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Wang A, Pokhrel B, Hernandez GP, Jiang H. Regulation of the expression of casein alpha S1 and S2 genes in the bovine mammary epithelial cells by STAT5A. J Dairy Sci 2024:S0022-0302(24)01046-4. [PMID: 39098489 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2024-24905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 08/06/2024]
Abstract
Cow milk is rich in protein. Major cow milk proteins include casein α S1 (CSN1S1), casein α S2 (CSN1S2), casein β (CSN2), casein kappa (CSN3), lactalbumin α (LALBA), and β-lactoglobulin (LGB). These milk proteins are produced through gene expression in the mammary epithelial cells. Little is known about the molecular mechanism that mediates the expression of milk protein genes in cows. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that the expression of milk protein genes in cows is mediated by STAT5A, a transcription factor that is induced to bind and activate the transcription of target genes by extracellular signals such as prolactin. To circumvent the need of prolactin-responsive bovine mammary epithelial cells, we generated a plasmid that expresses a constitutively active bovine STAT5A variant, bSTAT5ACA. Transfection of the bovine mammary epithelial cell line MAC-T cells with the bSTAT5ACA expression plasmid caused a more than 100,000-fold and 600-fold increase in the expression of CSN1S1 and CSN1S2 mRNAs, respectively, compared with transfection of the wild-type bovine STAT5A (bSTAT5A) expression plasmid. Transfection of bSTAT5ACA, however, had no significant effect on the expression of CSN2, CSN3, LALBA, or LGB mRNA in MAC-T cells. Transfection of bSTAT5ACA caused a more than 260-fold and 120-fold increase in the expression of a luciferase reporter gene linked to the bovine CSN1S1 and CSN1S2 promoters in MAC-T cells, respectively, compared with that of bSTAT5A. The bovine CSN1S1 and CSN1S2 promoters each contain a putative STAT5 binding site, and gel-shift and super-shift assays confirmed bSTAT5ACA binding to both sites. These results together suggest that STAT5A plays a major role in regulating the expression of CSN1S1 and CSN1S2 genes in the bovine mammary epithelial cells and that STAT5A regulates the expression of these genes at least in part by binding to the STAT5 binding sites in their promoter regions. These results also suggest that STAT5A does not play a major role in regulating the expression of other major milk protein genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Wang
- School of Animal Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - B Pokhrel
- School of Animal Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - G Perez Hernandez
- School of Animal Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - H Jiang
- School of Animal Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
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Liu T, Li F, Xu J, La Y, Zhou J, Zheng C, Weng X. Transcriptomic analysis reveals that non-forage or forage fiber source promotes rumen development through different metabolic processes in lambs. Anim Biotechnol 2023; 34:1058-1071. [PMID: 34890306 DOI: 10.1080/10495398.2021.2011738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Dietary fiber supplementation can stimulate rumen development in lambs during the pre-weaning period. However, it is unclear whether different sources of fiber have varying effects on rumen development. This study aimed to investigate the molecular mechanism of rumen morphological and functional development based on non-forage or forage as a starter dietary fiber source. Twenty-four male Hu lambs with similar body weights (BW, 3.67 ± 0.08 kg) were selected and divided into two groups that received diets supplemented with either alfalfa hay (AH) or soybean hull (SH). At the age of 70 days, six lambs were slaughtered from each treatment group for rumen fermentation and morphological analyses. Three samples of the rumen tissue from the ventral sac were collected for transcriptomic analysis. The results identified 633 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), of which 210 were upregulated and 423 were downregulated in the SH group compared with those in the AH group. The upregulated DEGs were most enriched in the immune function and proteolysis pathways, whereas the downregulated DEGs were mainly involved in cell proliferation, apoptosis, and differentiation pathways. These findings indicated that non-forage as a starter dietary fiber source improved immune function and enhanced nitrogen utilization, whereas forage facilitated rumen morphological development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Fadi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Engineering Research Center of Grassland Industry, Ministry of Education, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jianfeng Xu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yongfu La
- Animal Science Department, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Juwang Zhou
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Chen Zheng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiuxiu Weng
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Engineering Research Center of Grassland Industry, Ministry of Education, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
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Yang T, Zhan K, Ning L, Jiang M, Zhao G. Short‐chain fatty acids inhibit bovine rumen epithelial cells proliferation via upregulation of cyclin‐dependent kinase inhibitors 1A, but not mediated by G protein‐coupled receptor 41. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2019; 104:409-417. [DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Revised: 10/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tianyu Yang
- Institute of Animal Culture Collection and Application College of Animal Science and Technology Yangzhou University Yangzhou China
| | - Kang Zhan
- Institute of Animal Culture Collection and Application College of Animal Science and Technology Yangzhou University Yangzhou China
| | - LiLi Ning
- Institute of Animal Culture Collection and Application College of Animal Science and Technology Yangzhou University Yangzhou China
| | - Maocheng Jiang
- Institute of Animal Culture Collection and Application College of Animal Science and Technology Yangzhou University Yangzhou China
| | - Guoqi Zhao
- Institute of Animal Culture Collection and Application College of Animal Science and Technology Yangzhou University Yangzhou China
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Zhan K, Gong X, Chen Y, Jiang M, Yang T, Zhao G. Short-Chain Fatty Acids Regulate the Immune Responses via G Protein-Coupled Receptor 41 in Bovine Rumen Epithelial Cells. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2042. [PMID: 31555273 PMCID: PMC6722193 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The rumen immune system often suffers when challenging antigens from lysis of dead microbiota cells in the rumen. However, the rumen epithelium innate immune system can actively respond to the infection. Previous studies have demonstrated G protein-coupled receptors 41 (GPR41) as receptors for short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in human. We hypothesized that SCFAs, the most abundant microbial metabolites in rumen, may regulate the immune responses by GPR41 in bovine rumen epithelial cells (BRECs). Therefore, the objective of study was to firstly establish an immortal BRECs line and investigate the regulatory effects of SCFAs and GPR41 on innate immunity responses in BRECs. These results showed that long-term BRECs cultures were established by SV40T-induced immortalization. The concentrations of 20 mM SCFAs significantly enhanced the levels of GPR41, IL1β, TNFα, chemokines, and immune barrier genes by transcriptome analysis. Consistent with transcriptome results, the expression of GPR41, IL1β, TNFα, and chemokines were markedly upregulated in BRECs treated with 20 mM SCFAs by qRT-PCR compared with control BRECs. Remarkably, the GPR41 knockdown (GPR41KD) BRECs treated with 20 mM SCFAs significantly enhanced the proinflammatory cytokines IL1β and TNFα expression compared with wild type BRECs treated with 20 mM SCFAs, but reduced the expression of CCL20, CXCL2, CXCL3, CXCL5, CXCL8, CXCL14, Occludin, and ZO-1. Moreover, GPR41 mRNA expression is positively correlated with CCL20, CXCL2, CXCL3, CXCL8, CXCL14, and ZO-1. These findings revealed that SCFAs regulate GPR41-mediated levels of genes involved in immune cell recruitment and epithelial immune barrier and thereby mediate protective innate immunity in BRECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Zhan
- Institute of Animal Culture Collection and Application, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Gong
- Institute of Animal Culture Collection and Application, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yinyin Chen
- Institute of Animal Culture Collection and Application, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Maocheng Jiang
- Institute of Animal Culture Collection and Application, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Tianyu Yang
- Institute of Animal Culture Collection and Application, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Guoqi Zhao
- Institute of Animal Culture Collection and Application, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
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Diao Q, Zhang R, Fu T. Review of Strategies to Promote Rumen Development in Calves. Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:ani9080490. [PMID: 31357433 PMCID: PMC6720602 DOI: 10.3390/ani9080490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The rumen is an important digestive organ that plays a key role in the growth, production performance and health of ruminants. Promoting rumen development has always been a key target of calf nutrition. Current research reveals that an early feeding regime and nutrition have effects on rumen development and the establishment of rumen microbiota. The effects may persist for a long time, and consequently, impact the lifetime productive performance and health of adult ruminants. The most sensitive window for rumen manipulation may exist in the postnatal and weaning period. Thus, the early feeding regime and nutrition of calves deserve further research. The establishment of the rumen bacterial community is a mysterious and complex process. The development of microbial 16S rDNA gene sequencing and metagenome analysis enables us to learn more about the establishment of rumen microbes and their interactions in host gastrointestinal (GI) tract development. Abstract Digestive tract development in calves presents a uniquely organized system. Specifically, as the rumen develops and becomes colonized by microorganisms, a calf physiologically transitions from a pseudo-monogastric animal to a functioning ruminant. Importantly, the development of rumen in calves can directly affect the intake of feed, nutrient digestibility and overall growth. Even minor changes in the early feeding regime and nutrition can drastically influence rumen development, resulting in long-term effects on growth, health, and milk yields in adult cattle. Rumen development in newborn calves is one of the most important and interesting areas of calf nutrition. This paper presents a comprehensive review of recent studies of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract development in calves. Moreover, we also describe the effect of the environment in shaping the GI tract, including diet, feed additives and feeding management, as well as discuss the strategies to promote the physiological and microbiological development of rumen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiyu Diao
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Rong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
- Precision Livestock and Nutrition Unit, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, Passage des Déportés, 2, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Tong Fu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
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O'Shea E, Waters SM, Keogh K, Kelly AK, Kenny DA. Examination of the molecular control of ruminal epithelial function in response to dietary restriction and subsequent compensatory growth in cattle. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2016; 7:53. [PMID: 27651894 PMCID: PMC5025635 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-016-0114-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of dietary restriction and subsequent compensatory growth on the relative expression of genes involved in volatile fatty acid transport, metabolism and cell proliferation in ruminal epithelial tissue of beef cattle. Sixty Holstein Friesian bulls (mean liveweight 370 ± 35 kg; mean age 479 ± 15 d) were assigned to one of two groups: (i) restricted feed allowance (RES; n = 30) for 125 d (Period 1) followed by ad libitum access to feed for 55 d (Period 2) or (ii) ad libitum access to feed throughout (ADLIB; n = 30). Target growth rate for RES was 0.6 kg/d during Period 1. At the end of each dietary period, 15 animals from each treatment group were slaughtered and ruminal epithelial tissue and liquid digesta harvested from the ventral sac of the rumen. Real-time qPCR was used to quantify mRNA transcripts of 26 genes associated with ruminal epithelial function. Volatile fatty acid analysis of rumen fluid from individual animals was conducted using gas chromatography. RESULTS Diet × period interactions were evident for genes involved in ketogenesis (BDH2, P = 0.017), pyruvate metabolism (LDHa, P = 0.048; PDHA1, P = 0.015) and cellular transport and structure (DSG1, P = 0.019; CACT, P = 0.027). Ruminal concentrations of propionic acid (P = 0.018) and n-valeric acid (P = 0.029) were lower in RES animals, compared with ADLIB, throughout the experiment. There was also a strong tendency (P = 0.064) toward a diet × period interaction for n-butyric with higher concentrations in RES animals, compared with ADLIB, during Period 1. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that following nutrient restriction, the structural integrity of the rumen wall is compromised and there is upregulation of genes involved in the production of ketone bodies and breakdown of pyruvate for cellular energy. These results provide an insight into the potential molecular mechanisms regulating ruminal epithelial absorptive metabolism and growth following nutrient restriction and subsequent compensatory growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma O'Shea
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, 4 Ireland ; Animal and Bioscience Research Department, Animal & Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Teagasc Grange, Dunsany, Co. Meath, Ireland ; UCD Earth Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, 4 Ireland
| | - Sinéad M Waters
- Animal and Bioscience Research Department, Animal & Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Teagasc Grange, Dunsany, Co. Meath, Ireland
| | - Kate Keogh
- Animal and Bioscience Research Department, Animal & Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Teagasc Grange, Dunsany, Co. Meath, Ireland
| | - Alan K Kelly
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, 4 Ireland
| | - David A Kenny
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, 4 Ireland ; Animal and Bioscience Research Department, Animal & Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Teagasc Grange, Dunsany, Co. Meath, Ireland
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8
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Ge X, Zhang Y, Jiang H. Signaling pathways mediating the effects of insulin-like growth factor-I in bovine muscle satellite cells. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2013; 372:23-9. [PMID: 23541948 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2013.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2012] [Revised: 02/28/2013] [Accepted: 03/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to identify the signaling pathways mediating the effects of IGF-I on muscle cell proliferation, protein synthesis, and protein degradation in a physiologically more relevant muscle cell model. We isolated muscle satellite cells from adult cattle and expanded them as myoblasts or induced them to form myotubes in culture. We determined the effects of IGF-I on proliferation of myoblasts and protein synthesis and degradation in myotubes in the presence or absence of specific signaling inhibitors. Our data suggest that both the MEK/ERK and PI3K/AKT pathways mediate the stimulatory effect of IGF-I on myoblast proliferation and that the PI3K/AKT pathway mediates this effect through cyclin D2. Our data also suggest that both the MEK/ERK and PI3K/AKT pathways mediate the stimulatory effect of IGF-I on protein synthesis through p70S6K and that the PI3K/AKT pathway mediates the inhibitory effect of IGF-I on protein degradation through FoxO3a.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomei Ge
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061-0306, USA
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Variation in rumen fermentation and the rumen wall during the transition period in dairy cows. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2011.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Penner GB, Steele MA, Aschenbach JR, McBride BW. RUMINANT NUTRITION SYMPOSIUM: Molecular adaptation of ruminal epithelia to highly fermentable diets1. J Anim Sci 2011; 89:1108-19. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2010-3378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Oba M. Review: Effects of feeding sugars on productivity of lactating dairy cows. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2011. [DOI: 10.4141/cjas10069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Oba, M. 2011. Review: Effects of feeding sugars on productivity of lactating dairy cows. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 91: 37–46. Sugars are water-soluble carbohydrates that are readily available in the rumen. Although sugars ferment faster than starch or fibre in the rumen, the rates of disaccharide hydrolysis and monosaccharide fermentation vary greatly depending on the type of sugar and rumen environment. Despite rapid fermentation in the rumen and their potential to provide greater fermentable energy to enhance microbial protein production, feeding sugars in place of dietary starch sources may not decrease rumen pH or improve N utilization efficiency and milk protein production in dairy cows. However, feeding high-sugar diets often increases dry matter intake, butyrate concentration in the rumen, and milk fat yield. These nutritional characteristics of sugars may allow us to use high-sugar feedstuffs as an alternative energy source for lactating dairy cows to increase dietary energy density with reduced risk of rumen acidosis, but there is little evidence in the literature to indicate that the synchrony of rumen fermentation would be enhanced by feeding high-sugar diets with high soluble protein. Greater butyrate production from feeding high-sugar diets is expected to enhance proliferation of gut tissues, but its physiological mechanisms and effects of butyrate metabolism on overall productivity of dairy cows warrant further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahito Oba
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2P5
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