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Zequan X, Yonggang S, Heng X, Yaodong W, Xin M, Dan L, Li Z, Tingting D, Zirong W. Transcriptome-based analysis of early post-mortem formation of pale, soft, and exudative (PSE) pork. Meat Sci 2022; 194:108962. [PMID: 36126390 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2022.108962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Pale, soft, and exudative (PSE) meat can cause consumer dissatisfaction and economic losses. This study determined meat quality, glycolytic enzyme activity, and differential gene expression in the longissimus lumborum (LL) and semimembranosus (SM) of normal and PSE pork carcasses. The SM did not result in PSE meat. Hexokinase, lactate dehydrogenase, and pyruvate kinase activities were lower in the SM of PSE carcasses than in the normal carcasses. Functional enrichment analysis revealed that immune, inflammatory, and muscle fibre genes were significantly enriched in PSE pork. More specifically, PPP1R3G and MSS51 may be key genes regulating pork quality in the SM. Meanwhile, the differential expression of PLVAB, ADIPOQ, LEP, MYH4, MYH7, MYL3, MYL6B, FOS, ATF3, and HSPA6 may induce PSE formation in the LL. These results may provide insights into PSE pork formation mechanisms and reveal candidate genes for improving meat quality after validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Zequan
- College of Food Science and Pharmaceutics, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China; Tecon Biology Ltd., Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Shao Yonggang
- College of Animal Science, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Xinjiang, China
| | - Xu Heng
- Tecon Biology Ltd., Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | | | - Ma Xin
- College of Food Science and Pharmaceutics, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Liu Dan
- College of Food Science and Pharmaceutics, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Zhang Li
- College of Food Science and Pharmaceutics, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Du Tingting
- College of Food Science and Pharmaceutics, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Wang Zirong
- College of Food Science and Pharmaceutics, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China.
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Aljarbou WA, England EM, Velleman SG, Reed KM, Strasburg GM. Phosphorylation state of pyruvate dehydrogenase and metabolite levels in turkey skeletal muscle in normal and pale, soft, exudative meats. Br Poult Sci 2021; 62:379-386. [PMID: 33225715 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2020.1855629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
1. Turkey production has increased dramatically as genetic selection has succeeded in increasing body weight and muscle yield to fulfil increasing consumer demand. However, producing fast-growing, heavily muscled birds is linked to increased heat stress susceptibility and can result in pale, soft, exudative (PSE) meat. Previous studies indicated that pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 4 (PDK4) is significantly reduced in PSE samples, suggesting this as a candidate gene associated with the development of this problem.2. The objective of this study was to determine whether pre-market thermal challenge results in PSE meat as a result of differential expression of PDK4. Two genetic lines of turkeys were used in this study; the Randombred Control Line 2 (RBC2) and a commercial line. Turkeys were exposed to a pre-market thermal challenge of 12 h at 35°C followed by 12 h at 27°C for 5 d. Birds were slaughtered and processed according to industry standards. Pectoralis major samples were categorised as PSE or normal based on marinade uptake and cook loss indicators. In the first experiment, the relative expression of pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) and the phosphorylation state of PDH in normal and PSE turkey meat were analysed by western blotting. In the second experiment, the same samples were used to measure metabolite levels at 5 min post-mortem, comparing the normal to the PSE samples.3. The results of the first experiment showed that PSE samples had significantly lower total PDH (P = 0.029) compared to normal meat. However, there was no significant difference in the degree of phosphorylation of sites 1, 2 or 3. In the second experiment, there were no significant differences in glycogen, lactate, glycolytic potential or ATP when comparing PSE to control samples.4. These results suggested that a reduction in PDK4 expression alone does not explain the development of PSE meat.
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Affiliation(s)
- W A Aljarbou
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.,Executive Department of Monitoring and Risk Assessment, Saudi Food and Drug Authority, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - E M England
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - S G Velleman
- Department of Animal Sciences, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, the Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, USA
| | - K M Reed
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - G M Strasburg
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
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Zampiga M, Soglia F, Baldi G, Petracci M, Strasburg GM, Sirri F. Muscle Abnormalities and Meat Quality Consequences in Modern Turkey Hybrids. Front Physiol 2020; 11:554. [PMID: 32595515 PMCID: PMC7304436 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Turkey meat is the second most consumed poultry meat worldwide and represents an economic source of high-quality protein for human consumption. To fulfill the increasing demand for turkey meat, breeding companies have been selecting genetic lines with increased growth potential and breast muscle proportion. Moreover, the progressive shift toward further processed products has emphasized the need for higher standards in poultry meat to improve its technological characteristics and functional properties (i.e., water-holding capacity). However, as observed for broiler chickens, a growing body of scientific evidence suggests that the intense selection for the aforementioned traits could be associated with a greater occurrence of growth-related myopathies and abnormalities and, consequently, to increased downgrading rates and overall reduction of meat quality characteristics. In the past, muscle abnormalities such as deep pectoral myopathy, pale-soft-and-exudative-like meat, and focal myopathy have been reported in turkey lines selected for increased growth rate. In addition, the presence of white striations in the superficial layer of pectoralis major muscle, as well as the tendency of muscle fiber bundles to separate resulting in an altered breast muscle structure, has been detected in commercial turkey abattoirs. Furthermore, past investigations revealed the presence of another quality issue depicted by an overall toughening of the breast muscle. These meat abnormalities seem to macroscopically overlap the white striping, spaghetti meat, and wooden breast conditions observed in pectoral muscle of fast-growing, high-breast-yield chicken hybrids, respectively. Considering the high economic impact of these growth-related abnormalities in broilers, there is an increasing interest of the turkey industry in estimating the occurrence and the impact of these meat quality issues also in the modern turkey lines. Studies have been recently conducted to assess the effect of the genotype on the occurrence of these emerging growth-related defects and to evaluate how meat quality properties are affected by white-striping condition in turkeys, respectively. Therefore, this review aims to provide a critical overview of the current understanding regarding the growth-related abnormalities and their impact on meat quality in modern turkey hybrids with the hope that this information may improve the knowledge concerning their overall effect on poultry meat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Zampiga
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum – University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesca Soglia
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum – University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giulia Baldi
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum – University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Petracci
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum – University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Gale M. Strasburg
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Federico Sirri
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum – University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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4
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Velleman SG. Recent Developments in Breast Muscle Myopathies Associated with Growth in Poultry. Annu Rev Anim Biosci 2019; 7:289-308. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-animal-020518-115311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The functional unit in skeletal muscle is the multinucleated myofiber, which is composed of parallel arrays of microfibrils. The myofiber and sarco-mere structure of skeletal muscle are established during embryogenesis, when mononuclear myoblast cells fuse to form multinucleated myotubes and develop into muscle fibers. With the myoblasts permanently unable to enter a proliferative state again after they fuse to form the multinucleated myotube, postnatal myofiber growth, muscle homeostasis, and myofiber regeneration are dependent on a myogenic stem cell, the satellite cell. Because the satellite cell is a partially differentiated stem cell controlling the state of skeletal muscle structure throughout the life of the bird, it can impact muscle development and structure, growth, and regeneration and, subsequently, meat quality. When myofibers are damaged, muscle repair is dependent on the satellite cells. Regenerated myofibers after the repair process should be similar to the original muscle fiber. Despite significant improvements in meat-type birds, degenerative myopathies have arisen. In many of these degenerative breast muscle myopathies, like Wooden Breast, satellite cell–mediated regeneration of muscle is suppressed. Thus, the biological function of avian myogenic satellite cells and their influence on cellular mechanisms affecting breast muscle development and growth, function during degenerative myopathies, and meat quality are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra G. Velleman
- Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, Ohio 44691, USA
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Barnes NE, Mendoza KM, Strasburg GM, Velleman SG, Reed KM. Thermal challenge alters the transcriptional profile of the breast muscle in turkey poults. Poult Sci 2019; 98:74-91. [PMID: 30239949 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pey401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Extremes in temperature represent environmental stressors that impact the well-being and economic value of poultry. As homeotherms, young poultry with immature thermoregulatory systems are especially susceptible to thermal extremes. Genetic variation and differences in gene expression resulting from selection for production traits, likely contribute to thermal stress response. This study was designed to investigate in vivo transcriptional changes in the breast muscle of young turkey poults from an unselected randombred line and one selected for 16 wk body weight under hot and cold thermal challenge. Newly hatched turkey poults were brooded for 3 d at one of 3 temperatures: control (35°C), cold (31°C), or hot (39°C). Samples of the pectoralis major were harvested and subjected to deep RNA sequencing. Significant differential gene expression was observed in both growth-selected and randombred birds at both temperature extremes when compared to control-brooded poults. Growth-selected birds responded to thermal stress through changes in genes predicted to have downstream transcriptional effects and that would result in reduced muscle growth. Slower growing randombred birds responded to thermal stress through modulation of lipid-related genes, suggesting reduction in lipid storage, transport, and synthesis, consistent with changes in energy metabolism required to maintain body temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie E Barnes
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Kristelle M Mendoza
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Gale M Strasburg
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Sandra G Velleman
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University/Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster, OH 44691, USA
| | - Kent M Reed
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
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Al-Tobasei R, Ali A, Leeds TD, Liu S, Palti Y, Kenney B, Salem M. Identification of SNPs associated with muscle yield and quality traits using allelic-imbalance analyses of pooled RNA-Seq samples in rainbow trout. BMC Genomics 2017; 18:582. [PMID: 28784089 PMCID: PMC5547479 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-017-3992-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Coding/functional SNPs change the biological function of a gene and, therefore, could serve as “large-effect” genetic markers. In this study, we used two bioinformatics pipelines, GATK and SAMtools, for discovering coding/functional SNPs with allelic-imbalances associated with total body weight, muscle yield, muscle fat content, shear force, and whiteness. Phenotypic data were collected for approximately 500 fish, representing 98 families (5 fish/family), from a growth-selected line, and the muscle transcriptome was sequenced from 22 families with divergent phenotypes (4 low- versus 4 high-ranked families per trait). Results GATK detected 59,112 putative SNPs; of these SNPs, 4798 showed allelic imbalances (>2.0 as an amplification and <0.5 as loss of heterozygosity). SAMtools detected 87,066 putative SNPs; and of them, 4962 had allelic imbalances between the low- and high-ranked families. Only 1829 SNPs with allelic imbalances were common between the two datasets, indicating significant differences in algorithms. The two datasets contained 7930 non-redundant SNPs of which 4439 mapped to 1498 protein-coding genes (with 6.4% non-synonymous SNPs) and 684 mapped to 295 lncRNAs. Validation of a subset of 92 SNPs revealed 1) 86.7–93.8% success rate in calling polymorphic SNPs and 2) 95.4% consistent matching between DNA and cDNA genotypes indicating a high rate of identifying SNPs with allelic imbalances. In addition, 4.64% SNPs revealed random monoallelic expression. Genome distribution of the SNPs with allelic imbalances exhibited high density for all five traits in several chromosomes, especially chromosome 9, 20 and 28. Most of the SNP-harboring genes were assigned to important growth-related metabolic pathways. Conclusion These results demonstrate utility of RNA-Seq in assessing phenotype-associated allelic imbalances in pooled RNA-Seq samples. The SNPs identified in this study were included in a new SNP-Chip design (available from Affymetrix) for genomic and genetic analyses in rainbow trout. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-017-3992-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafet Al-Tobasei
- Computational Science Program, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, TN, 37132, USA
| | - Ali Ali
- Department of Biology and Molecular Biosciences Program, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, TN, 37132, USA
| | - Timothy D Leeds
- National Center for Cool and Cold Water Aquaculture, ARS-USDA, Kearneysville, WV, 25430, USA
| | - Sixin Liu
- National Center for Cool and Cold Water Aquaculture, ARS-USDA, Kearneysville, WV, 25430, USA
| | - Yniv Palti
- National Center for Cool and Cold Water Aquaculture, ARS-USDA, Kearneysville, WV, 25430, USA
| | - Brett Kenney
- Division of Animal and Nutritional Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
| | - Mohamed Salem
- Computational Science Program, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, TN, 37132, USA. .,Department of Biology and Molecular Biosciences Program, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, TN, 37132, USA.
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