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Wang C, Peng Y, Zhang Y, Xu J, Jiang S, Wang L, Yin Y. The biological functions and metabolic pathways of valine in swine. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2023; 14:135. [PMID: 37805513 PMCID: PMC10559503 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-023-00927-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Valine is an essential amino acid and a type of branched-chain amino acid. Due to the involvement of branched-chain amino acids in various metabolic pathways, there has been a surge of interests in valine nutrition and its role in animal physiology. In pigs, the interactions between valine and other branched-chain amino acids or aromatic amino acids are complex. In this review, we delve into the interaction mechanism, metabolic pathways, and biological functions of valine. Appropriate valine supplementation not only enhances growth and reproductive performances, but also modulates gut microbiota and immune functions. Based on past observations and interpretations, we provide recommended feed levels of valine for weaned piglets, growing pigs, gilts, lactating sows, barrows and entire males. The summarized valine nutrient requirements for pigs at different stages offer valuable insights for future research and practical applications in animal husbandry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuni Wang
- Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Function and Regulation, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Yao Peng
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Function and Regulation, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Yiru Zhang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Function and Regulation, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Juan Xu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Function and Regulation, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Sheng Jiang
- Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
| | - Leli Wang
- Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China.
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China.
| | - Yulong Yin
- Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China.
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Function and Regulation, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China.
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China.
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Blavi L, Solà-Oriol D, Llonch P, López-Vergé S, Martín-Orúe SM, Pérez JF. Management and Feeding Strategies in Early Life to Increase Piglet Performance and Welfare around Weaning: A Review. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:302. [PMID: 33503942 PMCID: PMC7911825 DOI: 10.3390/ani11020302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The performance of piglets in nurseries may vary depending on body weight, age at weaning, management, and pathogenic load in the pig facilities. The early events in a pig's life are very important and may have long lasting consequences, since growth lag involves a significant cost to the system due to reduced market weights and increased barn occupancy. The present review evidences that there are several strategies that can be used to improve the performance and welfare of pigs at weaning. A complex set of early management and dietary strategies have been explored in sows and suckling piglets for achieving optimum and efficient growth of piglets after weaning. The management strategies studied to improve development and animal welfare include: (1) improving sow housing during gestation, (2) reducing pain during farrowing, (3) facilitating an early and sufficient colostrum intake, (4) promoting an early social interaction between litters, and (5) providing complementary feed during lactation. Dietary strategies for sows and suckling piglets aim to: (1) enhance fetal growth (arginine, folate, betaine, vitamin B12, carnitine, chromium, and zinc), (2) increase colostrum and milk production (DL-methionine, DL-2-hydroxy-4-methylthiobutanoic acid, arginine, L-carnitine, tryptophan, valine, vitamin E, and phytogenic actives), (3) modulate sows' oxidative and inflammation status (polyunsaturated fatty acids, vitamin E, selenium, phytogenic actives, and spray dried plasma), (4) allow early microbial colonization (probiotics), or (5) supply conditionally essential nutrients (nucleotides, glutamate, glutamine, threonine, and tryptophan).
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Affiliation(s)
- Laia Blavi
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Animal Nutrition and Welfare Service, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain; (D.S.-O.); (P.L.); (S.L.-V.); (S.M.M.-O.); (J.F.P.)
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Gao K, Li G, Zhu C, Wang L, Yang X, Wen X, Wu Z, Jiang Z. Effect of optimizing dietary valine-to-lysine ratio in late gestation or lactation on biochemical indices and performance of lactating primiparous sows. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2019.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Zhao L, Li Y, Li Z, Wu S, Huang K, Chen J, Li C. Effect of the valine-to-lysine ratio on the performance of sows and piglets in a hot, humid environment. J Therm Biol 2019; 81:89-97. [PMID: 30975428 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2019.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Revised: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
To determine the effect of the valine-to-lysine (Val: Lys) ratio on the performance of sows and piglets in a hot, humid environment, eleven Large White × Landrace sows (parity 2 or 3) were selected and randomly assigned to 3 groups. The diets contained total dietary Val: Lys ratios of 0.72, 0.87, or 1.01:1. Sows were fed from d 29 prepartum to d 21 postpartum in a hot, humid environment (temperature: 22-31 ℃, relative humidity: 69-96%). The results showed that dietary valine improved the average daily feed intake (ADFI) of the sows in wk3 of the lactation and the average daily gain (ADG) of the piglets from day 7-14 after farrowing. Dietary valine increased the concentrations of lactose in colostrum and immunoglobulin M (IgM) in piglet serum. Additionally, dietary valine affected metabolite and metabolic hormone concentrations. The increase in the ratio of dietary Val: Lys decreased the blood urea nitrogen and increased serum glucose in the sows and increased serum albumin in the piglets. In addition, increasing dietary Val: Lys increased the serum concentration of estradiol-17β in the sows. In conclusion, in a hot, humid environment, dietary valine could improve the performance of sows and piglets by increasing colostrum lactose and serum immunoglobulin concentration in piglets and by influencing serum glucose in sows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangyu Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yansen Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Zhaojian Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Shen Wu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Kai Huang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jiaqin Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Chunmei Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
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Strathe AV, Bruun TS, Zerrahn JE, Tauson AH, Hansen CF. The effect of increasing the dietary valine-to-lysine ratio on sow metabolism, milk production, and litter growth. J Anim Sci 2016; 94:155-64. [PMID: 26812322 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2015-9267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A study was conducted to investigate the effect of increasing the dietary valine-to-lysine ratio (Val:Lys) for lactating sows weaning more than 12 piglets. Five hundred fifty-eight sows (parity 1 to 4) were allotted to 6 dietary treatments from 2 d postpartum, when litters were standardized to 14 piglets. Diets were analyzed to have a total dietary Val:Lys of 0.84, 0.86, 0.88, 0.90, 0.95, or 0.99:1. On all 558 sows, BW, back fat thickness (BF), and litter weight were registered at d 108 of gestation and d 2 and 25 (weaning) postpartum. On a subsample of 72 sows, additional measurements were made: sow BW and BF were measured on d 17 and litter weight was measured on d 10 and 17, and blood and urine samples were collected weekly. The litter size at weaning was not affected by the dietary Val:Lys ( = 0.23) and, on average, the sows weaned 13.0 ± 1.1 piglets. Average daily gain of the litter (2.93 ± 0.53 kg/d; = 0.84), litter weight at weaning ( = 0.67), the average milk yield (11.3 ± 1.4 kg/d; = 0.49), and milk contents of fat ( = 0.57), protein ( = 0.18), and lactose ( = 0.20) were not affected by the dietary Val:Lys. Increasing the dietary Val:Lys increased the milk concentration of Val ( < 0.05) and Ile ( < 0.01). The change in sow BW and BF were similar for all sows from d 2 to 17, d 17 to 25, and d 2 to 25 ( > 0.05). During lactation, sows, on average, had a BW and back fat loss of 22.1 ± 12.7 kg and 2.9 ± 1.7 mm, respectively. Plasma concentrations of glucose ( = 0.26), lactate ( = 0.95), urea N ( = 0.84), NEFA ( = 0.24), and creatinine ( = 0.42); urine concentration of creatinine ( = 0.57); and concentrations of AA in whole blood ( > 0.05) were not affected by the dietary Val:Lys. In conclusion, there was no effect of increasing the total dietary Val:Lys above 0.84:1 on sow metabolism and litter performance during lactation.
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Guan X, Bequette BJ, Ku PK, Tempelman RJ, Trottier NL. The amino acid need for milk synthesis is defined by the maximal uptake of plasma amino acids by porcine mammary glands. J Nutr 2004; 134:2182-90. [PMID: 15333702 DOI: 10.1093/jn/134.9.2182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
To define dietary indispensable amino acid (IAA) needs for milk synthesis by the mammary glands (MG), 16 lactating sows were fed 1 of 4 isocaloric diets varying in protein concentrations (from 78 to 235 g/kg) with an ideal amino acid (AA) pattern. On d 9, 13, 17, and 21 of lactation, blood samples were obtained simultaneously from a carotid artery and the main mammary vein every 30 min over 6 h. A quadratic regression model of the log mammary arteriovenous difference (AVD) of plasma IAA (ŷ) against daily intake of dietary IAA (X) was established. First, the reverse log intercept, defined as the mammary AVD at zero dietary AA supply, was used to quantify the contribution of endogenous IAA. The quantification was validated by body N balance coupled with AA composition analysis. Then, the estimated vertex (ŷ(max), X(i)) was used in 2 aspects: 1) The maximal mammary uptake of plasma IAA, quantified by multiplying the maximal mammary AVD and plasma flow rate, was considered the physiological IAA need for milk synthesis. 2) Corresponding to the ŷ(max), dietary IAA intake (X(i)) would represent the total dietary IAA requirement, i.e., the sum of maintenance need and milk synthesis need after adjustment for body weight loss. Thus, dietary IAA needs for milk synthesis were derived. Moreover, the estimate of lysine need for milk synthesis in this study was identical to an estimate obtained from multiple regression analysis of feeding trial data. We conclude that dietary IAA needs for milk synthesis can be quantified by the maximal uptakes of plasma IAA by porcine MG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinfu Guan
- Department of Animal Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
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Roth-Maier DA, Ott H, Roth FX, Paulicks BR. Effects of the level of dietary valine supply on amino acids and urea concentration in milk and blood plasma of lactating sows. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2004; 88:39-45. [DOI: 10.1046/j.0931-2439.2003.00458.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Kirchgessner M, Paulicks BR, Westermeier C. Konzentrationen an freien Aminosäuren und Harnstoff im Blutplasma laktierender Sauen in Abhängigkeit von der Threoninversorgung. 3 Mitteilung zum Threoninbedarf laktierender Sauen. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 1998. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0396.1998.tb00497.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Paulicks BR, Westermeier C, Kirchgessner M. Milchmenge und Milchinhaltsstoffe bei Sauen in Abhängigkeit von der Threoninversorgung. 2. Mitteilung zum Threoninbedarf laktierender Sauen. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 1998. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0396.1998.tb00633.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Westermeier C, Paulicks BR, Kirchgessner M. Futteraufnahme und Lebendmasseentwicklung von Sauen und Ferkeln während der Laktation in Abhängigkeit von der Threoninversorgung der Sau. 1. Mitteilung zum Threoninbedarf laktierender Sauen. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 1998. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0396.1998.tb00627.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Schwarz FJ, Schneider R, Paulicks BR, Kirchgessner M. Lebendgewichtsentwicklung und Beifutteraufnahme von Saugferkeln in Abhängigkeit von der Methioninversorgung der Sau. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 1993. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0396.1993.tb00800.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Kirchgessner M, Schneider R, Paulicks BR, Schwarz FJ. Aminosäuren- und Harnstoffgehalte im Blutplasma laktierender Sauen bei unterschiedlicher Methioninzufuhr. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 1993. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0396.1993.tb00805.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Kirchgessner M, Schneider R, Schwarz FJ, Paulicks BR. Milchleistung sowie Milchfett- und -energiegehalte bei Sauen mit unterschiedlicher Methioninversorgung. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 1992. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0396.1992.tb00666.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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