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Phothirook P, Amatachaya S, Peungsuwan P. Muscle Activity and Co-Activation of Gait Cycle during Walking in Water and on Land in People with Spastic Cerebral Palsy. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:1854. [PMID: 36767224 PMCID: PMC9914649 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20031854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of this study was to investigate the differences in the muscle activity and co-activation index (CoA) of the rectus femoris (RF), biceps femoris (BF), gastrocnemius medialis (GM,) and tibialis anterior (TA) during walking on land and in water in healthy adolescents compared with those with spastic diplegia cerebral palsy (CP) adolescents. METHODS Four healthy individuals (median; age: 14 years, height: 1.57 cm, BMI: 16.58 kg/m2) and nine CP individuals (median; age: 15 years, height: 1.42 cm, BMI: 17.82 kg/m2) participated in this study and performed three walking trials under both conditions. An electromyography (EMG) collection was recorded with a wireless system Cometa miniwave infinity waterproof device, and the signals were collected using customized software named EMG and Motion Tools, Inc. software version 7 (Cometa slr, Milan, Italy) and was synchronized with an underwater VDO camera. RESULTS A significant decrease in the muscle activity of all muscles and CoA of RF/BF muscles, but an increase in TA/GM was observed within the CP group while walking in water during the stance phase. Between groups, there was a lower CoA of RF/BF and a greater CoA of TA/GM during the stance phase while walking in water and on land in the CP group. A non-significant difference was observed within the healthy group. CONCLUSION Walking in water can decrease muscle activity in lower limbs and co-activation of thigh muscles in people with spastic CP, whereas CoA muscles around ankle joints increased to stabilize foot weight acceptance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pariyaporn Phothirook
- Research Center in Back, Neck, Other Joint Pain and Human Performance (BNOJPH), Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
- School of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Sugalya Amatachaya
- School of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Punnee Peungsuwan
- Research Center in Back, Neck, Other Joint Pain and Human Performance (BNOJPH), Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
- School of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
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Roldan A, Henríquez M, Iturricastillo A, Castillo D, Yanci J, Reina R. To What Degree Does Limb Spasticity Affect Motor Performance in Para-Footballers With Cerebral Palsy? Front Physiol 2022; 12:807853. [PMID: 35140631 PMCID: PMC8818870 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.807853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Spasticity is considered a contributor to hypertonia, frequently presented in people with cerebral palsy (CP), affecting muscle function and motor activities. In CP football, the classification system determines that this impairment is eligible for competitive para-sports due to the impact on activity limitation and sports performance. However, the relationship between this feature (i.e., spastic hypertonia) and performance determinants has not been explored yet. This study aimed to assess the association of clinical spasticity measurements with the performance of sport-specific tests used for classification purposes. Sixty-nine international footballers with CP voluntarily participated in this study. The Australian Spasticity Assessment Scale was used to measure spasticity in lower limbs muscle groups and activity limitation tests were conducted considering dynamic balance, coordination, vertical and horizontal jumps, acceleration, and change of direction ability. Low-to-moderate negative significant associations were found between the hip spasticity and measures of dynamic balance and dominant unipedal horizontal jump capacity. Additionally, moderate associations were reported between the knee spasticity and the non-dominant unipedal horizontal jump capacity and the change of direction actions with the ball. The ankle spasticity score reported small to moderate associations with the change of direction assessment without the ball and bipedal and dominant unipedal horizontal jump capability. Finally, the total spasticity score only presented a significant association with horizontal jump performance. This is a novel study that provides evidence of the associations between an eligible neural impairment and relevant specific measures of activity limitation tests. These results suggest that the amount of spasticity according to each evaluated joint muscle group of the lower limbs presents a low-to-moderate significant relationship with determined measures of dynamic balance, coordination, horizontal jump, acceleration, and change of direction ability with and without the ball in international-level CP footballers. Further studies are necessary to elucidate the real contribution of neural and non-neural impairments related to hypertonia on fundamental sport-specific motor skills of para-footballers with CP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Roldan
- Sports Research Centre, Department of Sport Sciences, Miguel Hernández University, Elche, Spain
| | - Matías Henríquez
- Sports Research Centre, Department of Sport Sciences, Miguel Hernández University, Elche, Spain
- *Correspondence: Matías Henríquez,
| | - Aitor Iturricastillo
- Sports and Physical Exercise Research Group (GIKAFIT), Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Education and Sport, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Daniel Castillo
- Faculty of Education, University of Valladolid, Soria, Spain
| | - Javier Yanci
- Sports and Physical Exercise Research Group (GIKAFIT), Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Education and Sport, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Raul Reina
- Sports Research Centre, Department of Sport Sciences, Miguel Hernández University, Elche, Spain
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de Araujo Ribeiro Alvares JB, Rodrigues R, de Azevedo Franke R, da Silva BGC, Pinto RS, Vaz MA, Baroni BM. Inter-machine reliability of the Biodex and Cybex isokinetic dynamometers for knee flexor/extensor isometric, concentric and eccentric tests. Phys Ther Sport 2014; 16:59-65. [PMID: 24913915 DOI: 10.1016/j.ptsp.2014.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2013] [Revised: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 04/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess the inter-machine reliability of the Biodex System 3 Pro and Cybex Humac Norm Model 770 dynamometers for knee extensor and knee flexor peak torque measurements in isometric, concentric and eccentric tests. DESIGN Randomized/crossover. SETTING Exercise Research Laboratory, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (Brazil). PARTICIPANTS 25 healthy male subjects. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Isometric, concentric and eccentric knee extensor and knee flexor peak torques recorded in the same test procedure performed on both isokinetic dynamometers. One-way ANOVA, intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), standard error of measurement (SEM) and coefficient of variation (CV) were used to verify significant differences, relative and absolute reliability between devices. RESULTS No significant differences were found between tests performed on Biodex and Cybex (p > 0.05). ICC values indicated a high to very high reproducibility for isometric, concentric and eccentric peak torques (0.88-0.92), and moderate to high reliability for agonist-antagonist strength ratios (0.62-0.73). Peak torque did not show great difference between dynamometers for SEM (3.72-11.27 Nm) and CV (5.27-7.77%). Strength ratios presented CV values of 8.57-10.72%. CONCLUSION Maximal knee extensor and knee flexor tests performed in isometric (60° of knee flexion), concentric and eccentric modes at 60°/s in Biodex and Cybex dynamometers present similar values.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Breno de Araujo Ribeiro Alvares
- Exercise Research Laboratory (LAPEX), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Rua Felizardo, 750, Bairro Jardim Botânico, CEP: 90690-200 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Rodrigues
- Exercise Research Laboratory (LAPEX), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Rua Felizardo, 750, Bairro Jardim Botânico, CEP: 90690-200 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo de Azevedo Franke
- Exercise Research Laboratory (LAPEX), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Rua Felizardo, 750, Bairro Jardim Botânico, CEP: 90690-200 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Bruna Gonçalves Cordeiro da Silva
- Exercise Research Laboratory (LAPEX), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Rua Felizardo, 750, Bairro Jardim Botânico, CEP: 90690-200 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Ronei Silveira Pinto
- Exercise Research Laboratory (LAPEX), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Rua Felizardo, 750, Bairro Jardim Botânico, CEP: 90690-200 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Marco Aurélio Vaz
- Exercise Research Laboratory (LAPEX), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Rua Felizardo, 750, Bairro Jardim Botânico, CEP: 90690-200 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Bruno Manfredini Baroni
- Exercise Research Laboratory (LAPEX), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Rua Felizardo, 750, Bairro Jardim Botânico, CEP: 90690-200 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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The relationship between spasticity and muscle volume of the knee extensors in children with cerebral palsy. Pediatr Phys Ther 2012; 24:177-81; discussion 182. [PMID: 22466388 PMCID: PMC3718076 DOI: 10.1097/pep.0b013e31824cc0a9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between spasticity and muscle volume in children with cerebral palsy (CP), using isokinetic dynamometry and magnetic resonance imaging. METHODS A retrospective sample of 8 children with diplegic CP was analyzed. One set of 10 passive knee flexion movements was completed at a velocity of 180° per second with concurrent surface electromyography of the medial hamstrings (MH) and vastus lateralis (VL) to assess knee extensor spasticity. Magnetic resonance imaging was used to measure maximum cross-sectional area and muscle volume of the quadriceps femoris. RESULTS The quadriceps femoris muscle volume was positively correlated with MH reflex activity, VL reflex activity, MH/VL co-contraction, and peak knee extensor passive torque (P < .05). CONCLUSION The present findings suggest that higher levels of knee extensor muscle spasticity are associated with greater quadriceps muscle volume in children with spastic diplegic CP.
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Smith LR, Lee KS, Ward SR, Chambers HG, Lieber RL. Hamstring contractures in children with spastic cerebral palsy result from a stiffer extracellular matrix and increased in vivo sarcomere length. J Physiol 2011; 589:2625-39. [PMID: 21486759 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2010.203364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 300] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral palsy (CP) results from an upper motoneuron (UMN)lesion in the developing brain. Secondary to the UMNl esion,which causes spasticity, is a pathological response by muscle - namely, contracture. However, the elements within muscle that increase passive mechanical stiffness, and therefore result in contracture, are unknown. Using hamstring muscle biopsies from pediatric patients with CP (n =33) and control (n =19) patients we investigated passive mechanical properties at the protein, cellular, tissue and architectural levels to identify the elements responsible for contracture. Titin isoform, the major load-bearing protein within muscle cells, was unaltered in CP. Correspondingly, the passive mechanics of individual muscle fibres were not altered. However, CP muscle bundles, which include fibres in their constituent ECM, were stiffer than control bundles. This corresponded to an increase in collagen content of CP muscles measured by hydroxyproline assay and observed using immunohistochemistry. In vivo sarcomere length of CP muscle measured during surgery was significantly longer than that predicted for control muscle. The combination of increased tissue stiffness and increased sarcomere length interact to increase stiffness greatly of the contracture tissue in vivo. These findings provide evidence that contracture formation is not the result of stiffening at the cellular level, but stiffening of the ECM with increased collagen and an increase of in vivo sarcomere length leading to higher passive stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas R Smith
- Departments of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
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Delcour M, Russier M, Xin DL, Massicotte VS, Barbe MF, Coq J. Mild musculoskeletal and locomotor alterations in adult rats with white matter injury following prenatal ischemia. Int J Dev Neurosci 2011; 29:593-607. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2011.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2010] [Revised: 02/25/2011] [Accepted: 02/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Delcour
- UMR 6149 Neurosciences Intégratives et Adaptatives, CNRS, Aix‐Marseille Université, Centre Saint Charlescase B, 3 place Victor Hugo13331Marseille Cedex 03France
| | - Michael Russier
- UMR 6149 Neurosciences Intégratives et Adaptatives, CNRS, Aix‐Marseille Université, Centre Saint Charlescase B, 3 place Victor Hugo13331Marseille Cedex 03France
| | - Dong L. Xin
- Department of Physical TherapyTemple UniversityPhiladelphiaPA19140USA
| | - Vicky S. Massicotte
- Department of Anatomy and Cell BiologyTemple University School of MedicinePhiladelphiaPA19140USA
| | - Mary F. Barbe
- Department of Anatomy and Cell BiologyTemple University School of MedicinePhiladelphiaPA19140USA
| | - Jacques‐Olivier Coq
- UMR 6149 Neurosciences Intégratives et Adaptatives, CNRS, Aix‐Marseille Université, Centre Saint Charlescase B, 3 place Victor Hugo13331Marseille Cedex 03France
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Pierce SR, Prosser LA, Lauer RT. Relationship between age and spasticity in children with diplegic cerebral palsy. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2010; 91:448-51. [PMID: 20298838 DOI: 10.1016/j.apmr.2009.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2009] [Revised: 11/13/2009] [Accepted: 11/17/2009] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the relationship between passive torque, reflex activity, co-contraction, and age during the assessment of spasticity of knee flexors and extensors in children with spastic diplegic cerebral palsy (CP). DESIGN Retrospective. SETTING Pediatric orthopedic hospital. PARTICIPANTS Children (N=36) with spastic diplegic CP. INTERVENTIONS Not applicable. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Spasticity of the knee flexors and knee extensors (as measured by peak passive torque, mean passive torque, reflex activity of the medial hamstrings, reflex activity of vastus lateralis, and co-contraction) was assessed during passive movements completed using an isokinetic dynamometer with concurrent electromyography. RESULTS A significant positive relationship was found between age and mean knee flexor passive torque (P<.05), while a significant negative relationship was found between age and mean percentage of the range of motion with co-contraction (P<.05). CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that passive stiffness may play a larger role in spasticity than reflex activity as children with spastic diplegic CP age. Additional research is needed to determine whether subject age could influence the effectiveness of interventions, such as serial casting or botulinum toxin, for spasticity in children with spastic diplegic CP.
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Lauer RT, Pierce SR, Tucker CA, Barbe MF, Prosser LA. Age and electromyographic frequency alterations during walking in children with cerebral palsy. Gait Posture 2010; 31:136-9. [PMID: 19854058 PMCID: PMC2818236 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2009.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2009] [Revised: 09/01/2009] [Accepted: 09/22/2009] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The use of surface electromyography (sEMG) recorded during ambulation has provided valuable insight into motor development and changes with age in the pediatric population. However, no studies have reported sEMG differences with age in the children with cerebral palsy (CP). In this study, data from 50 children were divided retrospectively into four groups, representing either an older (above the age of seven years) or younger (below the age of seven years) age group with either typical development (TD) or CP. Data were analyzed from 16 children in the younger age group with TD, and eight in the older age group with TD. Data were also available from 14 in the younger age group with CP, and 12 in the older age group with CP. SEMG signals from the rectus femoris (RF) and medial hamstring (MH) were analyzed using wavelet techniques to examine time-frequency content. RF muscle activity was statistically different between all groups (p<0.001), with an elevated instantaneous mean frequency (IMNF) in the older TD group than the younger TD group, an elevated IMNF in the younger CP group than the older CP group, and elevated IMNF in both CP groups compared to both TD groups. Activity for the MH muscle followed the same pattern except for the CP young and old group comparison, which indicated no difference. The results indicate that differences in neuromuscular activation exist between younger and older groups of children with both TD and CP, and may provide new insight into muscle activity pattern changes during the development of walking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard T. Lauer
- Department of Physical Therapy, Temple University. Philadelphia PA, USA, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Temple University. Philadelphia PA, USA
| | - Samuel R. Pierce
- Institute for Physical Therapy Education, Widener University, Chester PA
| | - Carole A. Tucker
- Department of Physical Therapy, Temple University. Philadelphia PA, USA
| | - Mary F. Barbe
- Department of Physical Therapy, Temple University. Philadelphia PA, USA, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Temple University. Philadelphia PA, USA
| | - Laura A. Prosser
- Department of Physical Therapy, Temple University. Philadelphia PA, USA
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