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Wang J, Yin R, Liu Y, Wang B, Wang N, Xiao P, Xiao T, Hirai H. Meta-analysis of neonicotinoid insecticides in global surface waters. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:1039-1047. [PMID: 35907075 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-22270-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Neonicotinoids (NEOs) are a class of insecticides that have high insecticidal activity and are extensively used worldwide. However, increasing evidence suggests their long-term residues in the environment and toxic effects on nontarget organisms. NEO residues are frequently detected in water and consequently have created increasing levels of pollution and pose significant risks to humans. Many studies have focused on NEO concentrations in water; however, few studies have focused on global systematic reviews or meta-analyses of NEO concentrations in water. The purpose of this review is to conduct a meta-analysis on the concentration of NEOs in global waters based on published detections from several countries to extend knowledge on the application of NEOs. In the present study, 43 published papers from 10 countries were indexed for a meta-analysis of the global NEO distribution in water. Most of these studies focus on the intensive agricultural area, such as eastern Asia and North America. The order of mean concentrations is identified as imidacloprid (119.542 ± 15.656 ng L-1) > nitenpyram (88.076 ± 27.144 ng L-1) > thiamethoxam (59.752 ± 9.068 ng L-1) > dinotefuran (31.086 ± 9.275 ng L-1) > imidaclothiz (24.542 ± 2.906 ng L-1) > acetamiprid (23.360 ± 4.015 ng L-1) > thiacloprid (11.493 ± 5.095 ng L-1). Moreover, the relationships between NEO concentrations and some environmental factors are analyzed. NEO concentrations increase with temperature, oxidation-reduction potential, and the percentage of cultivated crops but decrease with stream discharge, pH, dissolved oxygen, and precipitation. NEO concentrations show no significant relations to turbidity and conductivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianqiao Wang
- Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Ru Yin
- Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yilin Liu
- Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Beijia Wang
- Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Nana Wang
- Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Pengfei Xiao
- College of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Tangfu Xiao
- Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
- State Key Laboratory of Geohazard Prevention and Geoenvironment Protection, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu, 610059, China
| | - Hirofumi Hirai
- Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, 422-8529, Japan.
- Research Institute of Green Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, 422-8529, Japan.
- Research Institute for Mushroom Science, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, 422-8529, Japan.
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Bryant TC, Jennings J. Roughage and Dietary Influence on Liver Abscesses. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 2022; 38:405-419. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cvfa.2022.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Kang H, Lee M, Jeon S, Lee SM, Lee JH, Seo S. Effect of flaking on the digestibility of corn in ruminants. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2021; 63:1018-1033. [PMID: 34796345 PMCID: PMC8564314 DOI: 10.5187/jast.2021.e91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we aimed to assess the effect of flaking on the nutrient
digestibility of corn grain in ruminants. In this regard, in
vitro rumen fermentation, in situ rumen
degradability, and in vivo metabolic experiments were
performed. The automated gas production technique was used for the in
vitro fermentation experiments. Six types of corn flakes with
various degrees of gelatinization (32%, 41%, 48%, 66%, 86%, and 89%) were ground
and incubated in rumen fluid to measure rumen fermentation characteristics and
digestion rate. The in situ degradability of ground corn, whole
corn, and corn flakes with 62% and 66% gelatinization was measured by incubation
in the rumen of two cannulated Holstein cows. In vivo metabolic
experiments were performed using 12 crossbred goats (29.8 ± 4.37 kg)
using a 3 × 3 Latin square design. The dietary treatments consisted of
ground corn and flaked corn with 48% or 62% gelatinization. In
vitro experiments showed that as the degree of gelatinization
increased, the digestion rate increased linearly, while the discrete lag time
decreased linearly (p < 0.05). The effective rumen dry
matter degradability, determined by in situ fermentation, was
37%p lower in corn flakes than ground corn, assuming a passage rate of 6%/h
(p < 0.01), and there was no difference between the
two flakes. In the in vivo experiment, there was no difference
in dry matter intake, average daily gain, feed efficiency, and nitrogen
utilization among the treatment groups (p > 0.05);
however, the crude fat digestibility was lower for corn flakes than for ground
corn (p < 0.05). To summarize, the rate of fermentation
of corn flakes increased as the degree of gelatinization increased. However,
non-ground corn flakes had lower rumen digestibility and did not improve
in vivo apparent nutrient digestibility, compared with
ground corn. In contrast to the assumption that flaked corn provides more energy
to ruminant animals than ground corn, we conclude that the digestibility and
energy value of corn flakes are lower than those of ground corn if mastication
does not sufficiently reduce the particle size of corn flakes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamin Kang
- Division of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
| | - Mingyung Lee
- Division of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
| | - Seoyoung Jeon
- Division of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
| | | | | | - Seongwon Seo
- Division of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
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Ahn JS, Shin JS, Kim MJ, Son GH, Gil DY, Kwon EG, Park BK. A study on the optimal thickness of corn flakes produced by using the pressurized steam chamber. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2020; 62:475-484. [PMID: 32803180 PMCID: PMC7416155 DOI: 10.5187/jast.2020.62.4.475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of the thickness of corn flakes produced by pressurized steam chamber (PSC) on rumen fermentation characteristics and nutrient degradability in Hanwoo and Holstein cows. Corn flakes were treated by PSC, in three groups based on corn flake thickness: < 2.5 mm (T1), 2.5-3.0 mm (T2), and > 3.0 mm (T3). Corn flake thickness significantly influenced pH (p < 0.01) and propionate concentration (p < 0.05) and slightly but not significantly influenced acetate, butyrate, and total-volatile fatty acids (T-VFA) concentrations. The dry matter (DM) degradability increased significantly with a reduction in corn flake thickness (p < 0.01), being significantly greater in T1 and T2 than T3 groups (p < 0.01) and similar between T1 and T2 groups throughout whole incubation time. Also, starch degradability was the lowest in T3 groups than others (p < 0.01). Thus, the present results showed that considering the production efficiency and economic feasibility, the optimal thickness of corn flakes produced in a PSC is recommended to be 2.5-3.0 mm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Sang Ahn
- Hanwoo Research Institute, National
Institute of Animal Science, RDA, Pyeongchang 25340,
Korea
| | - Jong-Suh Shin
- Department of Animal Science, Kangwon
National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
| | - Min-Ji Kim
- Department of Animal Science, Kangwon
National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
| | - Gi-Hwal Son
- Department of Animal Science, Kangwon
National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
| | - Deok-Yun Gil
- Department of Animal Science, Kangwon
National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
| | - Eung-Gi Kwon
- Hanwoo Research Institute, National
Institute of Animal Science, RDA, Pyeongchang 25340,
Korea
| | - Byung-Ki Park
- Department of Animal Science, Kangwon
National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
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Hales KE, Cole NA. Hourly methane production in finishing steers fed at different levels of dry matter intake. J Anim Sci 2017; 95:2089-2096. [PMID: 28727002 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2016.1023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Methane (CH) loss from finishing cattle is important as it represents an energy loss that could be used for maintenance and growth, and CH is a greenhouse gas with a global warming potential 21 to 25 times that of CO. Our objectives were to determine hourly CH production from growing cattle fed diets differing in corn processing method (dry rolling or steam flaking) and wet distillers grains with solubles (WDGS) inclusion rate. Eight steers (195 kg ± 2.3 in Exp. 1 and 322 kg ± 3.7 in Exp. 2) were fed the following diets: 1) steam-flaked corn (SFC)-based diet with 0% WDGS (SFC-0); 2) SFC-based diet with 15% WDGS (SFC-15); 3) SFC-based diet with 30% WDGS (SFC-30); 4) SFC-based diet with 45% WDGS (SFC-45); 5) Dry-rolled corn DRC)-based diet with 0% WDGS (DRC-0); and 6) DRC-based diet with 30% WDGS (DRC-30). All hourly CH data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS. Individual animal was the experimental unit. The model included the fixed effect of h, diet, and the h × diet interaction. Hourly differences in CH were analyzed using repeated measures. There were numerous h × diet interactions and thus simple-effect means are presented. In steers fed DRC-0 or DRC-30 at 2-times maintenance, the greatest hourly CH emissions occur 6 h after feeding ( < 0.01) with a secondary peak between 10 and 11 h after feeding ( < 0.01). For cattle fed SFC-0, SFC-15, SFC-30, and SFC-45 at 2-times maintenance, all diets had peak CH emissions 5 and 6 h after feeding ( < 0.01), with a secondary CH peak for SFC-45 nine to 11 h after feeding ( < 0.01). Cattle fed all diets at a maintenance level of intake exhibited 1 peak in hourly CH production between 3 and 6 h after feeding ( < 0.01). All steers fed SFC-30 and SFC-45 had sustained CH production over several hours, irrespective of intake level. Steers fed SFC-45 produced more CH beginning 4 h after feeding ( < 0.01) and produced a greater amount of CH than any other treatment ( < 0.01). Methane production generally peaked 6 h after feeding irrespective of intake level or diet type. Additionally, when fed above a maintenance level of intake, a secondary peak in CH production was observed 9 to 11 h after feeding, and steers fed at a maintenance level of intake had only 1 peak in CH production in a 23-h period.
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Gutierrez BH, Alvarez EG, Montano MF, Salinas-Chavira J, Torrentera NG, Zinn RA. Influence of flake density and tempering on the feeding value of steam-flaked corn for feedlot cattle. JOURNAL OF APPLIED ANIMAL RESEARCH 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/09712119.2017.1278699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B. H. Gutierrez
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Instituto de Ciencias Agricolas, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Mexicali, Baja California, Mexico
| | - E. G. Alvarez
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Instituto de Ciencias Agricolas, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Mexicali, Baja California, Mexico
| | - M. F. Montano
- Department of Nutrition and Biotechnology of Ruminats, Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Mexicali, Baja California, Mexico
| | - J. Salinas-Chavira
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas, Cd. Victoria, Tamaulipas, México
| | - N. G. Torrentera
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Instituto de Ciencias Agricolas, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Mexicali, Baja California, Mexico
| | - R. A. Zinn
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
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Caetano M, Goulart RS, Silva SL, Drouillard JS, Leme PR, Lanna DPD. Effect of flint corn processing method and roughage level on finishing performance of Nellore-based cattle. J Anim Sci 2016; 93:4023-33. [PMID: 26440182 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2015-9051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of flint corn processing method (CPM) and level of NDF from roughage (rNDF) on performance, carcass characteristics, and starch utilization by finishing Nellore-based cattle fed high-concentrate, flint corn-based diets. In this study, 112 Nellore type bulls (initial BW 384.07 ± 29.53 kg and 24-36 mo of age) were individually fed using Calan gates or individual pens. The animals were used in a randomized complete block design in a 2 × 4 factorial arrangement with 2 CPM, high-moisture flint corn (HMC) or finely ground dry flint corn (FGC), with 1 of 4 levels of rNDF, 3, 8, 13, and 18% (DM basis), using sugarcane silage (SS) as roughage. Bulls were adapted to the finishing diet over a 21-d period and fed for a total of 81 d. Fecal starch (FS) concentration was determined on d 46 and 74 of the feeding period. There was a quadratic effect of rNDF on final BW ( < 0.01) and ADG ( = 0.01). Optimal concentrations of rNDF were estimated using the first derivative of second order polynomials, indicating that final BW and ADG were maximized with 13.3 and 13.0% rNDF, respectively. An interaction was observed between CPM and rNDF ( = 0.05) for DMI, with peak DMI occurring at 11.3 and 13.7% rNDF with FGC and HMC, respectively. Cattle fed HMC had 13.9% greater G:F ( < 0.01) compared with those fed FGC (0.172 vs. 0.151, respectively). There were quadratic effects of rNDF on HCW ( = 0.04) and ME intake ( < 0.01); heaviest carcass weights were estimated, in both cases, to be achieved with 12.8% rNDF. A quadratic effect of rNDF for renal, pelvic, and inguinal fat weight ( = 0.04) was observed, with a peak estimated to occur at 12.6% rNDF. An interaction between CPM and rNDF also was observed for FS ( < 0.05). Bulls fed FGC with 3% rNDF had greater FS content, and FS linearly decreased as concentration of rNDF increased. For bulls fed HMC, FS was 3.0% of DM and was unaffected by rNDF in the diet. Lower FS from bulls fed HMC suggests that availability of starch from flint corn was greater than that of FGC. For Nellore-based cattle fed a flint corn-based diet containing SS and 8% whole lint cottonseed, performance was optimized with 12.8% rNDF. In the absence of cottonseed addition to diets, optimal performance would be expected with about 14.5% rNDF.
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REVIEW: Traditional and alternative sources of fiber—Roughage values, effectiveness, and levels in starting and finishing diets11Substantial portions of this paper were presented at the 2012 Plains Nutrition Council Spring Conference and published in the conference proceedings (AREC 2012-26, Texas AgriLife Research and Extension Center, Amarillo). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.15232/pas.2014-01329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Hales KE, Freetly HC, Shackelford SD, King DA. Effects of roughage concentration in dry-rolled corn-based diets containing wet distillers grains with solubles on performance and carcass characteristics of finishing beef steers. J Anim Sci 2014; 91:3315-21. [PMID: 23798521 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2012-5942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Distillers grains and distillers solubles are by-products of grain fermentation used to produce ethanol and contain greater concentrations of NDF and ADF, compared with other grains and concentrates they replace in feedlot diets. Typical finishing diets in the United States contain 8.3% and 9.0% roughage. Therefore, it is plausible that the dietary concentration of roughage can be altered when distillers grains are included in feedlot diets. The effects of roughage concentration in dry-rolled, corn-based diets containing wet distillers grains with solubles (WDGS) were evaluated in steers (n = 128; initial BW = 339 kg), using Calan gates. Each diet was based on dry-rolled corn and contained 25% WDGS with coarsely ground alfalfa hay (AH), replacing corn at 2% (AH-2), 6% (AH-6), 10% (AH-10), and 14% (AH-14) of DM. Feed offered was recorded daily, orts were measured weekly, and BW was measured on d 0, 1, 35, 70, 105, 140, 174, and 175. After commercial harvest and chilling, carcasses were evaluated on-line with a beef carcass grading camera to assess marbling and yield grade traits. The data were analyzed using the Mixed Procedure of SAS, in which contrast statements were used to separate linear and quadratic effects of AH inclusion. Decreasing concentrations of AH in the finishing diet resulted in a tendency for a quadratic response (P = 0.07) in final BW, where BW increased from 2 to 6% AH inclusion but then decreased from 6 to 14% inclusion. Similarly, ADG from d 0 to end responded quadratically (P < 0.01), in which ADG increased from 2 to 6% yet subsequently decreased from 6 to 14% AH inclusion. Dry matter intake from d 0 to end increased linearly (P = 0.02) as AH inclusion increased in the diet, whereas G:F increased from 2 to 6% AH inclusion and then decreased linearly (P < 0.01) from 6 to 14% AH inclusion. Concentration of AH in the finishing diet did not affect HCW, marbling score, or the proportion of cattle grading USDA choice (P ≥ 0.18). However, dressing percent and LM area did respond in a quadratic manner (P < 0.02), in which they decreased from 2 to 10% AH inclusion and increased from 10 to 14% AH in the diet. Yield grade and adjusted 12th rib fat responded quadratically (P < 0.01), in which both increased from 2 to 6% AH inclusion and decreased from 6 to 14% inclusion. Analysis of responses of G:F and ADG on AH predict the apex at 3% and 7% for G:F and ADG, respectively, when fed in diets containing 25% WDGS.
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Affiliation(s)
- K E Hales
- USDA, ARS, U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE 68933, USA.
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Domby EM, Anele UY, Gautam KK, Hergenreder JE, Pepper-Yowell AR, Galyean ML. Interactive effects of bulk density of steam-flaked corn and concentration of Sweet Bran on feedlot cattle performance, carcass characteristics, and apparent total tract nutrient digestibility. J Anim Sci 2014; 92:1133-43. [PMID: 24492582 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2013-7038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Two hundred twenty-four steers (initial BW = 363 ± 1.57 kg) were used in a 2 × 3 + 1 factorial arrangement of treatments to evaluate the interactive effects of concentration of wet corn gluten feed (WCGF) and bulk density (BD) of steam-flaked corn (SFC) on feedlot performance, carcass characteristics, and apparent total tract digestibility. Diets consisted of 0, 15, or 30% WCGF (DM basis) with a BD of SFC at 283 or 360 g/L. The additional treatment consisted of 15% WCGF, SFC at 283 g/L, and a 6% inclusion of alfalfa hay vs. 9% for all other treatments. Steers were fed once daily for an average of 163 d. During a 5-d digestion period, DMI was measured, and fecal samples were collected for measurement of nutrient digestibility using dietary acid insoluble ash as a marker. There were few WCGF × BD interactions for feedlot performance, carcass characteristics, and digestibility. Similarly, contrasts between the treatment containing 15% WCGF/360 g/L SFC and 15% WCGF/360 g/L with 6% hay yielded few differences for performance and carcass data. Final BW responded quadratically (P ≤ 0.02) to WCGF inclusion and showed increased (P ≤ 0.007) BW for greater BD. As WCGF inclusion increased, G:F and calculated NE values (P ≤ 0.03) decreased quadratically. Steers consuming 360 g/L SFC had greater (P < 0.05) G:F than those fed 283 g/L SFC. Marbling score, HCW, 12th-rib fat thickness, and calculated yield grade increased quadratically (P ≤ 0.04) with increased inclusion of WCGF. Percentage of cattle grading premium Choice or greater responded quadratically (P = 0.04) to WCGF concentration. Increasing BD increased (P ≤ 0.01) HCW, dressing percent, marbling score, and 12th-rib fat thickness and decreased calculated yield grade and percentage of cattle grading Select; however, lower BD tended (P = 0.09) to increase LM area. Intake of DM, OM, CP, and NDF and fecal output during the digestibility period increased linearly (P ≤ 0.01) with increasing WCGF, and greater BD increased (P ≤ 0.04) intake of DM, OM, starch, and CP. Starch digestibility decreased quadratically (P = 0.008) as WCGF increased; however, digestibility of CP and NDF increased (P ≤ 0.02) linearly as WCGF increased. The 283 g/L BD increased (P ≤ 0.02) starch and CP digestibility compared with 360 g/L. These data suggest that increasing WCGF in feedlot diets with a greater BD of SFC can increase performance and carcass characteristic, but it might not be ideal for starch digestibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M Domby
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock 79409-2141
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Kim SI, Seo BC, Jang IS, Kim O, Choi CB, Jung KK. Effects of different physical forms of concentrate on performance, carcass characteristics, and economic analysis in hanwoo steers. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2014; 56:9. [PMID: 26290698 PMCID: PMC4540273 DOI: 10.1186/2055-0391-56-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Accepted: 05/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
This study was performed to investigate the effects of different forms of concentrate fed to Hanwoo steers on performance, carcass characteristics, and economic performance. Forty-two Hanwoo steers (average age of 5.1 ± 0.8 mo. with body weight of 147.05 ± 10.85 kg) were randomly allotted into FC (animals fed flakes for entire experimental period) and GC (animals fed grounded concentrate during growing and fattening phases followed by flaked concentrate during finishing phase) groups for 758 d after reaching an age of 30.0 ± 0.82 mo. There was no difference in body weight (BW) or ADG between the treatments until fattening (15 ~ 22 mo.) phase. However, by finishing phase (23 ~ 30 mo.), the GC group (739.24 kg BW and 0.67 kg ADG) showed greater (P < 0.05) BW and ADG than the FC group (702.93 kg BW and 0.59 kg ADG). Steers in the GC group also showed greater (P < 0.05) BW and ADG than the FC group throughout the entire experimental period (5 ~ 30 mo.). There was no significant difference in carcass weight or backfat thickness between the treatments. M. Longissimus dorsi area of the GC group (91.00 cm2cm2) was greater (P < 0.05) than that of the FC group (83.59 cm2). Marbling score and percentage of 1++ meat quality grade were 14.0 and 48.0% higher in the GC group compared to the FC group. There was no significant difference in physicochemical characteristics, including moisture and crude protein levels, between the treatments. Gross income per head excluding operating expenses was 59.3% greater in the GC group (1,647,512 won) compared to the FC group (1,034,343 won).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Il Kim
- Department of Animal Science, Gyeonbuk Provincial College, Yecheong-eup, 757-807 Korea
| | - Bo Cheon Seo
- Gyeongnam National University of Science and Technolony, Jinju, 757-803 Korea
| | - In Surk Jang
- Gyeongnam National University of Science and Technolony, Jinju, 757-803 Korea
| | - Ouk Kim
- Department of Animal Science, Dong-A University, Busan, 602-714 Korea
| | - Chang Bon Choi
- Department of Biotechnolony, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, 712-749 Korea
| | - Keun Ki Jung
- Moksan Hanwoo Reserch Institute, 108-7, Bujeok-ri, Apryang-myun, Gyeongsan, Gyeongsangbuk-do, 712-821 Korea
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Ponce CH, Domby EM, Anele UY, Schutz JS, Gautam KK, Galyean ML. Effects of bulk density of steam-flaked corn in diets containing wet corn gluten feed on feedlot cattle performance, carcass characteristics, apparent total tract digestibility, and ruminal fermentation1. J Anim Sci 2013; 91:3400-7. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2012-5946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- C. H. Ponce
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock 79409-2141
| | - E. M. Domby
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock 79409-2141
| | - U. Y. Anele
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock 79409-2141
| | - J. S. Schutz
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock 79409-2141
| | - K. K. Gautam
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock 79409-2141
| | - M. L. Galyean
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock 79409-2141
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Hales KE, Cole NA, Varel VH. Effects of corn processing method and dietary inclusion of corn wet distillers grains with solubles on odor and gas production in cattle manure. J Anim Sci 2012; 90:3988-4000. [PMID: 22665652 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2011-4679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The growing ethanol industry in the Southern Great Plains has recently increased the use of wet distillers grains with solubles (WDGS) in beef cattle finishing diets. Two experiments were conducted to evaluate odorous compound production in urine and feces of feedlot steers fed diets with different concentrations of WDGS and different grain processing methods. In both experiments, a Latin square design was used. In Exp. 1, a 2× 2 factorial arrangement of treatments was used and the factors consisted of corn processing method [steam-flaked corn (SFC) or dry-rolled corn (DRC)] and inclusion of corn-based WDGS (0 or 30% on a DM basis). Thus, the 4 treatment combinations consisted of: 1) SFC-based diet with 0% WDGS (SFC-0); 2) SFC-based diet with 30% WDGS (SFC-30); 3) DRC-based diet with 0% WDGS (DRC-0); and 4) DRC-based diet with 30% WDGS (DRC-30). In Exp. 2, all diets were based on SFC and the 4 treatments consisted of: 1) 0% WDGS (SFC-0); 2) 15% WDGS (SFC-15); 3) 30% WDGS (SFC-30); and 4) 45% WDGS (SFC-45). In both experiments, diets were balanced for degradable intake protein and ether extract by the addition of cottonseed meal and fat. Fecal slurries were prepared from a 5-d composite of urine and feces collected from each treatment. The slurries were analyzed using a gas chromatograph for VFA, phenol, p-cresol, indole, skatole, hydrogen, methane (CH(4),) and total gas production. In Exp. 1, the DRC fecal slurries had greater initial total VFA concentration compared with the SFC-based slurries and accumulated a greater concentration of total gas throughout the incubation; however, the SFC-based manure resulted in more CH(4) production. In Exp. 2, total VFA concentrations did not differ across all fecal slurries initially and on d 28; however, throughout the incubation, slurries with 0 and 15% WDGS had the greatest total VFA concentration. Overall, the presence of starch in the feces was likely the determining factor for the accumulation of odorous compounds in the fecal slurries initially, which was especially evident in diets including DRC, and once methanogenic microorganisms were established they likely converted VFA to CH(4).
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Affiliation(s)
- K E Hales
- USDA-ARS U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE 68933, USA.
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Hales KE, Cole NA, MacDonald JC. Effects of corn processing method and dietary inclusion of wet distillers grains with solubles on energy metabolism, carbon-nitrogen balance, and methane emissions of cattle. J Anim Sci 2012; 90:3174-85. [PMID: 22585790 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2011-4441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The growing ethanol industry in the Southern Great Plains has increased the use of wet distillers grains with solubles (WDGS) in beef cattle (Bos taurus) finishing diets. Few studies have used steam-flaked corn (Zea mays L.; SFC)-based diets to evaluate the effects of WDGS in finishing cattle diets, and a reliable estimate of the net energy value of WDGS has yet to be determined. Effects of corn processing method and WDGS on energy metabolism, C and N balance, and enteric methane (CH(4)) production were evaluated in a short-term study using 8 Jersey steers and respiration calorimetry chambers. A 2 by 2 factorial arrangement of treatments was used in a Latin square design. The 4 treatment combinations consisted of: i) SFC-based diet with 0% WDGS (SFC-0); ii) SFC-based diet with 30% WDGS (SFC-30); iii) dry-rolled corn (DRC)-based diet with 0% WDGS (DRC-0); and iv) DRC-based diet with 30% WDGS (DRC-30). Diets were balanced for degradable intake protein (DIP) and ether extract (EE) by the addition of cottonseed (Gossypium hirsutum L.) meal and yellow grease. As a proportion of GE, grain processing method did not affect (P ≥ 0.12) fecal, digestible, urinary, and ME, or heat production. Steers consuming SFC-based diets produced less (P < 0.04) CH(4) than steers consuming DRC-based diets. Retained energy tended to be greater (P = 0.09) for cattle consuming SFC- than DRC-based diets. Inclusion of WDGS did not affect (P ≥ 0.17) fecal, digestible, urinary, metabolizable, and retained energy, or heat production as a proportion of GE. Furthermore, neither inclusion of WDGS or grain processing method affected (P ≥ 0.17) daily CO(2) production. Due in part to greater N intake, cattle consuming diets containing 30% WDGS excreted more (P = 0.01) total N and excreted a greater (P < 0.01) quantity of N in the urine. From these results, we conclude that cattle consuming SFC-based diets produce less CH(4) and retain more energy than cattle fed DRC-based diets; however, dietary inclusion of WDGS at 30% seems to have little effect on CH(4) production and energy metabolism when diets are balanced for DIP and EE. Cattle excrete a greater amount of C when fed DRC compared with SFC-based diets, and dietary inclusion of 30% WDGS increases urinary N excretion. Finally, we determined the NE(g) values for WDGS were 1.66 and 1.65 Mcal/kg in a SFC or DRC-based diet, respectively, when WDGS replaced 30% of our control (SFC-0 and DRC-0) diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- K E Hales
- USDA-ARS, U. S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE 68933, USA.
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May ML, Quinn MJ, Dilorenzo N, Smith DR, Galyean ML. Effects of roughage concentration in steam-flaked corn-based diets containing wet distillers grains with solubles on feedlot cattle performance, carcass characteristics, and in vitro fermentation. J Anim Sci 2010; 89:549-59. [PMID: 21036933 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2010-3049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Two studies were conducted to evaluate effects of wet distillers grains with solubles (WDG) and dietary concentration of alfalfa hay (AH) on performance of finishing beef cattle and in vitro fermentation. In both studies, 7 treatments were arranged in a 2 × 3 + 1 factorial; factors were dietary concentrations (DM basis) of WDG (15 or 30%) and AH (7.5, 10, or 12.5%) plus a non-WDG control diet that contained 10% AH. In Exp. 1, 224 beef steers were used in a randomized complete block (initial BW 342 kg ± 9.03) finishing trial. No WDG × AH interactions were observed (P > 0.12). There were no differences among treatments in final shrunk BW or ADG (P > 0.15), and DMI did not differ with WDG concentration for the overall feeding period (P = 0.38). Increasing dietary AH concentration tended (P < 0.079) to linearly increase DMI, and linearly decreased (P < 0.05) G:F and calculated dietary NE(m) and NE(g) concentrations. Carcasses from cattle fed 15% WDG had greater yield grades (P = 0.014), with tendencies for greater 12th-rib fat (P = 0.054) and marbling score (P = 0.053) than those from cattle fed 30% WDG. There were no differences among treatments (P > 0.15) in HCW, dressing percent, LM area, KPH, proportions of cattle grading USDA Choice, and incidence of liver abscesses. In Exp. 2, ruminal fluid was collected from 2 ruminally cannulated Jersey steers adapted to a 60% concentrate diet to evaluate in vitro gas production kinetics, H(2)S production, IVDMD, and VFA. Relative to the control substrate, including WDG in substrates increased (P < 0.01) H(2)S production and decreased total gas production (P = 0.01) and rate of gas production (P = 0.03). Increasing substrate WDG from 15 to 30% increased (P < 0.05) H(2)S production and decreased (P < 0.001) total gas production, with a tendency (P = 0.073) to decrease IVDMD and fractional rate of gas production (P = 0.063). Treatments did not significantly affect (P > 0.09) molar proportions or total concentration of VFA. Results indicate that including 15 or 30% WDG in steam-flaked corn-based diets did not result in major changes in feedlot performance or carcass characteristics, but increasing AH concentration from 7.5 to 12.5% in diets containing WDG decreased G:F. Including WDG in substrates decreased rate and extent of gas production and increased H(2)S production. Changes in various measures of in vitro fermentation associated with AH concentrations were not large.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L May
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Texas Tech University, Box 42141, Lubbock 79409, USA.
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