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Bryant TC, Jennings J. Roughage and Dietary Influence on Liver Abscesses. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 2022; 38:405-419. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cvfa.2022.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Trotta RJ, Kreikemeier KK, Royle RF, Milton T, Harmon DL. Flake density and starch retrogradation influence in situ ruminal degradability characteristics of steam-flaked corn and predicted starch digestibility and energetic efficiency. J Anim Sci 2021; 99:6406612. [PMID: 34669937 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skab298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Five ruminally cannulated steers (body weight = 390 ± 7.86 kg) were used in two experiments to evaluate the effects of flake density and starch retrogradation on in situ ruminal degradation of steam-flaked corn. In experiment 1, sifted flakes with flake densities of 257, 296, 335, 373, and 412 g/L (enzymatic starch availabilities: 87%, 76%, 66%, 43%, and 49%, respectively) were evaluated in a randomized complete block design experiment. In experiment 2, the experimental design was a randomized complete block design with a 3 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments. Three steam-flaked corn fractions corresponding to different particle sizes were used: flakes + fines (not sifted; >4 and <4 mm), sifted flakes (>4 mm), and sifted fines (<4 mm). Particle size fractions were stored for 3 d at either 23 °C or 55 °C (starch availabilities averaged across particle sizes: 53.3% and 25.5%, respectively) in heat-sealed foil bags. Samples were ruminally incubated for 0, 3, 6, 12, 24, 48, 72, or 96 h. Degradation data were modeled to obtain the rate and extent of degradation and passage rate was set to 6% per hour. In experiment 1, the rate of degradation decreased linearly (P < 0.01) and in situ ruminal dry matter (DM) degradability decreased linearly (P < 0.01) from 78.9% to 57.3% as flake density increased from 257 to 412 g/L. In experiment 2, storage of steam-flaked corn samples at 55 °C for 3 d decreased (P < 0.01) the rate of degradation by 37.6% across all particle sizes. Storing samples at 55 °C for 3 d decreased (P < 0.01) in situ ruminal DM degradability of flakes + fines, sifted flakes, and sifted fines by 20.9%, 22.6%, and 14.7%, respectively. Using data from experiment 1 and 2, enzymatic starch availability of sifted flakes was positively correlated (R2 = 0.97; P < 0.01) with in situ ruminal DM degradability. The results demonstrate that decreased starch availability resulting from either starch retrogradation or increased flake density is associated with decreased ruminal digestibility. Decreases in starch availability and in situ ruminal degradability may indicate that increasing flake density or starch retrogradation could potentially alter the site of digestion in cattle. Using prediction equations, decreases in ruminal starch digestibility of steam-flaked corn caused by increasing flake density or increasing starch retrogradation could increase energetic efficiency, depending on the rate of passage and if small intestinal starch digestibility is maintained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald J Trotta
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA
| | | | | | | | - David L Harmon
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA
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Cleef EHCBVAN, Oliveira PSNDE, Galati RL, Ferreira DS, Santos VC, Homem Junior AC, Pereira Junior SAG, Pardo RMP, Ezequiel JMB. High-concentrate diets with fibrous by-products for feedlot Nellore heifers. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2021; 93:e20190731. [PMID: 33950135 DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765202120190731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate high-concentrate diets and two energy sources on intake, performance and meat quality parameters of feedlot Nellore heifers. Twenty-eight heifers (200 ± 22.5 kg BW) were randomly assigned to four treatments in a 2×2 factorial arrangement: two concentrate levels (70 and 80%) and two energy sources (corn and corn germ meal). At the end of day 112, heifers were slaughtered. There was no interaction (P>0.05) of concentrate levels and energy sources for dry matter intake, unlike crude protein (CP) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) intakes. The concentrate level of 80% and corn, allowed the highest CP (1.17 kg/day) and NDF (4.05 kg/day) intakes. Final BW (P<0.05) and daily gain (P<0.01) were influenced just by energy source. The carcass composition represented by muscle and fat was affected by concentrate level (P<0.05). Treatments affected (P<0.01) carcass fat deposition, global preference and texture of Longissimus muscle (P<0.05). It was concluded that high proportions of concentrate containing corn as energy source provided the best performance in heifers, and that the total replacement of corn with corn germ meal in high-concentrate diets is not recommended for performance Nellore heifers, but provided good sensory quality to the meat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric H C B VAN Cleef
- Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro, Campus Universitário de Iturama, Av Rio Paranaiba, 1229, 38280-000 Iturama, MG, Brazil
| | - Priscila S N DE Oliveira
- Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária, Rodovia Washington Luiz, Km 234, Fazenda Canchim, s/n, 13560-970 São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Rosemary Laís Galati
- , Faculdade de Agronomia, Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Av. Fernando Correia da Costa, 2367, 78068-742 Cuiabá, MT, Brazil
| | - Daniel S Ferreira
- , Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane, s/n, 14884-900 Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - Viviane C Santos
- , Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane, s/n, 14884-900 Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - Antônio Carlos Homem Junior
- , Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane, s/n, 14884-900 Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - Sergio Antônio G Pereira Junior
- , Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane, s/n, 14884-900 Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - René Mauricio P Pardo
- Universidad de Sucre, Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Cra 28 # 5-267, Sincelejo, Sucre, Colombia
| | - Jane Maria B Ezequiel
- , Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane, s/n, 14884-900 Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
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Wang Y, Wang R, Hao X, Hu Y, Guo T, Zhang J, Wang W, Shi X, An X, Qi J. Growth performance, nutrient digestibility, immune responses and antioxidant status of lambs supplemented with humic acids and fermented wheat bran polysaccharides. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2020.114644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Influence of Corymbia citriodora leaf extract on growth performance, ruminal fermentation, nutrient digestibility, plasma antioxidant activity and faecal bacteria in young calves. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2020.114394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Effect of diets differing in protein concentration (low vs medium) and nitrogen source (urea vs soybean meal) on in vitro rumen fermentation and on performance of finishing Italian Simmental bulls. Livest Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2016.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Control of liver abscesses in feedlot cattle: A review11Contribution no. 10-205-J from the Kansas Agric. Exp. Stn., Manhattan 66506. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.15232/pas.2014-01364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Domby EM, Anele UY, Gautam KK, Hergenreder JE, Pepper-Yowell AR, Galyean ML. Interactive effects of bulk density of steam-flaked corn and concentration of Sweet Bran on feedlot cattle performance, carcass characteristics, and apparent total tract nutrient digestibility. J Anim Sci 2014; 92:1133-43. [PMID: 24492582 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2013-7038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Two hundred twenty-four steers (initial BW = 363 ± 1.57 kg) were used in a 2 × 3 + 1 factorial arrangement of treatments to evaluate the interactive effects of concentration of wet corn gluten feed (WCGF) and bulk density (BD) of steam-flaked corn (SFC) on feedlot performance, carcass characteristics, and apparent total tract digestibility. Diets consisted of 0, 15, or 30% WCGF (DM basis) with a BD of SFC at 283 or 360 g/L. The additional treatment consisted of 15% WCGF, SFC at 283 g/L, and a 6% inclusion of alfalfa hay vs. 9% for all other treatments. Steers were fed once daily for an average of 163 d. During a 5-d digestion period, DMI was measured, and fecal samples were collected for measurement of nutrient digestibility using dietary acid insoluble ash as a marker. There were few WCGF × BD interactions for feedlot performance, carcass characteristics, and digestibility. Similarly, contrasts between the treatment containing 15% WCGF/360 g/L SFC and 15% WCGF/360 g/L with 6% hay yielded few differences for performance and carcass data. Final BW responded quadratically (P ≤ 0.02) to WCGF inclusion and showed increased (P ≤ 0.007) BW for greater BD. As WCGF inclusion increased, G:F and calculated NE values (P ≤ 0.03) decreased quadratically. Steers consuming 360 g/L SFC had greater (P < 0.05) G:F than those fed 283 g/L SFC. Marbling score, HCW, 12th-rib fat thickness, and calculated yield grade increased quadratically (P ≤ 0.04) with increased inclusion of WCGF. Percentage of cattle grading premium Choice or greater responded quadratically (P = 0.04) to WCGF concentration. Increasing BD increased (P ≤ 0.01) HCW, dressing percent, marbling score, and 12th-rib fat thickness and decreased calculated yield grade and percentage of cattle grading Select; however, lower BD tended (P = 0.09) to increase LM area. Intake of DM, OM, CP, and NDF and fecal output during the digestibility period increased linearly (P ≤ 0.01) with increasing WCGF, and greater BD increased (P ≤ 0.04) intake of DM, OM, starch, and CP. Starch digestibility decreased quadratically (P = 0.008) as WCGF increased; however, digestibility of CP and NDF increased (P ≤ 0.02) linearly as WCGF increased. The 283 g/L BD increased (P ≤ 0.02) starch and CP digestibility compared with 360 g/L. These data suggest that increasing WCGF in feedlot diets with a greater BD of SFC can increase performance and carcass characteristic, but it might not be ideal for starch digestibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M Domby
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock 79409-2141
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