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Aderibigbe A, Ajuwon K, Adeola O. Digestibility of phosphorus in growing pigs as influenced by source and concentration of dietary phosphorus and collection site. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2021; 105:1046-1055. [PMID: 33655642 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The current study examined the influence of source and concentration of dietary phosphorus (P) on the apparent ileal digestibility (AID) and apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of P in growing pigs. Eighteen cannulated barrows (25 ± 5 kg) were allotted to a triplicate 6 × 3 incomplete Latin square design with six diets and three periods. The diets comprised of soybean meal (SBM) or distillers' dried grain with solubles (DDGS) as sole sources of dietary P, and three concentrations of P (2.0, 2.5 or 3.0 g/kg) in a 2 × 3 factorial arrangement. The AID and ATTD of P were not different (p = 0.37) in all diets. Apparent digestibility of P was affected (p < 0.01) by source and concentration of P. There was no interaction between source and concentration of dietary P on the apparent digestibility of P. Determined by regression analysis, the true ileal digestibility of P was 58.3% or 57.6%, and true total tract digestibility of P was 56.0% or 62.6%, for SBM or DDGS, respectively. The regression-derived ileal endogenous P loss (EPL) was 0.61 or 0.13 g/kg DM intake, and total tract EPL was 0.53 or 0.35 g/kg DM intake, for SBM or DDGS, respectively. In conclusion, the study demonstrated that both the source and concentration of dietary P affect the digestibility of P in growing pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayodeji Aderibigbe
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Kolapo Ajuwon
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Olayiwola Adeola
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
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2
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Qin D, Hara Y, Raboy V, Saneoka H. Characteristics and Quality of Japanese Traditional Fermented Soybean (Natto) from a Low-phytate Line. PLANT FOODS FOR HUMAN NUTRITION (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2020; 75:651-655. [PMID: 33099715 DOI: 10.1007/s11130-020-00865-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The Japanese traditional fermented soybean or "natto", a cheap and nutrient-rich food, is very popular in Japan. The low-phytate (LP) soybeans exhibit higher mineral bioavailability; however, their use in preparing natto has not been reported. Therefore, in this study, characteristics and quality of natto prepared using LP soybean were investigated. The findings revealed a better color, lower stickiness, and lower hardness and taste of LP natto with lower phytate and higher inorganic phosphorus (Pi) concentrations than those in the normal-phytate (NP) natto. However, the Ca, Mg, and K concentrations were not significantly different between LP and NP natto, whereas the protein level in NP natto was slightly higher than that in LP natto. These findings indicate that the lower phytate content in LP natto than that in NP natto, could facilitate a higher bioavailability of P and other minerals. Moreover, the improved color and lower stickiness, in addition to lower hardness and taste of LP natto, imparted through improved manufacturing process could increase its acceptability overseas, thereby increasing its commercial value. These improved qualities of LP natto could contribute to improving human health as well as increasing sustainable food and nutrient security.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Qin
- Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, 1-4-4 Kagamiyama, Higashi- Hiroshima, 739-8528, Japan
| | - Yoshie Hara
- Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, 1-4-4 Kagamiyama, Higashi- Hiroshima, 739-8528, Japan
| | - Victor Raboy
- Small Grains and Potato Research Unit, USDA-ARS, 1600 South 2700 West, Aberdeen, ID, 83210, USA
| | - Hirofumi Saneoka
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, 1-4-4 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, 739-8528, Japan.
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3
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Wubuli A, Gerlinger C, Reyer H, Oster M, Muráni E, Trakooljul N, Ponsuksili S, Wolf P, Wimmers K. Reduced phosphorus intake throughout gestation and lactation of sows is mitigated by transcriptional adaptations in kidney and intestine. BMC Genomics 2020; 21:626. [PMID: 32917128 PMCID: PMC7488499 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-020-07049-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The environmental impact of pig farming need to be reduced, with phosphorus (P) being of particular interest. Specified dietary regimens and management systems contribute to meet environmental concerns and reduce economic constrains. However, pregnant and lactating sows represent vulnerable individuals, whose reproductive potential and metabolic health status relies on adequate supply of macro- and micronutrients. The aim of this study was to investigate, whether sows fed with a dietary P content that is below or above current recommendations are capable to maintain mineral homeostasis during the reproduction cycle and which endogenous mechanisms are retrieved therefore in kidney and jejunum. Nulliparous gilts were fed iso-energetic diets with recommended (M), reduced (L), or high (H) amounts of mineral P supplements throughout gestation and lactation periods. Blood metabolites and hormones referring to the P homeostasis were retrieved prior to term (110 days of gestation) and at weaning (28 days of lactation). Transcriptional responses in kidney cortex and jejunal mucosa were analyzed using RNA sequencing. Results The variable dietary P content neither led to an aberration on fertility traits such as total weaned piglets nor to an effect on the weight pattern throughout gestation and lactation. Serum parameters revealed a maintained P homeostasis as reflected by unaltered inorganic P and calcium levels in L and H fed groups. The serum calcitriol levels were increased in lactating L sows. The endocrine responses to the dietary challenge were reflected at the transcriptional level. L diets led to an increase in CYP27B1 expression in the kidney compared to the H group and to an altered gene expression associated with lipid metabolism in the kidney and immune response in the jejunum. Conclusions Our results suggest that current P requirements for gestating and lactating sows are sufficient and over supplementation of mineral P is not required. Shifts in renal and jejunal expression patterns between L and H groups indicate an affected intermediate metabolism, which long-term relevance needs to be further clarified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aisanjiang Wubuli
- Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196, Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Christian Gerlinger
- Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196, Dummerstorf, Germany.,Nutritional Physiology and Animal Nutrition, University of Rostock, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 6b, 18059, Rostock, Germany
| | - Henry Reyer
- Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196, Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Michael Oster
- Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196, Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Eduard Muráni
- Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196, Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Nares Trakooljul
- Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196, Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Siriluck Ponsuksili
- Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196, Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Petra Wolf
- Nutritional Physiology and Animal Nutrition, University of Rostock, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 6b, 18059, Rostock, Germany
| | - Klaus Wimmers
- Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196, Dummerstorf, Germany. .,Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Rostock, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 7, 18059, Rostock, Germany.
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Dong Q, Echigo K, Raboy V, Saneoka H. Seedling growth, physiological characteristics, nitrogen fixation, and root and nodule phytase and phosphatase activity of a low-phytate soybean line. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2020; 149:225-232. [PMID: 32086159 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2020.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the influence of the valuable "low-phytate" trait on soybean seedling growth, physiology, and biochemistry will facilitate its future exploitation. The aim was to elucidate the physiological and biochemical characteristics of low-phytate (LP) soybean at the seedling stage. To this end, seed P and mineral content and seedling dry weight, carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) accumulation, nitrogen fixation, and root and nodule phytase and phosphatase activity levels were measured at 21 d after sowing LP and normal-phytate (NP) soybean lines. Seedling dry weight, and C and N accumulation were 31%, 38% and 54% higher, respectively, in the LP line than the NP line. The total and specific nitrogen fixation levels in the LP nodules were 46% and 78% higher, respectively, than those in the NP nodules. The phytase, phosphatase, and specific phytase levels were 1.4-folds, 1.3-folds, and 1.3-folds higher, respectively, in the LP roots than the NP roots. The phosphatase and specific phosphatase levels in LP nodules were 1.5-folds and 1.3-folds higher, respectively, than those in the NP nodules. The mineral levels were substantially higher in the LP seeds and seedings than in those of the NP line. The HCl extractabilities of P, S, Fe, Cu and Mn were higher in the LP seeds than the NP seeds. These results indicate that the LP line presented with superior seedling growth and nitrogen fixation relative to the NP line. The LP line had relatively higher root phytase and root and nodule phosphatase activity levels than the NP line and could, therefore, be better suited and more readily adapt to low P conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Dong
- Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, 1-4-4 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, 739-8528, Japan.
| | - Kohei Echigo
- Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, 1-4-4 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, 739-8528, Japan.
| | - Victor Raboy
- USDA-ARS, Small Grains and Potato Research Unit, 1600 South 2700 West, Aberdeen, ID, 83210, USA.
| | - Hirofumi Saneoka
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, 1-4-4 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, 739-8528, Japan.
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Rosenfelder-Kuon P, Siegert W, Rodehutscord M. Effect of microbial phytase supplementation on P digestibility in pigs: a meta-analysis. Arch Anim Nutr 2019; 74:1-18. [PMID: 31769698 DOI: 10.1080/1745039x.2019.1687249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The objectives of this meta-analysis were to determine to which extent phosphorus (P) digestibility and digestible P concentration in pig diets were increased by phytase supplementation and to quantify factors that potentially influence effects of phytase supplementation. A data set with a total of 547 data lines was compiled from 88 experiments published in 74 peer-reviewed papers between 2007 and April 2019. An exponential model was determined as more suitable to describe the response of P digestibility to phytase supplementation than a polynomial model. Phytase supplementation increased P digestibility by 25.6 percentage points (standard error (SE) = 1.54) to a plateau at 64.9% (SE = 1.82). The digestible P concentration was increased by phytase supplementation in the order of 1.01 g/kg (SE = 0.102) to a plateau at 2.62 g/kg (SE = 0.122). Goodness-of-fit criteria were R2 = 0.780 and root mean square error = 7.55% for P digestibility, and R2 = 0.691 and root mean square error = 0.48 g/kg for digestible P concentration. Consideration of further factors such as mineral P supplementation (yes or no), ad libitum vs. restrictive feeding, mixed diets vs. single feed ingredients, sex and age of pigs did not increase the accuracy of prediction in this data set. Some of these traits exhibited responses, but they likely are artefacts generated through the imbalanced structure of the data set. Effects of dietary total P, phytate (InsP6), InsP6-P to total P ratio, and Ca on the effect of supplemented phytase were not quantifiable. The present meta-analysis showed that responses to phytase supplementation can be well predicted although variation in P digestibility and digestible P concentration in the data set was high. Overall, predicted effects of phytase on P digestibility well corresponded to predictions made 25 years ago.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wolfgang Siegert
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
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6
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Prospects for the use of genetically modified crops with improved nutritional properties as feed materials in poultry nutrition. WORLD POULTRY SCI J 2019. [DOI: 10.1017/s0043933911000729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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7
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Sheppard SC. Elemental Composition of Swine Manure from 1997 to 2017: Changes Relevant to Environmental Consequences. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 2019; 48:164-170. [PMID: 30640338 DOI: 10.2134/jeq2018.06.0226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
There have been revisions in the composition of swine diets in the last two decades that not only improved production profitability but also had potential environmental benefits. Among other changes, the use of phytase in feed has enabled lower total P concentrations. Nitrogen, specifically protein, concentrations are expected to be lower, and certain trace elements were also expected to change. In this study, analyses of 1195 swine slurry manure samples from various barn types in Manitoba, Canada, collected from 1997 to 2002 were compared with similar analyses from 2010 and 2017. Concentrations of P were significantly lower in 2017, from a median in sow barns of 28.0 g kg dry weight (dw) in 1998 to 2002 to 20.6 g kg dw in 2010 and 2017, and from a median in feeder finisher barns of 24.1 g kg dw in 1998 to 2002 to 18.7 g kg dw in 2010 and 2017. Total N levels did not change with time, but the fraction of manure N that was NH decreased. Zinc concentrations were consistently higher in nursery manures than in other swine manures and increased from a median of 2800 mg kg dw in nursery barns in 1998 to 2002 to 5580 mg kg dw in nursery barns in 2010 and 2017. Concentrations of most other trace elements decreased over this time period. With the exception of Zn from nursery barns, these temporal changes should lessen the potential for environmental consequences from swine manure application to land.
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8
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Isolation, Identification and Molecular Characterization of Phytase Producing Bacteria, Pseudomonas Sp. aazad. JOURNAL OF PURE AND APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.22207/jpam.11.4.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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9
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Pokharel BB, Regassa A, Nyachoti CM, Kim WK. Effect of low levels of dietary available phosphorus on phosphorus utilization, bone mineralization, phosphorus transporter mRNA expression and performance in growing pigs. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2017; 52:395-401. [PMID: 28277077 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2017.1292096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A study was conducted to examine the effects of different dietary levels of available phosphorus (aP) on P excretion, bone mineralization, performance and the mRNA expression of sodium-dependent P transporters in growing pigs. Sixty-day old growing pigs (n = 54) with an average initial BW of 19.50 ± 1.11 kg were randomly allocated to a control diet (C) containing 0.23% available phosphorus (aP), T1 containing 0.17% aP and T2 containing 0.11% aP. There were 6 pens per treatment with 3 pigs per pen. Body weight and feed intake were measured weekly. At the end of each week, one pig from each pen was housed in a metabolic crate for 24 h to collect fecal and urine samples and then sacrificed to obtain third metacarpal (MC3) bones and jejunal and kidney samples. Bones were scanned by Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DEXA). Fecal and urine samples were sub-sampled and analyzed for P content. The expression of P transporter mRNA in jejunum and kidney samples was measured using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Data were analyzed using GLM procedure of the Statistical Analysis System (SAS Institute version 9.2). Pigs fed the T2 diet had reduced (P < 0.05) average daily gain (ADG) and gain to feed (G:F) compared to those fed the C diet during week 2. Overall, ADG and G:F were also reduced (P < 0.05) in pigs fed the T2 diet compared to those fed the C and T1 diets. Bone mineral density (BMD) and bone mineral content (BMC) were reduced (P < 0.05) in pigs fed the T2 diet compared to those fed the C diet throughout the experiment. At week 1, jejunal mRNA expression of Na (+)-dependent phosphate transporter 2 (SLC34A2) was increased (P < 0.01) in pigs fed the T2 diet compared to C diet. Renal mRNA expression of Na(+)-dependent phosphate transporter 1 (SLC34A1) and SLC34A3 were increased (P < 0.05) in pigs fed the T2 diet compared to those fed the C diet at week 2 and was accompanied by lower (P < 0.05) urinary P in pigs fed the T2 diet during week 2 and week 3. In conclusion, growing pigs are highly sensitive to low dietary P as shown by reduced ADG, bone mineralization and urinary P level, but moderate reduction in dietary P up to 0.17% aP in the diet has the potential to reduce environmental pollution by reducing P concentration in swine manure and without compromising performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bishwo B Pokharel
- a Department of Animal Science , University of Manitoba , Winnipeg , Manitoba , Canada
| | - Alemu Regassa
- a Department of Animal Science , University of Manitoba , Winnipeg , Manitoba , Canada
| | - Charles M Nyachoti
- a Department of Animal Science , University of Manitoba , Winnipeg , Manitoba , Canada
| | - Woo K Kim
- b Department of Poultry Science , University of Georgia , Athens , Georgia , USA
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10
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She Y, Li D, Zhang S. Methodological aspects of determining phosphorus digestibility in swine: A review. ANIMAL NUTRITION (ZHONGGUO XU MU SHOU YI XUE HUI) 2017; 3:97-102. [PMID: 29767102 PMCID: PMC5941108 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2017.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Revised: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
The role of phosphorus (P) in swine nutrition has been taken on new significance in recent years. Methods to determine the available phosphorus (AP) content of swine feeds include relative bioavailability (RBV), apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD), standardized total tract digestibility (STTD), and true total tract digestibility (TTTD). The RBV of P is determined by measuring bone ash or bone P, whereas the ATTD of P is determined by calculating the difference between P intake and P excretion in feces. Recent research has shown that the use of ATTD of P underestimates the AP due to the existence of endogenous P in feces and digesta. The STTD can be calculated from ATTD by taking basal endogenous phosphorus losses (EPL) into consideration. The basal EPL in pigs can be measured by feeding a P-free diet. Values for STTD of P are believed to be additive in mixed diets but not for ATTD of P. The regression method is a common approach to determine total EPL and TTTD of P, which measures the linear relationship between fecal P excretion and the dietary intake of total P. In addition, in vitro methods such as the bionic enzymatic method are being increasingly utilized because they can be done quickly and simply. Several dietary factors such as P and Ca concentrations, phytate, Ca to P ratio and vitamin D may affect AP. This review summarizes the evolution of methods to measure AP and factors that can affect AP, which may provide information to formulate swine diet more accurately. Moreover, the knowledge about AP may help to reduce the P waste in swine production and thus decrease its impact on the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Shuai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture Feed Industry Centre, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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11
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Redekar NR, Biyashev RM, Jensen RV, Helm RF, Grabau EA, Maroof MAS. Genome-wide transcriptome analyses of developing seeds from low and normal phytic acid soybean lines. BMC Genomics 2015; 16:1074. [PMID: 26678836 PMCID: PMC4683714 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-015-2283-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Low phytic acid (lpa) crops are potentially eco-friendly alternative to conventional normal phytic acid (PA) crops, improving mineral bioavailability in monogastric animals as well as decreasing phosphate pollution. The lpa crops developed to date carry mutations that are directly or indirectly associated with PA biosynthesis and accumulation during seed development. These lpa crops typically exhibit altered carbohydrate profiles, increased free phosphate, and lower seedling emergence, the latter of which reduces overall crop yield, hence limiting their large-scale cultivation. Improving lpa crop yield requires an understanding of the downstream effects of the lpa genotype on seed development. Towards that end, we present a comprehensive comparison of gene-expression profiles between lpa and normal PA soybean lines (Glycine max) at five stages of seed development using RNA-Seq approaches. The lpa line used in this study carries single point mutations in a myo-inositol phosphate synthase gene along with two multidrug-resistance protein ABC transporter genes. RESULTS RNA sequencing data of lpa and normal PA soybean lines from five seed-developmental stages (total of 30 libraries) were used for differential expression and functional enrichment analyses. A total of 4235 differentially expressed genes, including 512-transcription factor genes were identified. Eighteen biological processes such as apoptosis, glucan metabolism, cellular transport, photosynthesis and 9 transcription factor families including WRKY, CAMTA3 and SNF2 were enriched during seed development. Genes associated with apoptosis, glucan metabolism, and cellular transport showed enhanced expression in early stages of lpa seed development, while those associated with photosynthesis showed decreased expression in late developmental stages. The results suggest that lpa-causing mutations play a role in inducing and suppressing plant defense responses during early and late stages of seed development, respectively. CONCLUSIONS This study provides a global perspective of transcriptomal changes during soybean seed development in an lpa mutant. The mutants are characterized by earlier expression of genes associated with cell wall biosynthesis and a decrease in photosynthetic genes in late stages. The biological processes and transcription factors identified in this study are signatures of lpa-causing mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neelam R Redekar
- Department of Crop and Soil Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, 185 AgQuad Lane, 24061, Blacksburg, VA, USA.
| | - Ruslan M Biyashev
- Department of Crop and Soil Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, 185 AgQuad Lane, 24061, Blacksburg, VA, USA.
| | - Roderick V Jensen
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Life Science I building, 24061, Blacksburg, VA, USA.
| | - Richard F Helm
- Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Tech, Life Science I building, 24061, Blacksburg, VA, USA.
| | - Elizabeth A Grabau
- Department of Plant Pathology, Physiology, and Weed Science, Virginia Tech, Price Hall, 24061, Blacksburg, VA, USA.
| | - M A Saghai Maroof
- Department of Crop and Soil Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, 185 AgQuad Lane, 24061, Blacksburg, VA, USA.
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12
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Kahindi R, Thacker P, Nyachoti C. Nutrient digestibility in diets containing low-phytate barley, low-phytate field pea and normal-phytate field pea, and the effects of microbial phytase on energy and nutrient digestibility in the low and normal-phytate field pea fed to pigs. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2015.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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13
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Singh B, Satyanarayana T. Fungal phytases: characteristics and amelioration of nutritional quality and growth of non-ruminants. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2014; 99:646-60. [DOI: 10.1111/jpn.12236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2013] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B. Singh
- Laboratory of Bioprocess Technology; Department of Microbiology; Maharshi Dayanand University; Haryana India
| | - T. Satyanarayana
- Department of Microbiology; University of Delhi South Campus; New Delhi India
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14
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Effect of fermentation with Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain PJ69-4 on the phytic acid, raffinose, and stachyose contents of soybean meal. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.15232/s1080-7446(15)30274-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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15
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Effect of phytase on nutrient digestibility, mineral utilization and performance in growing pigs. Livest Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2013.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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16
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Meta-analysis of phosphorus utilization by growing pigs: effect of dietary phosphorus, calcium and exogenous phytase. Animal 2013; 6:1590-600. [PMID: 23031558 DOI: 10.1017/s1751731112000560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Optimizing phosphorus (P) utilization in pigs requires improving our capacity to predict the amount of P absorbed and retained, with the main modulating factors taken into account, as well as precisely determining the P requirements of the animals. Given the large amount of published data on P utilization in pigs, a meta-analysis was performed to quantify the impact of the different dietary P forms, calcium (Ca) and exogenous phytases on the digestive and metabolic utilization criteria for dietary P in growing pigs. Accordingly, the amount of phytate P (PP) leading to digestible P (g/kg) was estimated to be 21%, compared with 73% for non-phytate P (NPP) from plant ingredients and 80% for NPP from mineral and animal ingredients (P < 0.001). The increase in total digestible dietary P following the addition of microbial phytase (PhytM) from Aspergillus niger (P < 0.001) was curvilinear and about two times higher than the increase following the addition of plant phytase, which leads to a linear response (P < 0.001). The response of digestible P to PhytM also depends on the amount of substrate, PP (PhytM(2) × PP, P < 0.001). The digestibility of dietary P decreased with dietary Ca concentration (P < 0.01) independently of phytase but increased with body weight (BW, P < 0.05). Although total digestible dietary P increased linearly with total NPP concentration (P < 0.001), retained P (g/kg), average daily gain (ADG, g/day) and average daily feed intake (ADFI, g/day) increased curvilinearly (P < 0.001). Interestingly, whereas dietary Ca negatively affected P digestibility, the effect of dietary Ca on retained P, ADG and ADFI depended on total dietary NPP (NPP × Ca, P < 0.01, P < 0.05 and P < 0.01, respectively). Increasing dietary Ca reduced retained P, ADG and ADFI at low NPP levels, but at higher NPP concentrations it had no effect on ADG and ADFI despite a positive effect on retained P. Although the curvilinear effect of PhytM on digestible P increased with PP (P < 0.001), this effect was lessened by total NPP for ADG and ADFI (PhytM × NPP and PhytM(2) × NPP, P < 0.05) and depended on both total NPP and Ca for retained P (PhytM(2) × NPP × Ca, P < 0.01). This meta-analysis improves our understanding of P utilization, with major modulating factors taken into account. The information generated will be useful for the development of robust models to formulate environmentally friendly diets for growing pigs.
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Abstract
Phytases are phosphohydrolytic enzymes that initiate stepwise removal of phosphate from phytate. Simple-stomached species such as swine, poultry, and fish require extrinsic phytase to digest phytate, the major form of phosphorus in plant-based feeds. Consequently, this enzyme is supplemented in these species’ diets to decrease their phosphorus excretion, and it has emerged as one of the most effective and lucrative feed additives. This chapter provides a comprehensive review of the evolving course of phytase science and technology. It gives realistic estimates of the versatile roles of phytase in animal feeding, environmental protection, rock phosphorus preservation, human nutrition and health, and industrial applications. It elaborates on new biotechnology and existing issues related to developing novel microbial phytases as well as phytase-transgenic plants and animals. And it targets critical and integrated analyses on the global impact, novel application, and future demand of phytase in promoting animal agriculture, human health, and societal sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Gen Lei
- Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
| | | | | | | | - Michael J. Azain
- Department of Animal Science, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
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Kebreab E, Hansen AV, Strathe AB. Animal production for efficient phosphate utilization: from optimized feed to high efficiency livestock. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2012; 23:872-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2012.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2012] [Revised: 06/05/2012] [Accepted: 06/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Li SF, Niu YB, Liu JS, Lu L, Zhang LY, Ran CY, Feng MS, Du B, Deng JL, Luo XG. Energy, amino acid, and phosphorus digestibility of phytase transgenic corn for growing pigs. J Anim Sci 2012; 91:298-308. [PMID: 23100575 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2012-5211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Three experiments were conducted to evaluate energy, AA, and P digestibility in a phytase transgenic corn (PTC) containing a phytase gene (phyA2) isolated from Aspergillus niger compared with a nontransgenic near-isoline conventional corn (CC) grown in the same environmental conditions for growing pigs. Experiment 1 was an energy balance experiment conducted to measure DE and ME in PTC and CC. Eighteen growing barrows (initial BW 25.8±0.3 kg) from 9 litters were allotted by BW and litter to 1 of 2 dietary treatments with 9 pigs per treatment in a randomized complete block design. Pigs were individually placed in metabolism cages and fed diets based on the 2 corns. The DE and ME in PTC (3,967 and 3,941 kcal/kg of DM, respectively) were greater (P<0.05) than those in CC (3,917 and 3,848 kcal/kg of DM, respectively). Experiment 2 was conducted to measure apparent ileal digestibility (AID) and standardized ileal digestibility (SID) values of CP and AA in the 2 corns. Eighteen growing barrows (initial BW 41.8±0.7 kg) were equipped with a T-cannula in the distal ileum. Pigs were placed in metabolism cages in a completely randomized design with 3 dietary treatments of 6 pigs each. An N-free diet was used to estimate basal endogenous losses of CP and AA. The AID and SID values for CP and all AA did not differ between the 2 corns. Experiment 3 was conducted to measure apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) and standardized total tract digestibility (STTD) values of P in the 2 corns. Eighteen growing pigs (initial BW 30.5±0.5 kg) from 6 litters were placed in metabolism cages in a randomized complete block design with 3 dietary treatments of 6 pigs each based on BW and litter. Two diets were based on the 2 corns, and a P-free diet was used to measure endogenous P losses. The ATTD and STTD values of P were greater (P<0.05) in the PTC diet (71.4% and 76.9%, respectively) than those in the CC diet (27.6% and 33.4%, respectively). Pigs fed the PTC diet had a greater (P<0.05) P retention (70.7%) than those fed the CC diet (27.1%). It was concluded that PTC had a greater digestibility of energy and P than CC for growing pigs. As a consequence, if PTC replaces CC in a pig diet, the DE and ME in the diet will increase, and less inorganic P will need to be supplemented to the diet, and thus P excretion in manure will be decreased.
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Affiliation(s)
- S F Li
- Department of Animal Science, Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
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Komplikationen und metabolische Störungen nach bariatrischen Operationen aus gastroenterologischer Sicht. DER GASTROENTEROLOGE 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s11377-010-0469-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Lott JN, Bojarski M, Kolasa J, Batten GD, Campbell LC. A review of the phosphorus content of dry cereal and legume crops of the world. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1504/ijarge.2009.032640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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