Abdelmajid Lkoul
- Higher Institute of Nursing Professions and Health Techniques, Agadir, Morocco
| | - Youssef Bouchriti
- Higher Institute of Nursing Professions and Health Techniques, Agadir, Morocco; Applied Geosciences and Environment Team, Faculty of Agadir Sciences, IBN ZOHR University, Agadir, Morocco
| | - Zakariae Cherrat
- Higher Institute of Nursing Professions and Health Techniques, Agadir, Morocco; Laboratory of Community health, preventive medicine and hygiene, Department of public health, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Nadia Ezzahir
- Higher Institute of Nursing Professions and Health Techniques, Agadir, Morocco
| | - Mohamed Boukrim
- Higher Institute of Nursing Professions and Health Techniques, Marrakech, Morocco; Laboratory of Biostatistics, Clinical Research and Epidemiology (LBRCE), Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy of Rabat, Mohammed V University of Rabat, Morocco
| | - Hasnaa Sine
- Higher Institute of Nursing Professions and Health Techniques, Marrakech, Morocco; Medical Biology, Human and Experimental Pathology and Environment, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco
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Berlowitz I, Egger K, Cumming P. Monoamine Oxidase Inhibition by Plant-Derived β-Carbolines; Implications for the Psychopharmacology of Tobacco and Ayahuasca. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:886408. [PMID: 35600851 PMCID: PMC9121195 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.886408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The monoamine oxidases (MAOs) are flavin-containing amine oxidoreductases responsible for metabolism of many biogenic amine molecules in the brain and peripheral tissues. Whereas serotonin is the preferred substrate of MAO-A, phenylethylamine is metabolized by MAO-B, and dopamine and tyramine are nearly ambivalent with respect to the two isozymes. β-Carboline alkaloids such as harmine, harman(e), and norharman(e) are MAO inhibitors present in many plant materials, including foodstuffs, medicinal plants, and intoxicants, notably in tobacco (Nicotiana spp.) and in Banisteriopsis caapi, a vine used in the Amazonian ayahuasca brew. The β-carbolines present in B. caapi may have effects on neurogenesis and intrinsic antidepressant properties, in addition to potentiating the bioavailability of the hallucinogen N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT), which is often present in admixture plants of ayahuasca such as Psychotria viridis. Tobacco also contains physiologically relevant concentrations of β-carbolines, which potentially contribute to its psychopharmacology. However, in both cases, the threshold of MAO inhibition sufficient to interact with biogenic amine neurotransmission remains to be established. An important class of antidepressant medications provoke a complete and irreversible inhibition of MAO-A/B, and such complete inhibition is almost unattainable with reversible and competitive inhibitors such as β-carbolines. However, the preclinical and clinical observations with synthetic MAO inhibitors present a background for obtaining a better understanding of the polypharmacologies of tobacco and ayahuasca. Furthermore, MAO inhibitors of diverse structures are present in a wide variety of medicinal plants, but their pharmacological relevance in many instances remains to be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilana Berlowitz
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Inselspital Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- *Correspondence: Ilana Berlowitz,
| | - Klemens Egger
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Paul Cumming
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Inselspital Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- School of Psychology and Counselling, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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Ouoba K, Lehmann H, Semde R, Pabst JY. [Literature review on pharmacovigilance of medicines derived from traditional pharmacopoeias. Part I: risks identification]. ANNALES PHARMACEUTIQUES FRANÇAISES 2021; 80:646-658. [PMID: 34914891 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharma.2021.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Globally, the use of drugs from traditional pharmacopoeias is a major subject. The confidence of the populations in these drugs is linked to their presumption of safety and also to the fact that geographically and financially they are more accessible than synthetic drugs. In view of the high exposure of the world population to traditional medicines, they are subject to pharmacovigilance guaranteeing their safety in use. Thus, this review aims to take stock of the risks identified by the national pharmacovigilance systems. It is based on research referenced in PubMed, Embase, ScienceDirect and GoogleScholar. These studies indicate that the use of traditional drugs can involve risks including adverse effects, interactions with synthetic drugs, adulteration and contamination. The spontaneous notification system was the basis for their identification. Strengthening this system and making populations aware of these risks constitute the key levers for traditional medicines pharmacovigilance progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kampadilemba Ouoba
- Laboratoire du Développement du Médicament (LADME), Centre de Formation, de Recherche et d'Expertises en sciences du Médicament (CEA-CFOREM), Ecole doctorale sciences et santé (ED2S), université Joseph KI-ZERBO, 03 BP 7021 Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso; EA 7307, Centre d'études internationales et européennes (CEIE), faculté de pharmacie, université de Strasbourg, 74, route du Rhin, 67400 Illkirch, France.
| | - Hélène Lehmann
- EA 4487, Centre de recherches en droit et perspectives du droit, faculté de pharmacie, université de Lille, rue du Professeur-Laguesse, BP 53, 59006 Lille, France
| | - Rasmané Semde
- Laboratoire du Développement du Médicament (LADME), Centre de Formation, de Recherche et d'Expertises en sciences du Médicament (CEA-CFOREM), Ecole doctorale sciences et santé (ED2S), université Joseph KI-ZERBO, 03 BP 7021 Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Jean-Yves Pabst
- EA 7307, Centre d'études internationales et européennes (CEIE), faculté de pharmacie, université de Strasbourg, 74, route du Rhin, 67400 Illkirch, France
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Ghizlane EA, Manal M, Ines HA, Soufiane D, Moussa L, Houssam B, Brahim H. Fatal poisoning of pregnant women by peganum harmala L.: A case reports. Ann Med Surg (Lond) 2021; 68:102649. [PMID: 34401132 PMCID: PMC8350184 DOI: 10.1016/j.amsu.2021.102649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Peganum harmala L. is a cosmopolitan plant within the Mediterranean region. It's normally employed in ancient drugs in Morocco as sedative and abortifacient however exposes users to the danger of dose and poisoning. The medical specialty active compounds of this plant embody variety of carboline and quinazoline alkaloids accountable of its pharmacological and medical effects. Case report We tend to report the case of a 20-year-old woman, intoxicated with the Peganum harmala L. On admission, she was shocked with agitation vomittiong and disturbances of consciousness. Laboratory tests showed anemia, thrombocytopenia, acute kidney disease, increase in transaminases and a positive plasma bHCG. Cerebral CT disclosed multiple areas of cerebral ischemia with subarachnoid hemorrhage, thoraco-abdominal-pelvic CT scan showed an enlarged uterus, the location of an interior hemorrhage while not physiological condition sac and inhalation pneumonia. Early treatment was given, she was intubated, ventilated artificially and sedated, symptomatic treatment was received. Hemodialysis was needed for her renal failure and anuria. She was extubated after six days and discharged from the hospital after one month and a half. Conclusion Doctors operating in areas where P. harmala is prescribed or used as an ancient medicine should recognize the signs and symptoms of its toxicity in order to treat and initiate prompt and adequate management. The prognosis is generally favorable, excessive use of high doses of P. Harmala L. can lead to fatal evolution. The Peganum harmala L. is a cosmopolitan plant within the Mediterranean region, which normally employed in ancient drugs in Morocco as sedative and abortifacient Excessive dose use of Peganum hamrmala L. by the pregnant women exposes to the danger of fatal poisoning The treatment of this intoxication is generally symptomatic and there is no antidote specific. The prognosis of poisoning of pregnant women by Peganum harmala L. is generally favorable.
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Affiliation(s)
- El Aidouni Ghizlane
- Intensive Care Unit, Mohammed VI University Hospital Center, Oujda, Morocco.,Mohammed First University, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Oujda, Morocco
| | - Merbouh Manal
- Intensive Care Unit, Mohammed VI University Hospital Center, Oujda, Morocco.,Mohammed First University, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Oujda, Morocco
| | - Haddad Arhoun Ines
- Intensive Care Unit, Mohammed VI University Hospital Center, Oujda, Morocco.,Mohammed First University, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Oujda, Morocco
| | - Diyas Soufiane
- Intensive Care Unit, Mohammed VI University Hospital Center, Oujda, Morocco.,Mohammed First University, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Oujda, Morocco
| | - Lezreg Moussa
- Intensive Care Unit, Mohammed VI University Hospital Center, Oujda, Morocco.,Mohammed First University, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Oujda, Morocco
| | - Bkiyar Houssam
- Intensive Care Unit, Mohammed VI University Hospital Center, Oujda, Morocco.,Mohammed First University, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Oujda, Morocco
| | - Housni Brahim
- Intensive Care Unit, Mohammed VI University Hospital Center, Oujda, Morocco.,Mohammed First University, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Oujda, Morocco.,Mohammed First University Oujda, FMP Oujda, LAMCESM, Oujda, Morocco
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Potential Risks of Plant Constituents in Dietary Supplements: Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of Peganum harmala Seeds. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26051368. [PMID: 33806424 PMCID: PMC7961586 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26051368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The free online trading of herbal mixtures useful for various purposes facilitates the circulation of dangerous herbs or plant parts. This is the case, for example, of the illegal trade in seeds of Peganum harmala (Pgh), which contain alkaloids capable of inhibiting monoamine oxidase (MAO) and are therefore used in hallucinogenic preparations, such as the psychedelic drink ayahuasca. The precise identification of these seeds and their distinction from other very similar but not dangerous seeds are necessary for forensic purposes and represents an advance in avoiding the adulteration of mixtures. In this work, we show the qualitative identification of Pgh seeds by optical and electron microscopy and the parallel development of a real-time qPCR test, which reveals, in a species-specific manner, the presence of Pgh DNA up to quantities lower than 1 pg. In addition to the species specificity and high sensitivity, the reaction accurately quantifies the presence of seeds or parts of seeds of Pgh in complex herbal mixtures, thus giving an indication of the danger or otherwise of the product.
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Identification, occurrence and activity of quinazoline alkaloids in Peganum harmala. Food Chem Toxicol 2017; 103:261-269. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2017.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Revised: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Peganum harmala L. Intoxication in a Pregnant Woman. Case Rep Emerg Med 2014; 2014:783236. [PMID: 24955262 PMCID: PMC4053228 DOI: 10.1155/2014/783236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Peganum harmala L. is a plant widely distributed in the Mediterranean region. It is commonly used in traditional medicine in Morocco as sedative and abortifacient but exposes users to the risk of overdose and poisoning. The pharmacologically active compounds of this plant include a number of β -carboline and quinazoline alkaloids responsible of its pharmacological and toxicological effects. We report the case of a 24-year-old woman, 22 weeks pregnant, intoxicated with the seeds of Peganum harmala L. On admission, she had disturbance of consciousness, uterine contraction, and oliguria. Laboratory tests revealed renal failure and liver injury, and she benefited then from hemodialysis. During hospitalization, she was intubated after deterioration of consciousness and presented a spontaneous expulsion of the fetus. After extubation, she kept unusual sequelae: cerebellar ataxia and peripheral polyneuropathy. Physicians in regions using Peganum harmala L. as traditional medicine must be able to detect symptoms of its toxicity, in order to establish early gastrointestinal decontamination. The prognosis of this intoxication is variable; most cases can be managed successfully; but in high doses of intoxication, evolution can be fatal.
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Yarmohammadi H, Dalfardi B, Mehdizadeh A, Haghighat S. Al-Akhawayni, a contributor to medieval Persian knowledge on contraception. EUR J CONTRACEP REPR 2013; 18:435-40. [PMID: 24059592 DOI: 10.3109/13625187.2013.836176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Modern scientific achievements in the field of contraception are clearly indebted to past studies. Al-Akhawayni Bukhari was a Persian physician in the 10th century. He lived during the 'Golden Age of Islamic Medicine' (9th to 12th century AD). This scientist recorded his knowledge on various medical matters, including contraception, in the book 'Hidayat al-Muta`allemin Fi al-Tibb' (Learner's Guide to Medicine). These 10th century views on contraception are explored in this paper through a discussion of Al-Akhawayni Bukhari's surviving book, the 'Hidayat' (Guide).
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