Demetylation of the sex-determining region Y gene promoter and incidence of disorder of sex development in cloned dog males

Insights from one thousand cloned dogs

Animal cloning has been popularized for more than two decades, since the birth of Dolly the Sheep 25 years ago in 1996. There has been an apparent waning of interest in cloning, evident by a reduced number of reports. Over 1500 dogs, representing approximately 20% of the American Kennel Club’s recognized breeds, have now been cloned, making the dog (Canis familiaris) one of the most successfully cloned mammals. Dogs have a unique relationship with humans, dating to prehistory, and a high degree of genome homology to humans. A number of phenotypic variations, rarely recorded in natural reproduction have been observed in in these more than 1000 clones. These observations differ between donors and their clones, and between clones from the same donor, indicating a non-genetic effect. These differences cannot be fully explained by current understandings but point to epigenetic and cellular reprograming effects of somatic cell nuclear transfer. Notably, some phenotypic variations have been reversed through further cloning. Here we summarize these observations and elaborate on the cloning procedure.