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Paraskevas G, Poutoglidis A, Lazaridis N, Asouhidou I, Chrysanthou C, Apostolidou E, Iliou K, Tsetsos N, Forozidou E, Karamitsou P, Skalias A, Vlachtsis K. Does the orientation of the styloid process cause Eagle Syndrome? An anatomical study of the styloid process in 72 Greek skulls. Otolaryngol Pol 2022; 76:12-16. [DOI: 10.5604/01.3001.0015.8627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
<b>Introduction:</b> Patients often suffer from an elongated styloid process. This clinical entity is well known and is described as Eagle syndrome. The presence of this anatomical variation is not always associated with symptoms. However, there is a strong correlation between the elongated styloid process and Eagle syndrome </br></br> <b>Aim:</b> This study aims to calculate the incidence of elongated styloid processes in the Greek population, to analyze the morphometric characteristics of styloid processes, and to compare these among sexes. </br></br> <b>Material and methods:</b> This is a single-center retrospective study. All skulls were donated to the Department of Anatomy, the Ari-stotle University of Thessaloniki from January 2013 to May 2019 for research purposes. A styloid process longer than 30 mm was considered elongated. We used Welch’s t-test for the statistical analysis of the data. </br></br> <b>Results:</b> The prevalence of elongated styloid processes was 35%. The average diameter was 3.32 mm and the average total length was 25.02 mm. There was no statistically significant difference between male and female skulls, though the female styloid processes were slightly longer and the male ones were slightly wider. Symmetry was recorded in 31% of skulls. Average axial angle was 650 but in 4% of cases it was less than 20<sup>0</sup>. </br></br> <b>Conclusions:</b> The elongated styloid process is not a rare entity. Eagle syndrome should always be considered in the differential diagnosis when patients report chronic sore throat. Our anatomical findings add a new dimension to the etiopathogenesis of Eagle syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Paraskevas
- Department of Anatomy and Surgical Anatomy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Alexandros Poutoglidis
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, “G. Papanikolaou” General Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Lazaridis
- Department of Anatomy and Surgical Anatomy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Irene Asouhidou
- Department of Anatomy and Surgical Anatomy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Chrysanthos Chrysanthou
- Department of Anatomy and Surgical Anatomy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Elpida Apostolidou
- Department of Anatomy and Surgical Anatomy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Kalliopi Iliou
- Department of Anatomy and Surgical Anatomy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Tsetsos
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, “G. Papanikolaou” Ge-neral Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Evropi Forozidou
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, “G. Papanikolaou” General Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Paraskevi Karamitsou
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, “G. Papanikolaou” General Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Antonios Skalias
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, “G. Papanikolaou” Ge-neral Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Vlachtsis
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, “G. Papanikolaou” General Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
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