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Smith WB, Galyean ML, Kallenbach RL, Greenwood PL, Scholljegerdes EJ. Understanding intake on pastures: how, why, and a way forward. J Anim Sci 2021; 99:skab062. [PMID: 33640988 PMCID: PMC8218867 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skab062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
An assessment of dietary intake is a critical component of animal nutrition. Consumption of feed resources is the basis upon which feeding strategies and grazing management are based. Yet, as far back as 1948, researchers have lauded the trials and tribulations of estimation of the phenomenon, especially when focused on grazing animals and pasture resources. The grazing environment presents a unique situation in which the feed resource is not provided to the animal but, rather, the animal operates as the mechanism of harvest. Therefore, tools for estimation must be developed, validated, and applied to the scenario. There are a plethora of methods currently in use for the estimation of intake, ranging from manual measurement of herbage disappearance to digital technologies and sensors, each of which come with its share of advantages and disadvantages. In order to more firmly grasp these concepts and provide a discussion on the future of this estimation, the Forages and Pastures Symposium at the 2020 ASAS-CSAS-WSASAS Annual Meeting was dedicated to this topic. This review summarizes the presentations in that symposium and offers further insight into where we have come from and where we are going in the estimation of intake for grazing livestock.
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Affiliation(s)
- William B Smith
- Department of Animal Science and Veterinary Technology,
Tarleton State University, Stephenville, TX
76401, USA
| | - Michael L Galyean
- Office of the Provost, Texas Tech
University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
| | - Robert L Kallenbach
- College of Agriculture, Food & Natural Resources,
University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211,
USA
| | - Paul L Greenwood
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, Armidale Livestock
Industries Centre, University of New England, Armidale,
NSW 2351, Australia
- F. D. McMaster Research Laboratory Chiswick, CSIRO
Agriculture and Food, Armidale, NSW 2350,
Australia
| | - Eric J Scholljegerdes
- Department of Animal and Range Sciences, New Mexico State
University, Las Cruces, NM 88003, USA
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Alvarado-Gilis CA, Aperce CC, Miller KA, Van Bibber-Krueger CL, Uwituze S, Drouillard JS, Higgins JJ. Effects of feeding diets rich in α-linolenic acid and copper on performance, carcass characteristics, and fatty acid profiles of feedlot heifers1. J Anim Sci 2014; 92:5612-21. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2014-8011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - C. C. Aperce
- Department of Animal Sciences, Kansas State University, Manhattan 66506
| | - K. A. Miller
- Department of Animal Sciences, Kansas State University, Manhattan 66506
| | | | - S. Uwituze
- Department of Animal Sciences, Kansas State University, Manhattan 66506
| | - J. S. Drouillard
- Department of Animal Sciences, Kansas State University, Manhattan 66506
| | - J. J. Higgins
- Department of Statistics, Kansas State University, Manhattan 66506
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Abuelfatah K, Zakaria MZAB, Meng GY, Sazili AQ. Changes in fatty acid composition and distribution of N-3 fatty acids in goat tissues fed different levels of whole linseed. ScientificWorldJournal 2014; 2014:934154. [PMID: 25478601 PMCID: PMC4244975 DOI: 10.1155/2014/934154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2014] [Revised: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 10/03/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The effects of feeding different levels of whole linseed on fatty acid (FA) composition of muscles and adipose tissues of goat were investigated. Twenty-four Crossed Boer bucks were assigned randomly into three treatment diets: L0, L10, or L20, containing 0%, 10%, or 20% whole linseed, respectively. The goats were slaughtered after 110 days of feeding. Samples from the longissimus dorsi, supraspinatus, semitendinosus, and subcutaneous fat (SF) and perirenal fat (PF) were taken for FA analyses. In muscles, the average increments in α-linolenic (ALA) and total n-3 PUFA were 6.48 and 3.4, and 11.48 and 4.78 for L10 and L20, respectively. In the adipose tissues, the increments in ALA and total n-3 PUFA were 3.07- and 6.92-fold and 3.00- and 7.54-fold in SF and PF for L10 and L20, respectively. The n-6 : n-3 ratio of the muscles was decreased from up to 8.86 in L0 to 2 or less in L10 and L20. The PUFA : SFA ratio was increased in all the tissues of L20 compared to L0. It is concluded that both inclusion levels (10% and 20%) of whole linseed in goat diets resulted in producing meat highly enriched with n-3 PUFA with desirable n-6 : n-3 ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamaleldin Abuelfatah
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Faculty of Animal Production, University of Khartoum, Shambat, 13314 Khartoum North, Sudan
| | - Md. Zuki Abu Bakar Zakaria
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Institute of Biosciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Goh Yong Meng
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Awis Qurni Sazili
- Department of Animal Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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Scholljegerdes EJ, Lekatz LA, Vonnahme KA. Effects of short-term oilseed supplementation on plasma fatty acid composition, progesterone and prostaglandin F metabolite in lactating beef cows. Animal 2014; 8:777-85. [PMID: 24572170 DOI: 10.1017/s1751731114000263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Twenty-four 3-year-old Angus cows (512.2±21.6 kg) and six ruminally cannulated beef heifers (523.1±16.9 kg) were used to determine the impact of feeding oilseeds starting at the beginning of estrous synchronization until maternal recognition of pregnancy on plasma fatty acid composition. Starting ~60 days postpartum cows were synchronized with the Select Synch+controlled internal drug-release (CIDR) device and timed artificial insemination (AI) protocol. The day CIDR was inserted; cattle were randomly assigned to one of the three treatments being grazing only (CON) or a supplement containing whole soybeans (SOY); or whole flaxseed (FLX). Cattle continued to receive these diets for 28 days. Blood was collected every 3 days until 10 days after insemination and then every day until 18 days after insemination. All cattle grazed a common pasture and supplemented cattle were individually fed their respective supplements once daily. Ruminally cannulated heifers were used to evaluate the impact supplements had on forage intake, which was reduced (P=0.05) with oilseed supplementation. Feeding oilseeds increased total fatty acid intake (P<0.001) across treatments with SOY having greater (P<0.001) 18:2n-6 intake than either CON or FLX. Likewise, cattle fed FLX had greater (P<0.001) 18:3n-3 intake than either CON or SOY. There was a treatment×time interaction (P≤0.05) for all fatty acids identified except for 20:5n-3 (P=0.99). Within 3 days after the start of supplementation, plasma concentrations of 18:2n-6 increased (P<0.001) for cattle fed SOY compared with CON or FLX, whereas flax-fed cattle did not exhibit an increase (P=0.02) until day 15 of supplementation over that of CON. Plasma concentrations for 18:3n-3 was greater (P<0.013) for FLX than both CON and SOY by day 12. Feeding flaxseed tended to (P=0.07) increase and increased (P=0.01) plasma concentrations of 20:4n-6 by day 18 over CON and SOY, respectively. Overall, treatment did not affect serum concentration of progesterone (P=0.18) or prostaglandin F metabolite (P=0.89). However, day after breeding had an effect on serum progesterone (P=0.01) with day 16 after timed AI being lower compared with other days. Feeding oilseeds during the time of estrous synchronization will not only increase the energy density of the diet but will provide key fatty acids around the time of maternal recognition of pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- E J Scholljegerdes
- 1 United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Northern Great Plains Research Laboratory, Mandan, ND 55505, USA
| | - L A Lekatz
- 2 Department of Agriculture, Illinois State University, Normal, IL 61761, USA
| | - K A Vonnahme
- 3 Center for Nutrition and Pregnancy, Department of Animal Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58102, USA
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Effects of abomasal infusion of flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum) oil on microbial β-glucuronidase activity and concentration of the mammalian lignan enterolactone in ruminal fluid, plasma, urine and milk of dairy cows. Br J Nutr 2012; 109:433-40. [PMID: 22717302 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114512001341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Ruminal microbiota plays an important role in the conversion of plant lignans into mammalian lignans. The main mammalian lignan present in the milk of dairy cows fed flax products is enterolactone (EL). The objectives of the present study were to investigate the effects of abomasal infusion of flax oil on the metabolism of flax lignans and concentrations of EL in biological fluids of dairy cows. A total of six rumen-cannulated dairy cows were assigned within a 2 × 3 factorial arrangement of six treatments utilising flax hulls (0 and 15·9 % of DM) and abomasal infusion of flax oil (0, 250 and 500 g/d). There were six periods of 21 d each. Samples were collected during the last 7 d of each period and subjected to chemical analysis. Flax hull supplementation increased concentrations of EL in ruminal fluid, plasma, urine and milk, while flax oil infusion had no effect. Post-feeding, β-glucuronidase activity in the ruminal fluid of cows infused with 250 g flax oil was significantly lower for cows fed hulls than for those fed the control diet. The present study demonstrated that the presence of a rich source of n-3 fatty acids such as flax oil in the small intestine does not interfere with the absorption of the mammalian lignan EL and that lower ruminal β-glucuronidase activity had no effect on the conversion of flax lignans into EL in the rumen of dairy cows.
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Moriel P, Nayigihugu V, Cappellozza BI, Gonçalves EP, Krall JM, Foulke T, Cammack KM, Hess BW. Camelina meal and crude glycerin as feed supplements for developing replacement beef heifers. J Anim Sci 2011; 89:4314-24. [PMID: 21821818 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2010-3630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Angus × Gelbvieh rotationally crossbred yearling heifers (n = 99, yr 1; n = 105, yr 2) were used in a 2-yr randomized complete block design experiment with repeated measures to determine the effect of feeding camelina biodiesel coproducts (meal and crude glycerin) on serum concentrations of triiodothyronine, thyroxine, insulin, β-hydroxybutyrate, and glucose, as well as on growth and reproductive performance. Heifers were assigned to 1 of 15 pens, and pens were assigned initially to receive 7.03 k·•heifer(-1)·d(-1) of bromegrass hay plus 0.95 kg·heifer(-1)·d(-1) of 1 of 3 supplements for 60 d before breeding: 1) control (50% ground corn and 50% soybean meal, as-fed basis); 2) mechanically extracted camelina meal; or 3) crude glycerin (50% soybean meal, 33% ground corn, 15% crude glycerin, 2% corn gluten meal; as-fed basis). Preprandial blood samples were collected via the jugular vein on d 0, 30, and 60 of the feeding period. A 2-injection PGF(2α) protocol (d 60 and 70 of the study) was used to synchronize estrus. Heifers were artificially inseminated 12 h after estrus was first detected. Heifers not detected in estrus within 66 h received a GnRH injection and were artificially inseminated. Dietary treatment × sampling period interactions were not detected (P = 0.17 to 0.87). Dietary treatment did not affect BW (P = 0.44 to 0.59) or serum concentrations of thyroxine (P = 0.96), β-hydroxybutyrate (P = 0.46), glucose (P = 0.59), or insulin (P = 0.44). Serum concentrations of triiodothyronine were greater (P = 0.05) in heifers fed camelina meal. Additionally, dietary treatment did not affect the percentage of heifers detected in estrus before timed AI (P = 0.83), first-service pregnancy rates of those heifers detected in estrus (P = 0.97), or overall first-service pregnancy rates (P = 0.58). Heifers fed camelina meal, however, had greater (P = 0.05) first-service pregnancy rates to timed AI than did heifers fed the control and crude glycerin supplements. The cost per pregnancy was similar for heifers fed the crude glycerin or the control supplement, whereas the cost per pregnancy was the least for heifers fed camelina meal. We conclude that camelina coproducts can replace conventional corn-soybean meal supplements in the diets of developing replacement beef heifers.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Moriel
- Department of Animal Science, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming 82071, USA
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Scholljegerdes EJ, Lekatz LA, Vonnahme KA. Effects of short-term oilseed supplementation on reproductive performance in beef heifers. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2011. [DOI: 10.4141/cjas2010-045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Scholljegerdes, E. J., Lekatz, L. A. and Vonnahme, K. A. 2011. Effects of short-term oilseed supplementation on reproductive performance in beef heifers. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 91: 221–229. The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the role of a short-term increase in linolenic acid around the timed artificial insemination (TAI) on plasma fatty acid concentrations, estrous behavior, and pregnancy. Therefore, 96 cross-bred heifers (Initial BW=394±18.1 kg) fed chopped grass hay were allotted to one of three dietary treatments: no supplement (CON); 1.8 kg head−1 d−1 (DM basis) of a soybean-based pellet (SOY) high in linoleic acid (C18:2n-6); or 1.5 kg head−1 d−1 (DM basis) of a flaxseed-based pellet (FLX) high in linolenic acid (C18:3n-3). On day −9, relative to TAI, supplementation began, and heifers received a controlled internal drug-releasing (CIDR) device and gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH; 100 µg). On day −2, CIDRs were removed and heifers received 25 mg prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α). Heifers were bred by TAI (day 0) 54 h after CIDR removal and received GnRH. Estrous behavior was monitored throughout the feeding period by radiotelemetry. Supplementation ended on day 18 relative to TAI. Plasma concentrations of C18:2n-6 were greater by day 0 and day 18 (P<0.001) above that of CON for both SOY and FLX with SOY being greater than (P<0.001) FLX. Likewise, C18:3n-3 was also greater for supplemented heifers by day 0 and day 18 (P<0.001). The number of heifers that did not respond to estrous synchronization was not affected by dietary treatment (P=0.61). Conception to AI was not affected by treatment (P=0.24). Overall pregnancy rates tended to be lower for FLX (P=0.08) than SOY. Conception to a TAI program was not enhanced when oilseeds were fed to beef heifers during estrous synchronization and continuing past day 18 relative to artificial insemination.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - L. A. Lekatz
- Center for Nutrition and Pregnancy, Department of Animal Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA
| | - K. A. Vonnahme
- Center for Nutrition and Pregnancy, Department of Animal Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA
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Scholljegerdes EJ, Kronberg SL. Effect of supplemental ground flaxseed fed to beef cattle grazing summer native range on the northern Great Plains1,2. J Anim Sci 2010; 88:2108-21. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2009-2535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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