1
|
Brandt KJ, Ault-Seay TB, Payton RR, Schneider LG, Edwards JL, Myer PR, Rhinehart JD, McLean KJ. The Impacts of Supplemental Protein during Development on Amino Acid Concentrations in the Uterus and Pregnancy Outcomes of Angus Heifers. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:1995. [PMID: 37370505 DOI: 10.3390/ani13121995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Replacement heifer development is one of the most critical components in beef production. The composition of the ideal uterine environment could maximize fertility and reproductive efficiency. Our hypothesis was that protein supplementation would affect the uterine environment of beef heifers without inhibiting development or reproduction. To test the effects of dietary supplementation on these outcomes, a randomized complete block design with repeated measures was implemented. Angus heifers (n = 60) were blocked by body weight (BW) and randomly assigned to one of three supplemental protein treatment groups (10% (CON), 20% (P20), and 40% (P40)). Mixed model ANOVAs were used to determine whether protein supplementation treatments, time, and the interaction or protein supplementation, semen exposure, and the interaction influenced uterine luminal fluid (ULF) and pregnancy outcomes. Amino acids (AAs) were impacted (p < 0.001), specifically, the essential AAs: Arg, Iso, Leu, Val, His, Lys, Met, Phe, Trp. Protein supplementation influenced multiple AAs post-insemination: Arg (p = 0.03), CC (p = 0.05), 1-MH (p = 0.001), and Orn (p = 0.03). In conclusion, protein supplementation did not affect the reproductive development via puberty attainment or the timing of conception even with alterations in growth. However, uterine AA concentrations did change throughout development and protein supplementation influenced ULF d 14 post-insemination, which may affect the conception rates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kiernan J Brandt
- Department of Animal Science, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Taylor B Ault-Seay
- Department of Animal Science, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Rebecca R Payton
- Department of Animal Science, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Liesel G Schneider
- Department of Animal Science, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - J Lannett Edwards
- Department of Animal Science, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Phillip R Myer
- Department of Animal Science, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Justin D Rhinehart
- Department of Animal Science, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Kyle J McLean
- Department of Animal Science, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Otto JR, Malau-Aduli BS, Rao A, Clarke IJ, Malau-Aduli AEO. Effect of incremental levels of crude degummed canola oil on milk progesterone, plasma luteinizing and follicle stimulating hormones of primiparous Holstein–Friesian cows in a pasture-based system. Int J Vet Sci Med 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijvsm.2014.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- John R. Otto
- Animal Science and Genetics, Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, School of Land and Food, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Technology, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 54, Hobart, TAS, 7001, Australia
| | - Bunmi S. Malau-Aduli
- College of Medicine and Dentistry, Division of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, 4811, Australia
| | - Alexandra Rao
- Department of Physiology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3800, Australia
| | - Iain J. Clarke
- Department of Physiology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3800, Australia
| | - Aduli Enoch O. Malau-Aduli
- Animal Science and Genetics, Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, School of Land and Food, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Technology, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 54, Hobart, TAS, 7001, Australia
- Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, 4811, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Waterman RC, Caton JS, Löest CA, Petersen MK, Roberts AJ. Beef Species Symposium: an assessment of the 1996 Beef NRC: metabolizable protein supply and demand and effectiveness of model performance prediction of beef females within extensive grazing systems. J Anim Sci 2014; 92:2785-99. [PMID: 24398839 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2013-7062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Interannual variation of forage quantity and quality driven by precipitation events influence beef livestock production systems within the Southern and Northern Plains and Pacific West, which combined represent 60% (approximately 17.5 million) of the total beef cows in the United States. The beef cattle requirements published by the NRC are an important tool and excellent resource for both professionals and producers to use when implementing feeding practices and nutritional programs within the various production systems. The objectives of this paper include evaluation of the 1996 Beef NRC model in terms of effectiveness in predicting extensive range beef cow performance within arid and semiarid environments using available data sets, identifying model inefficiencies that could be refined to improve the precision of predicting protein supply and demand for range beef cows, and last, providing recommendations for future areas of research. An important addition to the current Beef NRC model would be to allow users to provide region-specific forage characteristics and the ability to describe supplement composition, amount, and delivery frequency. Beef NRC models would then need to be modified to account for the N recycling that occurs throughout a supplementation interval and the impact that this would have on microbial efficiency and microbial protein supply. The Beef NRC should also consider the role of ruminal and postruminal supply and demand of specific limiting AA. Additional considerations should include the partitioning effects of nitrogenous compounds under different physiological production stages (e.g., lactation, pregnancy, and periods of BW loss). The intent of information provided is to aid revision of the Beef NRC by providing supporting material for changes and identifying gaps in existing scientific literature where future research is needed to enhance the predictive precision and application of the Beef NRC models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R C Waterman
- USDA-ARS, Fort Keogh Livestock and Range Research Laboratory, Miles City, MT 59301-4016
| | - J S Caton
- Department of Animal Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo 58108-6050
| | - C A Löest
- Department of Animal and Range Sciences, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces 88003-8003
| | - M K Petersen
- USDA-ARS, Fort Keogh Livestock and Range Research Laboratory, Miles City, MT 59301-4016
| | - A J Roberts
- USDA-ARS, Fort Keogh Livestock and Range Research Laboratory, Miles City, MT 59301-4016
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
|
5
|
Garduza-Arias G, Garcia-Bojalil C, Mendoza G, Sánchez-Torres M, Suárez M, Guzmán A. Effect of supplementation with rumen undegradable protein on milk production and ovarian activity in double purpose cows. JOURNAL OF APPLIED ANIMAL RESEARCH 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/09712119.2012.739088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
6
|
Waterman R, Geary T, Paterson J, Lipsey R. Early weaning in Northern Great Plains beef cattle production systems: II. Development of replacement heifers weaned at 80 or 215d of age. Livest Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2012.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
|
7
|
Bryant TC, Engle TE, Galyean ML, Wagner JJ, Tatum JD, Anthony RV, Laudert SB. Effects of ractopamine and trenbolone acetate implants with or without estradiol on growth performance, carcass characteristics, adipogenic enzyme activity, and blood metabolites in feedlot steers and heifers1,2,3. J Anim Sci 2010; 88:4102-19. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2010-2901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
|
8
|
Sullivan T, Micke G, Greer R, Perry V. Dietary manipulation of Bos indicus×heifers during gestation affects the prepubertal reproductive development of their bull calves. Anim Reprod Sci 2010; 118:131-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2009.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2009] [Revised: 07/02/2009] [Accepted: 07/20/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
9
|
Effect of Methionine Source and Level on Performance of Growing Beef Calves Consuming Forage-Based Diets1. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.15232/s1080-7446(15)30745-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
10
|
Martin JL, Cupp AS, Rasby RJ, Hall ZC, Funston RN. Utilization of dried distillers grains for developing beef heifers1,2,3. J Anim Sci 2007; 85:2298-303. [PMID: 17526658 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2007-0076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A 2-yr study was conducted at 2 locations to determine if supplementing beef heifers with dried distillers grains (DDG) as an energy source affected growth or reproduction. Spring-born crossbred heifers (n = 316) were blocked by age or sire and age and assigned randomly to DDG or control (dried corn gluten feed, whole corn germ, urea) supplement. Heifers received prairie hay in amounts sufficient for ad libitum intake and 0.59% of BW DDG or 0.78% of BW control supplement (DM basis). Supplements were formulated to be isocaloric, but protein degradability differed. Supplemental undegradable intake protein intake from DDG averaged 267 g/animal daily and reached 318 g/animal daily; control supplemental undegradable intake protein intake averaged 90 g/animal daily and peaked at 107 g/animal daily. Initial pubertal status was determined by 2 blood samples collected 10 d apart, and monthly BW were collected from November through January; then biweekly BW and blood samples were collected from February until May yearly. Heifers were synchronized with 2 injections of PGF2alpha 14 d apart; estrus was detected and heifers were artificially inseminated for 5 d and placed with bulls 10 d later. Conception and pregnancy rates were determined via transrectal ultrasonography. Initial age, BW, and BCS did not differ (P > 0.92) for control and DDG heifers. Final BW, ADG, and final BCS also were not affected (P > 0.31) by supplementation. Estimated age and BW at puberty did not differ (P > 0.23) between treatments, and the proportions of pubertal heifers did not differ at the initiation of the experiment (P > 0.82), at the beginning of the 14-d sampling intervals, or before synchronization. Estrus synchronization rate (75.9%), time of estrus, and overall pregnancy rate (89.5%) were not affected (P > 0.14) by treatment. However, a greater proportion (P = 0.008) of DDG than control heifers conceived to AI (75.0 vs. 52.9%), resulting in greater (P = 0.07) AI pregnancy rates for DDG heifers (57.0 vs. 40.1%). Body weight or BCS at pregnancy diagnosis did not differ (P > 0.52) between DDG and control heifers. Supplementing beef heifers with DDG during development did not affect age at puberty but improved AI conception and pregnancy rates compared with an isocaloric control supplement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J L Martin
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska, Lincoln 68583, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Abstract
The nutritional development of heifers from birth to the time they become pregnant with their second calf is a critical component of cowherd management. Veterinarians can use targeted body weights and condition scores to monitor progress and gauge future reproductive success throughout heifer development. Meeting Nutrient Requirements of Beef Cattle recommendations for net energy and metabolizable protein is the single most successful strategy for maximizing reproductive performance from birth through the second pregnancy. Supplementation with fat, minerals, and additional undegraded intake protein has not been consistently reported to enhance the reproductive function of heifers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert L Larson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 67432, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Reed JJ, O'Neil MR, Lardy GP, Vonnahme KA, Reynolds LP, Caton JS. Effect of undegradable intake protein supplementation on intake, digestion, microbial efficiency, in situ disappearance, and plasma hormones and metabolites in steers fed low-quality grass hay. J Anim Sci 2006; 85:1092-101. [PMID: 17178812 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2006-619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Four ruminally and duodenally cannulated beef steers (492 +/- 30 kg) were used in a 4 x 4 Latin square design to evaluate the effect of undegradable intake protein (UIP) supplementation on intake, digestion, microbial efficiency, in situ disappearance, and plasma hormones and metabolites in steers fed low-quality grass hay. The steers were offered chopped (10.2 cm in length) grass hay (6.0% CP) ad libitum and 1 of 4 supplements. Supplemental treatments (1,040 g of DM daily), offered daily at 0800, were control (no supplement) or low, medium, or high levels of UIP (the supplements provided 8.3, 203.8, and 422.2 g of UIP/ d, respectively). The supplements were formulated to provide similar amounts of degradable intake protein (22%) and energy (1.77 Mcal of NE(m)/kg). Blood samples were taken at -2, -0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, and 24 h after supplementation on d 1 (intensive sampling) and at -0.5 h before supplementation on d 2, 3, 4, and 5 (daily sampling) of each collection period. Contrasts comparing control vs. low, medium, and high; low vs. medium and high; and medium vs. high levels of UIP were conducted. Apparent and true ruminal OM and N digestion increased (P < 0.03) in steers fed supplemental protein compared with controls, but there were no differences (P > 0.26) among supplemental protein treatments. There were no differences (P > 0.11) among treatments for NDF or ADF digestion, or total ruminal VFA or microbial protein synthesis. Ruminal pH was not different (P = 0.32) between control and protein-supplemented treatments; however, ruminal pH was greater (P = 0.02) for supplementation with medium and high compared with low UIP. Daily plasma insulin concentrations were increased (P = 0.004) in protein-supplemented steers compared with controls and were reduced (P = 0.003) in steers fed low UIP compared with steers fed greater levels of UIP. Intensive and daily plasma urea N concentrations were increased (P < 0.01) in protein-supplemented steers compared with controls and increased (P < 0.02) for intensive and daily sampling, respectively, in steers supplemented with medium and high UIP compared with low UIP. Supplemental protein increased apparent and true ruminal OM and N digestion, and medium and high levels of UIP increased ruminal pH compared with the low level. An increasing level of UIP increases urea N and baseline plasma insulin concentrations in steers fed low-quality hay.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J J Reed
- Department of Animal and Range Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo 58105, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Roybal CN, Yang S, Sun CW, Hurtado D, Vander Jagt DL, Townes TM, Abcouwer SF. Homocysteine increases the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor by a mechanism involving endoplasmic reticulum stress and transcription factor ATF4. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:14844-52. [PMID: 14747470 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m312948200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) plays a key role in the development and progression of diabetic retinopathy. We previously demonstrated that amino acid deprivation and other inducers of endoplasmic reticulum-stress (ER stress) up-regulate the expression of VEGF in the retinal-pigmented epithelial cell line ARPE-19. Because homocysteine causes ER stress, we hypothesized that VEGF expression is increased by ambient homocysteine. dl-Homocysteine-induced VEGF expression was investigated in confluent ARPE-19 cultures. Northern analysis showed that homocysteine increased steady state VEGF mRNA levels 4.4-fold. Other thiol-containing compounds, including l-homocysteine thiolactone and DTT, induced VEGF expression 7.9- and 8.8-fold. Transcriptional run-on assays and mRNA decay studies demonstrated that the increase in VEGF mRNA levels was caused by increased transcription rather than mRNA stabilization. VEGF mRNA induction paralleled that of the ER-stress gene GRP78. Homocysteine treatment caused transient phosphorylation of eIF2alpha and an increase in ATF4 protein level. Overexpression of a dominant-negative ATF4 abolished the VEGF response to homocysteine treatment and to amino acid deprivation. VEGF mRNA expression by ATF4-/- MEF did not respond to homocysteine treatment and the response was restored with expression of wild-type ATF4. These studies indicate that expression of the pro-angiogenic factor VEGF is increased by homocysteine and other thiol-containing reductive compounds via ATF4-dependent activation of VEGF transcription.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Activating Transcription Factor 4
- Blotting, Northern
- Blotting, Western
- CCAAT-Enhancer-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- Carrier Proteins/metabolism
- Cell Line
- Cell Nucleus/metabolism
- DNA, Complementary/metabolism
- Dactinomycin/pharmacology
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Endoplasmic Reticulum/metabolism
- Endoplasmic Reticulum Chaperone BiP
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
- Epithelial Cells/cytology
- Genes, Dominant
- Heat-Shock Proteins
- Homocysteine/chemistry
- Homocysteine/physiology
- Humans
- Molecular Chaperones
- Mutation
- Neovascularization, Pathologic
- Nucleic Acid Synthesis Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Phosphorylation
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- Protein Binding
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Stress, Physiological
- Time Factors
- Transcription Factor CHOP
- Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Transcription, Genetic
- Up-Regulation
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A/biosynthesis
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A/metabolism
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Nathaniel Roybal
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131-0001, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|