III cranial nerve cavernous malformation: A case report and review of the literature

Optochiasmatic Cavernomas: Updated systematic review and proposal of a novel classification with surgical approaches

Cavernomas are histologically benign vascular malformations found at different sites in the brain. A rare site for such cavernomas, however, is the anterior optic pathway, comprising the optic nerve, chiasma, and optic tract-called optochiasmatic cavernomas (OCC). These lesions usually present with sudden onset or progressive vision loss, headache, and features mimicking pituitary apoplexy. In this paper, we describe a case of OCC operated at our center. We carry out an updated review of literature depicting cases of OCC, their clinical presentation, management, and postoperative complications. We also propose a novel classification system based on lesion location and further analyze these cavernoma types with respect to the surgical approach used and visual outcome. A 30-year-old lady had presented with a 3-week history of progressive bilateral vision loss and headache. Based on imaging, she was suspected to have a cavernous angioma of the chiasma and left optic tract. Due to progressive vision deterioration, the lesion was surgically excised using pterional craniotomy. Postoperatively, her visual symptoms improved, but she developed diabetes insipidus. Clinical and radiological follow-up has been done for 18 months after surgery. A total of 81 cases have been described in the literature, including the present case. Chiasmal apoplexy is the most common presentation. Surgical excision is the standard of care. Our analysis based on lesion location shows the most appropriate surgical approach to be used for each cavernoma type. Visual outcome correlates with the preoperative visual status. Visual outcome is good in patients presenting with acute chiasmal apoplexy, and when complete surgical excision is performed. The endonasal endoscopic approach was found to provide the best visual outcome. In addition to preoperative visual status, complete surgical excision predicts favorable visual outcomes in OCC. Our proposed classification system guides the appropriate surgical approach required for a particular location of the cavernoma.

Paediatric Cavernous Malformation of the Trigeminal Nerve: Case Report and Review of the Literature

INTRODUCTION

Intradural, extra-axial cerebral cavernous malformations (CCMs) are rare entities and are mostly reported in relation to the optic apparatus or the facial/vestibulocochlear complex. Cranial nerve CCMs tend to follow a clinically aggressive course, with a tendency to progressive neurological dysfunction following intra-lesional haemorrhage or less commonly due to the effects of subarachnoid haemorrhage.

CASE PRESENTATION

We report the first case of a trigeminal CCM presenting in a child with otalgia and left-sided headaches. The patient was initially managed with radiological surveillance but required surgical management following deterioration. We describe the successful treatment of the lesion with microsurgical resection.

CONCLUSION

A CCM should be considered in the differential diagnosis of mass lesions arising in the region of the trigeminal nerve. Surgical resection is recommended to prevent neurological deterioration and may result in significant symptomatic improvement.