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Liang Q, Peng N, Xie Y, Kumar N, Gao W, Miao Y. MolPhase, an advanced prediction algorithm for protein phase separation. EMBO J 2024; 43:1898-1918. [PMID: 38565952 PMCID: PMC11065880 DOI: 10.1038/s44318-024-00090-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
We introduce MolPhase, an advanced algorithm for predicting protein phase separation (PS) behavior that improves accuracy and reliability by utilizing diverse physicochemical features and extensive experimental datasets. MolPhase applies a user-friendly interface to compare distinct biophysical features side-by-side along protein sequences. By additional comparison with structural predictions, MolPhase enables efficient predictions of new phase-separating proteins and guides hypothesis generation and experimental design. Key contributing factors underlying MolPhase include electrostatic pi-interactions, disorder, and prion-like domains. As an example, MolPhase finds that phytobacterial type III effectors (T3Es) are highly prone to homotypic PS, which was experimentally validated in vitro biochemically and in vivo in plants, mimicking their injection and accumulation in the host during microbial infection. The physicochemical characteristics of T3Es dictate their patterns of association for multivalent interactions, influencing the material properties of phase-separating droplets based on the surrounding microenvironment in vivo or in vitro. Robust integration of MolPhase's effective prediction and experimental validation exhibit the potential to evaluate and explore how biomolecule PS functions in biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiyu Liang
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 637371, Singapore, Singapore
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 637551, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Nana Peng
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 637551, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yi Xie
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 637551, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Nivedita Kumar
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 637551, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Weibo Gao
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 637371, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yansong Miao
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 637551, Singapore, Singapore.
- Institute for Digital Molecular Analytics and Science, Nanyang Technological University, 636921, Singapore, Singapore.
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Li K, Ma C, Zhou X, Xiong C, Wang B, Wang Y, Liu F. Regulatory Effects of Diverse DSF Family Quorum-Sensing Signals in Plant-Associated Bacteria. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2024; 37:6-14. [PMID: 37880815 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-05-23-0074-cr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
Numerous bacterial species employ diffusible signal factor (DSF)-based quorum sensing (QS) as a widely conserved cell-cell signaling communication system to collectively regulate various behaviors crucial for responding to environmental changes. cis-11-Methyl-dodecenoic acid, known as DSF, was first identified as a signaling molecule in Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris. Subsequently, many structurally related molecules have been identified in different bacterial species. This review aims to provide an overview of current understanding regarding the biosynthesis and regulatory role of DSF signals in both pathogenic bacteria and a biocontrol bacterium. Recent studies have revealed that the DSF-based QS system regulates antimicrobial factor production in a cyclic dimeric GMP-independent manner in the biocontrol bacterium Lysobacter enzymogenes. Additionally, the DSF family signals have been found to be involved in suppressing plant innate immunity. The discovery of these diverse signaling mechanisms holds significant promise for developing novel strategies to combat stubborn plant pathogens. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaihuai Li
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- Institute of Vegetable Industry Technology Research, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Chaoyun Ma
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Xue Zhou
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Chunlan Xiong
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Bo Wang
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Yong Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- Institute of Vegetable Industry Technology Research, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Fengquan Liu
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
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Liu X, Ma Z, Tran TM, Rautengarten C, Cheng Y, Yang L, Ebert B, Persson S, Miao Y. Balanced callose and cellulose biosynthesis in Arabidopsis quorum-sensing signaling and pattern-triggered immunity. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 194:137-152. [PMID: 37647538 PMCID: PMC10756761 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
The plant cell wall (CW) is one of the most important physical barriers that phytopathogens must conquer to invade their hosts. This barrier is a dynamic structure that responds to pathogen infection through a complex network of immune receptors, together with CW-synthesizing and CW-degrading enzymes. Callose deposition in the primary CW is a well-known physical response to pathogen infection. Notably, callose and cellulose biosynthesis share an initial substrate, UDP-glucose, which is the main load-bearing component of the CW. However, how these 2 critical biosynthetic processes are balanced during plant-pathogen interactions remains unclear. Here, using 2 different pathogen-derived molecules, bacterial flagellin (flg22) and the diffusible signal factor (DSF) produced by Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris, we show a negative correlation between cellulose and callose biosynthesis in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). By quantifying the abundance of callose and cellulose under DSF or flg22 elicitation and characterizing the dynamics of the enzymes involved in the biosynthesis and degradation of these 2 polymers, we show that the balance of these 2 CW components is mediated by the activity of a β-1,3-glucanase (BG2). Our data demonstrate balanced cellulose and callose biosynthesis during plant immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolin Liu
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - Zhiming Ma
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - Tuan Minh Tran
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore
- Department of Biology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36688, USA
| | - Carsten Rautengarten
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum 44810, Germany
| | - Yingying Cheng
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - Liang Yang
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore
- School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Nanshan District, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Berit Ebert
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum 44810, Germany
| | - Staffan Persson
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences (PLEN), University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
- Copenhagen Plant Science Center, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, SJTU-University of Adelaide Joint Centre for Agriculture and Health, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yansong Miao
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore
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Zhao Y, Laborda P, Han SW, Liu F. Editorial: Pathogenic mechanism and biocontrol of Xanthomonas on plants. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1270750. [PMID: 37662017 PMCID: PMC10471965 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1270750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yangyang Zhao
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
- School of Plant Protection, Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Pedro Laborda
- School of Life Sciences, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Sang-Wook Han
- Department of Plant Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Republic of Korea
| | - Fengquan Liu
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
- School of Plant Protection, Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Hainan University, Haikou, China
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Miao Y, Guo X, Zhu K, Zhao W. Biomolecular condensates tunes immune signaling at the Host-Pathogen interface. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 74:102374. [PMID: 37148673 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2023.102374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Membraneless organelles participate in diverse spatiotemporal regulation of cellular signal transduction by recruiting necessary signaling factors. During host-pathogen interactions, the plasma membrane (PM) at the interface between the plant and microbes serves as a central platform for forming multicomponent immune signaling hubs. The macromolecular condensation of the immune complex and regulators is important in regulating immune signaling outputs regarding strength, timing, and crosstalk between signaling pathways. This review discusses mechanisms that regulate specific and crosstalk of plant immune signal transduction pathways through macromolecular assembly and condensation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yansong Miao
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 637551, Singapore; Institute for Digital Molecular Analytics and Science, Nanyang Technological University, 636921, Singapore.
| | - Xiangfu Guo
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, 70 Nanyang Drive, 637457, Singapore
| | - Kexin Zhu
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 637551, Singapore
| | - Wenting Zhao
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, 70 Nanyang Drive, 637457, Singapore; Institute for Digital Molecular Analytics and Science, Nanyang Technological University, 636921, Singapore
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Guo X, Zhu K, Zhu X, Zhao W, Miao Y. Two-dimensional molecular condensation in cell signaling and mechanosensing. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2023; 55:1064-1074. [PMID: 37475548 PMCID: PMC10423693 DOI: 10.3724/abbs.2023132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Membraneless organelles (MLO) regulate diverse biological processes in a spatiotemporally controlled manner spanning from inside to outside of the cells. The plasma membrane (PM) at the cell surface serves as a central platform for forming multi-component signaling hubs that sense mechanical and chemical cues during physiological and pathological conditions. During signal transduction, the assembly and formation of membrane-bound MLO are dynamically tunable depending on the physicochemical properties of the surrounding environment and partitioning biomolecules. Biomechanical properties of MLO-associated membrane structures can control the microenvironment for biomolecular interactions and assembly. Lipid-protein complex interactions determine the catalytic region's assembly pattern and assembly rate and, thereby, the amplitude of activities. In this review, we will focus on how cell surface microenvironments, including membrane curvature, surface topology and tension, lipid-phase separation, and adhesion force, guide the assembly of PM-associated MLO for cell signal transductions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangfu Guo
- School of ChemistryChemical Engineering and BiotechnologyNanyang Technological UniversitySingapore637457Singapore
| | - Kexin Zhu
- School of Biological SciencesNanyang Technological UniversitySingapore637551Singapore
| | - Xinlu Zhu
- School of Biological SciencesNanyang Technological UniversitySingapore637551Singapore
| | - Wenting Zhao
- School of ChemistryChemical Engineering and BiotechnologyNanyang Technological UniversitySingapore637457Singapore
- Institute for Digital Molecular Analytics and ScienceNanyang Technological UniversitySingapore636921Singapore
| | - Yansong Miao
- School of Biological SciencesNanyang Technological UniversitySingapore637551Singapore
- Institute for Digital Molecular Analytics and ScienceNanyang Technological UniversitySingapore636921Singapore
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Zhao Q, Liu F, Song C, Zhai T, He Z, Ma L, Zhao X, Jia Z, Song S. Diffusible signal factor primes plant immunity against Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris ( Xcc) via JA signaling in Arabidopsis and Brassica oleracea. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1203582. [PMID: 37404719 PMCID: PMC10315614 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1203582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Many Gram-negative bacteria use quorum sensing (QS) signal molecules to monitor their local population density and to coordinate their collective behaviors. The diffusible signal factor (DSF) family represents an intriguing type of QS signal to mediate intraspecies and interspecies communication. Recently, accumulating evidence demonstrates the role of DSF in mediating inter-kingdom communication between DSF-producing bacteria and plants. However, the regulatory mechanism of DSF during the Xanthomonas-plant interactions remain unclear. Methods Plants were pretreated with different concentration of DSF and subsequent inoculated with pathogen Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (Xcc). Pathogenicity, phynotypic analysis, transcriptome combined with metabolome analysis, genetic analysis and gene expression analysis were used to evaluate the priming effects of DSF on plant disease resistance. Results We found that the low concentration of DSF could prime plant immunity against Xcc in both Brassica oleracea and Arabidopsis thaliana. Pretreatment with DSF and subsequent pathogen invasion triggered an augmented burst of ROS by DCFH-DA and DAB staining. CAT application could attenuate the level of ROS induced by DSF. The expression of RBOHD and RBOHF were up-regulated and the activities of antioxidases POD increased after DSF treatment followed by Xcc inoculation. Transcriptome combined with metabolome analysis showed that plant hormone jasmonic acid (JA) signaling involved in DSF-primed resistance to Xcc in Arabidopsis. The expression of JA synthesis genes (AOC2, AOS, LOX2, OPR3 and JAR1), transportor gene (JAT1), regulator genes (JAZ1 and MYC2) and responsive genes (VSP2, PDF1.2 and Thi2.1) were up-regulated significantly by DSF upon Xcc challenge. The primed effects were not observed in JA relevant mutant coi1-1 and jar1-1. Conclusion These results indicated that DSF-primed resistance against Xcc was dependent on the JA pathway. Our findings advanced the understanding of QS signal-mediated communication and provide a new strategy for the control of black rot in Brassica oleracea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhao
- Biology Institute, Hebei Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang, China
- Hebei Technology Innovation Center of Microbiological Control on Main Crop Disease, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Fang Liu
- Shijiazhuang Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Cong Song
- Biology Institute, Hebei Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang, China
- Hebei Technology Innovation Center of Microbiological Control on Main Crop Disease, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Tingting Zhai
- Biology Institute, Hebei Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Ziwei He
- Biology Institute, Hebei Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Limei Ma
- Biology Institute, Hebei Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang, China
- Hebei Technology Innovation Center of Microbiological Control on Main Crop Disease, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xuemeng Zhao
- Biology Institute, Hebei Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Zhenhua Jia
- Biology Institute, Hebei Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang, China
- Hebei Technology Innovation Center of Microbiological Control on Main Crop Disease, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Shuishan Song
- Biology Institute, Hebei Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang, China
- Hebei Technology Innovation Center of Microbiological Control on Main Crop Disease, Shijiazhuang, China
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Traeger J, Hu D, Yang M, Stacey G, Orr G. Super-Resolution Imaging of Plant Receptor-Like Kinases Uncovers Their Colocalization and Coordination with Nanometer Resolution. MEMBRANES 2023; 13:142. [PMID: 36837645 PMCID: PMC9958960 DOI: 10.3390/membranes13020142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Plant cell signaling often relies on the cellular organization of receptor-like kinases (RLKs) within membrane nanodomains to enhance signaling specificity and efficiency. Thus, nanometer-scale quantitative analysis of spatial organizations of RLKs could provide new understanding of mechanisms underlying plant responses to environmental stress. Here, we used stochastic optical reconstruction fluorescence microscopy (STORM) to quantify the colocalization of the flagellin-sensitive-2 (FLS2) receptor and the nanodomain marker, remorin, within Arabidopsis thaliana root hair cells. We found that recovery of FLS2 and remorin in the plasma membrane, following ligand-induced internalization by bacterial-flagellin-peptide (flg22), reached ~85% of their original membrane density after ~90 min. The pairs colocalized at the membrane at greater frequencies, compared with simulated randomly distributed pairs, except for directly after recovery, suggesting initial uncoordinated recovery followed by remorin and FLS2 pairing in the membrane. The purinergic receptor, P2K1, colocalized with remorin at similar frequencies as FLS2, while FLS2 and P2K1 colocalization occurred at significantly lower frequencies, suggesting that these RLKs mostly occupy distinct nanodomains. The chitin elicitor receptor, CERK1, colocalized with FLS2 and remorin at much lower frequencies, suggesting little coordination between CERK1 and FLS2. These findings emphasize STORM's capacity to observe distinct nanodomains and degrees of coordination between plant cell receptors, and their respective immune pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremiah Traeger
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99354, USA
| | - Dehong Hu
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99354, USA
| | - Mengran Yang
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Gary Stacey
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Galya Orr
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99354, USA
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He YW, Deng Y, Miao Y, Chatterjee S, Tran TM, Tian J, Lindow S. DSF-family quorum sensing signal-mediated intraspecies, interspecies, and inter-kingdom communication. Trends Microbiol 2023; 31:36-50. [PMID: 35941062 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2022.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
While most bacteria are unicellular microbes they communicate with each other and with their environments to adapt their behaviors. Quorum sensing (QS) is one of the best-studied cell-cell communication modes. QS signaling is not restricted to bacterial cell-to-cell communication - it also allows communication between bacteria and their eukaryotic hosts. The diffusible signal factor (DSF) family represents an intriguing type of QS signal with multiple roles found in diverse Gram-negative bacteria. Over the last decade, extensive progress has been made in understanding DSF-mediated communication among bacteria, fungi, insects, plants, and zebrafish. This review provides an update on these new developments with the aim of building a more comprehensive picture of DSF-mediated intraspecies, interspecies, and inter-kingdom communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Wen He
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Yinyue Deng
- School of Pharmaceutical Science (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Yansong Miao
- School of Biological Science, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | | | - Tuan Minh Tran
- Department of Biology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36688, USA
| | - Jing Tian
- The College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Steven Lindow
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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10
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Ma Z, Zhu K, Gao Y, Tan S, Miao Y. Molecular condensation and mechanoregulation of plant class I formin, an integrin‐like actin nucleator. FEBS J 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.16571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiming Ma
- School of Biological Sciences Nanyang Technological University Singapore City Singapore
| | - Kexin Zhu
- School of Biological Sciences Nanyang Technological University Singapore City Singapore
| | - Yong‐Gui Gao
- School of Biological Sciences Nanyang Technological University Singapore City Singapore
| | - Suet‐Mien Tan
- School of Biological Sciences Nanyang Technological University Singapore City Singapore
| | - Yansong Miao
- School of Biological Sciences Nanyang Technological University Singapore City Singapore
- Institute for Digital Molecular Analytics and Science Nanyang Technological University Singapore City Singapore
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Xing J, Ji D, Duan Z, Chen T, Luo X. Spatiotemporal dynamics of FERONIA reveal alternative endocytic pathways in response to flg22 elicitor stimuli. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 235:518-532. [PMID: 35358335 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The plant receptor-like kinase FERONIA (FER) functions in the response to multiple extracellular signals, thereby regulating diverse cellular processes, such as polarized cell growth, hormone signaling and responses to pathogens. Here, we reported that in Arabidopsis thaliana, flagellin peptide flg22 stimulus significantly promoted the lateral mobility and dissociation of FER from the plasma membrane by inducing the association of FER with membrane microdomain components. FER underwent constitutive endocytosis and recycling in a brefeldin A (BFA)-sensitive manner via a clathrin-mediated pathway. Following flg22 elicitation, FER localized to bona fide endosomes via two distinct endocytic routes, showing differential sensitivity to BFA. These results at the single-particle level confirm that FER acts as an essential regulator during flg22 perception and immune activation, thus broadening our understanding of location-specific protein dynamics and membrane trafficking in receptor/receptor kinase signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China
| | - Dongchao Ji
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Zhikun Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China
| | - Tong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Xiaomin Luo
- Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
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12
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Dahhan DA, Bednarek SY. Advances in structural, spatial, and temporal mechanics of plant endocytosis. FEBS Lett 2022; 596:2269-2287. [PMID: 35674447 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Endocytic trafficking underlies processes essential for plant growth and development, including the perception of and response to abiotic and extracellular stimuli, post-Golgi and exocytic trafficking, and cytokinesis. Protein adaptors and regulatory factors of clathrin-mediated endocytosis that contribute to the formation of endocytic clathrin-coated vesicles are evolutionarily conserved. Yet, work of the last ten years has identified differences between the endocytic mechanisms of plants and Opisthokonts involving the endocytic adaptor TPLATE complex, the requirement of actin during CME, and the function of clathrin-independent endocytosis in the uptake of plant-specific plasma membrane proteins. Here, we review clathrin-mediated and -independent pathways in plants and describe recent advances enabled by new proteomic and imaging methods, and conditional perturbation of endocytosis. In addition, we summarize the formation and trafficking of clathrin-coated vesicles based on temporal and structural data garnered from high-resolution quantitative imaging studies. Finally, new information about the cross-talk between endocytosis and other endomembrane trafficking pathways and organelles will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana A Dahhan
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI, USA
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13
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Sanguankiattichai N, Buscaill P, Preston GM. How bacteria overcome flagellin pattern recognition in plants. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 67:102224. [PMID: 35533494 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2022.102224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Efficient plant immune responses depend on the ability to recognise an invading microbe. The 22-amino acids in the N-terminal domain and the 28-amino acids in the central region of the bacterial flagellin, called flg22 and flgII-28, respectively, are important elicitors of plant immunity. Plant immunity is activated after flg22 or flgII-28 recognition by the plant transmembrane receptors FLS2 or FLS3, respectively. There is strong selective pressure on many plant pathogenic and endophytic bacteria to overcome flagellin-triggered immunity. Here we provide an overview of recent developments in our understanding of the evasion and suppression of flagellin pattern recognition by plant-associated bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pierre Buscaill
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3RB, UK
| | - Gail M Preston
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3RB, UK.
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The Plant Defense Signal Salicylic Acid Activates the RpfB-Dependent Quorum Sensing Signal Turnover via Altering the Culture and Cytoplasmic pH in the Phytopathogen Xanthomonas campestris. mBio 2022; 13:e0364421. [PMID: 35254135 PMCID: PMC9040794 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.03644-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant colonization by phytopathogens is a very complex process in which numerous factors are involved. Upon infection by phytopathogens, plants produce salicylic acid (SA) that triggers gene expression within the plant to counter the invading pathogens. The present study demonstrated that SA signal also directly acts on the quorum-sensing (QS) system of the invading pathogen Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris to affect its virulence by inducing turnover of the diffusible signaling factor (DSF) family QS signal. First, Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris infection induces SA biosynthesis in the cabbage host plant. SA cannot be degraded by Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris during culturing. Exogenous addition of SA or endogenous production of SA induces DSF signal turnover during late growth phase of Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris in XYS medium that mimics plant vascular environments. Further, the DSF turnover gene rpfB is required for SA induction of DSF turnover. However, SA does not affect the expression of rpfB and DSF biosynthesis gene rpfF at the transcriptional level. SA induction of DSF turnover only occurs under acidic conditions in XYS medium. Furthermore, addition of SA to XYS medium significantly increased both culture and cytoplasmic pH. Increased cytoplasmic pH induced DSF turnover in a rpfB-dependent manner. In vitro RpfB-dependent DSF turnover activity increased when pH increased from 6 to 8. SA exposure did not affect the RpfB-dependent DSF turnover in vitro. Finally, SA-treated Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris strain exhibited enhanced virulence when inoculated on cabbage. These results provide new insight into the roles of SA in host plants and the molecular interactions between Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris and cruciferous plants.
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15
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Tran TM, Chng CP, Pu X, Ma Z, Han X, Liu X, Yang L, Huang C, Miao Y. Potentiation of plant defense by bacterial outer membrane vesicles is mediated by membrane nanodomains. THE PLANT CELL 2022; 34:395-417. [PMID: 34791473 PMCID: PMC8846181 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koab276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) are released from the outer membranes of Gram-negative bacteria during infection and modulate host immunity during host-pathogen interactions. The mechanisms by which OMVs are perceived by plants and affect host immunity are unclear. Here, we used the pathogen Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris to demonstrate that OMV-plant interactions at the Arabidopsis thaliana plasma membrane (PM) modulate various host processes, including endocytosis, innate immune responses, and suppression of pathogenesis by phytobacteria. The lipid phase of OMVs is highly ordered and OMVs directly insert into the Arabidopsis PM, thereby enhancing the plant PM's lipid order; this also resulted in strengthened plant defenses. Strikingly, the integration of OMVs into the plant PM is host nanodomain- and remorin-dependent. Using coarse-grained simulations of molecular dynamics, we demonstrated that OMV integration into the plant PM depends on the membrane lipid order. Our computational simulations further showed that the saturation level of the OMV lipids could fine-tune the enhancement of host lipid order. Our work unraveled the mechanisms underlying the ability of OMVs produced by a plant pathogen to insert into the host PM, alter host membrane properties, and modulate plant immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuan Minh Tran
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551
| | - Choon-Peng Chng
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798
| | - Xiaoming Pu
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551
| | - Zhiming Ma
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551
| | - Xiao Han
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551
| | - Xiaolin Liu
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551
| | - Liang Yang
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551
- School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, China
| | - Changjin Huang
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637459
- Author for correspondence: (Y.M.), (C.H.)
| | - Yansong Miao
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551
- Author for correspondence: (Y.M.), (C.H.)
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16
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Ma Z, Sun Y, Zhu X, Yang L, Chen X, Miao Y. Membrane nanodomains modulate formin condensation for actin remodeling in Arabidopsis innate immune responses. THE PLANT CELL 2022; 34:374-394. [PMID: 34726756 PMCID: PMC8774048 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koab261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The assembly of macromolecules on the plasma membrane concentrates cell surface biomolecules into nanometer- to micrometer-scale clusters (nano- or microdomains) that help the cell initiate or respond to signals. In plant-microbe interactions, the actin cytoskeleton undergoes rapid remodeling during pathogen-associated molecular pattern-triggered immunity (PTI). The nanoclustering of formin-actin nucleator proteins at the cell surface has been identified as underlying actin nucleation during plant innate immune responses. Here, we show that the condensation of nanodomain constituents and the self-assembly of remorin proteins enables this mechanism of controlling formin condensation and activity during innate immunity in Arabidopsis thaliana. Through intrinsically disordered region-mediated remorin oligomerization and formin interaction, remorin gradually recruits and condenses formins upon PTI activation in lipid bilayers, consequently increasing actin nucleation in a time-dependent manner postinfection. Such nanodomain- and remorin-mediated regulation of plant surface biomolecules is expected to be a general feature of plant innate immune responses that creates spatially separated biochemical compartments and fine tunes membrane physicochemical properties for transduction of immune signals in the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiming Ma
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - Yanbiao Sun
- Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Horticultural Plant Biology and Metabolomics Centre, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Xinlu Zhu
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - Liang Yang
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore
- School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, 1088 Xueyuan Blvd, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Xu Chen
- Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Horticultural Plant Biology and Metabolomics Centre, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
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17
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Fan Q, Wang H, Mao C, Li J, Zhang X, Grenier D, Yi L, Wang Y. Structure and Signal Regulation Mechanism of Interspecies and Interkingdom Quorum Sensing System Receptors. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:429-445. [PMID: 34989570 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c04751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Quorum sensing (QS) is a signaling mechanism for cell-to-cell communication between bacteria, fungi, and even eukaryotic hosts such as plant and animal cells. Bacteria in real life do not exist as isolated organisms but are found in complex, dynamic, and microecological environments. The study of interspecies QS and interkingdom QS is a valuable approach for exploring bacteria-bacteria interactions and bacteria-host interaction mechanisms and has received considerable attention from researchers. The correct combination of QS signals and receptors is key to initiating the QS process. Compared with intraspecies QS, the signal regulation mechanism of interspecies QS and interkingdom QS is often more complicated, and the distribution of receptors is relatively wide. The present review focuses on the latest progress with respect to the distribution, structure, and signal transduction of interspecies and interkingdom QS receptors and provides a guide for the investigation of new QS receptors in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingying Fan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471000, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Pathogen and Immunology of Animal of Luoyang, Luoyang 471000, China
| | - Haikun Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471000, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Pathogen and Immunology of Animal of Luoyang, Luoyang 471000, China
| | - Chenlong Mao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471000, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Pathogen and Immunology of Animal of Luoyang, Luoyang 471000, China
| | - Jinpeng Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471000, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Pathogen and Immunology of Animal of Luoyang, Luoyang 471000, China
| | - Xiaoling Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471000, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Pathogen and Immunology of Animal of Luoyang, Luoyang 471000, China
| | - Daniel Grenier
- Groupe de Recherche en Écologie Buccale (GREB), Faculté de Médecine Dentaire, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec G1 V 0A6, Canada
| | - Li Yi
- College of Life Science, Luoyang Normal University, Luoyang 471023, China
| | - Yang Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471000, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Pathogen and Immunology of Animal of Luoyang, Luoyang 471000, China
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18
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Gronnier J, Franck CM, Stegmann M, DeFalco TA, Abarca A, von Arx M, Dünser K, Lin W, Yang Z, Kleine-Vehn J, Ringli C, Zipfel C. Regulation of immune receptor kinase plasma membrane nanoscale organization by a plant peptide hormone and its receptors. eLife 2022; 11:74162. [PMID: 34989334 PMCID: PMC8791635 DOI: 10.7554/elife.74162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Spatial partitioning is a propensity of biological systems orchestrating cell activities in space and time. The dynamic regulation of plasma membrane nano-environments has recently emerged as a key fundamental aspect of plant signaling, but the molecular components governing it are still mostly unclear. The receptor kinase FERONIA (FER) controls ligand-induced complex formation of the immune receptor kinase FLAGELLIN SENSING 2 (FLS2) with its co-receptor BRASSINOSTEROID-INSENSITIVE 1-ASSOCIATED KINASE 1 (BAK1), and perception of the endogenous peptide hormone RAPID ALKALANIZATION FACTOR 23 (RALF23) by FER inhibits immunity. Here, we show that FER regulates the plasma membrane nanoscale organization of FLS2 and BAK1. Our study demonstrates that akin to FER, leucine-rich repeat (LRR) extensin proteins (LRXs) contribute to RALF23 responsiveness and regulate BAK1 nanoscale organization and immune signaling. Furthermore, RALF23 perception leads to rapid modification of FLS2 and BAK1 nanoscale organization, and its inhibitory activity on immune signaling relies on FER kinase activity. Our results suggest that perception of RALF peptides by FER and LRXs actively modulates plasma membrane nanoscale organization to regulate cell surface signaling by other ligand-binding receptor kinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Gronnier
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology and Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Christina M Franck
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology and Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Martin Stegmann
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas A DeFalco
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology and Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Alicia Abarca
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology and Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michelle von Arx
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology and Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Kai Dünser
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Wenwei Lin
- FAFU-UCR Joint Center for Horticultural Biology and Metabolomics Center, Haixia, Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zhenbiao Yang
- FAFU-UCR Joint Center for Horticultural Biology and Metabolomics Center, Haixia, Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jürgen Kleine-Vehn
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph Ringli
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology and Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Cyril Zipfel
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology and Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
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19
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Duan Z, Li K, Duan W, Zhang J, Xing J. Probing membrane protein interactions and signaling molecule homeostasis in plants by Förster resonance energy transfer analysis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:68-77. [PMID: 34610124 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Membrane proteins have key functions in signal transduction, transport, and metabolism. Therefore, deciphering the interactions between membrane proteins provides crucial information on signal transduction and the spatiotemporal organization of protein complexes. However, detecting the interactions and behaviors of membrane proteins in their native environments remains difficult. Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) is a powerful tool for quantifying the dynamic interactions and assembly of membrane proteins without disrupting their local environment, supplying nanometer-scale spatial information and nanosecond-scale temporal information. In this review, we briefly introduce the basic principles of FRET and assess the current state of progress in the development of new FRET techniques (such as FRET-FLIM, homo-FRET, and smFRET) for the analysis of plant membrane proteins. We also describe the various FRET-based biosensors used to quantify the homeostasis of signaling molecules and the active state of kinases. Furthermore, we summarize recent applications of these advanced FRET sensors in probing membrane protein interactions, stoichiometry, and protein clustering, which have shed light on the complex biological functions of membrane proteins in living plant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhikun Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Kaiwen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Wenwen Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Junli Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Jingjing Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
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20
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Pathogens and Elicitors Induce Local and Systemic Changes in Triacylglycerol Metabolism in Roots and in Leaves of Arabidopsis thaliana. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10090920. [PMID: 34571797 PMCID: PMC8465621 DOI: 10.3390/biology10090920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Abiotic and biotic stress conditions result in profound changes in plant lipid metabolism. Vegetable oil consists of triacylglycerols, which are important energy and carbon storage compounds in seeds of various plant species. These compounds are also present in vegetative tissue, and levels have been reported to increase with different abiotic stresses in leaves. This work shows that triacylglycerols accumulate in roots and in distal, non-treated leaves upon treatment with a fungal pathogen or lipopolysaccharide (a common bacterial-derived elicitor in animals and plants). Treatment of leaves with a bacterial pathogen or a bacterial effector molecule results in triacylglycerol accumulation in leaves, but not systemically in roots. These results suggest that elicitor molecules are sufficient to induce an increase in triacylglycerol levels, and that unidirectional long-distance signaling from roots to leaves is involved in pathogen and elicitor-induced triacylglycerol accumulation. Abstract Interaction of plants with the environment affects lipid metabolism. Changes in the pattern of phospholipids have been reported in response to abiotic stress, particularly accumulation of triacylglycerols, but less is known about the alteration of lipid metabolism in response to biotic stress and leaves have been more intensively studied than roots. This work investigates the levels of lipids in roots as well as leaves of Arabidopsis thaliana in response to pathogens and elicitor molecules by UPLC-TOF-MS. Triacylglycerol levels increased in roots and systemically in leaves upon treatment of roots with the fungus Verticillium longisporum. Upon spray infection of leaves with the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae, triacylglycerols accumulated locally in leaves but not in roots. Treatment of roots with a bacterial lipopolysaccharide elicitor induced a strong triacylglycerol accumulation in roots and leaves. Induction of the expression of the bacterial effector AVRRPM1 resulted in a dramatic increase of triacylglycerol levels in leaves, indicating that elicitor molecules are sufficient to induce accumulation of triacylglycerols. These results give insight into local and systemic changes to lipid metabolism in roots and leaves in response to biotic stresses.
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21
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Ma Z, Liu X, Nath S, Sun H, Tran TM, Yang L, Mayor S, Miao Y. Formin nanoclustering-mediated actin assembly during plant flagellin and DSF signaling. Cell Rep 2021; 34:108884. [PMID: 33789103 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.108884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants respond to bacterial infection acutely with actin remodeling during plant immune responses. The mechanisms by which bacterial virulence factors (VFs) modulate plant actin polymerization remain enigmatic. Here, we show that plant-type-I formin serves as the molecular sensor for actin remodeling in response to two bacterial VFs: Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (Xcc) diffusible signal factor (DSF), and pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP) flagellin in pattern-triggered immunity (PTI). Both VFs regulate actin assembly by tuning the clustering and nucleation activity of formin on the plasma membrane (PM) at the nano-sized scale. By being integrated within the cell-wall-PM-actin cytoskeleton (CW-PM-AC) continuum, the dynamic behavior and function of formins are highly dependent on each scaffold layer's composition within the CW-PM-AC continuum during both DSF and PTI signaling. Our results reveal a central mechanism for rapid actin remodeling during plant-bacteria interactions, in which bacterial signaling molecules fine tune plant formin nanoclustering in a host mechanical-structure-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiming Ma
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - Xiaolin Liu
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - Sangeeta Nath
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Bellary Road, Bangalore 560065, India; Manipal Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Bangalore 560065, India
| | - He Sun
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - Tuan Minh Tran
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - Liang Yang
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore; Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore; School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, 1088 Xueyuan Blvd., Nanshan District, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Satyajit Mayor
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Bellary Road, Bangalore 560065, India; National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute for Fundamental Research, Bellary Road, Bangalore 560065, India
| | - Yansong Miao
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore.
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