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Rostami M, Babashahi M, Ramezani S, Dastgerdizad H. A scoping review of policies related to reducing energy drink consumption in children. BMC Public Health 2024; 24:2308. [PMID: 39187818 PMCID: PMC11346296 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-024-19724-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2024] [Indexed: 08/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Frequent consumption of Energy Drinks (EDs) is associated with numerous health problems, including overweight and obesity, particularly among children and adolescents. The extensive promotion, wide accessibility, and relatively low cost of EDs have significantly increased their popularity among this age group. This paper examines policies/programs that, directly and indirectly, contribute to reducing ED consumption in children and adolescents and shares global experiences to help policymakers adopt evidence-based policies. METHODS A systematic search was performed using PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases from January 2000 to June 2024, along with reputable international organization websites, to find literature on policies aimed at reducing ED consumption among children and adolescents. All sources meeting the inclusion criteria were included without restrictions. Titles and abstracts were initially screened, followed by a full-text review. After evaluating the quality of the selected studies, data were extracted and, along with information from the selected documents, compiled into a table, detailing the country, policy type, and the effectiveness and weaknesses of each policy. RESULTS Out of 12166 reviewed studies and documents, 84 studies and 70 documents met the inclusion criteria. 73 countries and territories have implemented policies like taxation, sales bans, school bans, labeling, and marketing restrictions on EDs. Most employ fiscal measures, reducing consumption despite enforcement challenges. Labeling, access restrictions, and marketing bans are common but face issues like black markets. CONCLUSION This scoping review outlines diverse strategies adopted by countries to reduce ED consumption among children and teenagers, such as taxation, school bans, sales restrictions, and labeling requirements. While heightened awareness of ED harms has reinforced policy efforts, many Asian and African nations lack such measures, some policies remain outdated for over a decade, and existing policies face several challenges. These challenges encompass industry resistance, governmental disagreements, public opposition, economic considerations, and the intricacies of policy design. Considering this, countries should tailor policies to their cultural and social contexts, taking into account each policy's strengths and weaknesses to avoid loopholes. Inter-sectoral cooperation, ongoing policy monitoring, updates, and public education campaigns are essential to raise awareness and ensure effective implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammadhassan Rostami
- Student Research Committee, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mina Babashahi
- Nutrition Research Center, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Shaghayegh Ramezani
- Department of Community Nutrition, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hadis Dastgerdizad
- Department of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Bluffton, SC, 29909, USA
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Perelli L, Alcaraz A, Vianna CMDM, Espinola N, Cairoli FR, Bardach A, Palacios A, Balan D, Johns P, Augustovski F, Pichón-Rivière A. Health and economic burden of sugar-sweetened beverages consumption in Brazil. CAD SAUDE PUBLICA 2023; 39:e00249422. [PMID: 38126558 PMCID: PMC10740399 DOI: 10.1590/0102-311xen249422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) are a major source of added sugar and are associated with noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) such as obesity and diabetes. This study assessed the impact of SSBs consumption on disease burden in Brazil, including deaths, disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), and healthcare costs. A 3-stage methodology was used to assess the direct effects of SSBs on diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and body mass index (BMI), along with the influence of BMI on disease incidence. These assessments were then used to estimate the economic and health burden using population-attributable factors. Results showed that 2.7% and 11% of adult and children overweight/obesity cases were attributable to SSBs, respectively. SSBs consumption in Brazil led to 1,814,486 cases, 12,942 deaths, 362,088 DALYs, and USD 2,915.91 million in medical costs related to diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, oncological diseases, and other NCDs. Urgent implementation of public policies is crucial to address the consumption of SSBs, recognized as a key risk factor for NCDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Perelli
- Instituto de Efectividad Clínica y Sanitaria, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Andrea Alcaraz
- Instituto de Efectividad Clínica y Sanitaria, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Natalia Espinola
- Instituto de Efectividad Clínica y Sanitaria, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Ariel Bardach
- Instituto de Efectividad Clínica y Sanitaria, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alfredo Palacios
- Instituto de Efectividad Clínica y Sanitaria, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Centre for Health Economics, University of York, York, U.K
| | - Dario Balan
- Instituto de Efectividad Clínica y Sanitaria, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Paula Johns
- ACT Promoção da Saúde, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
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La Foucade A, Laptiste C, Alcaraz A, Theodore K, Cumberbatch A, Gittens-Baynes KA, Beharry V, Gabriel S, Metivier C, Edwards-Wescott P, Bethelmie D. The health and economic burden associated with sugar-sweetened beverage consumption in Trinidad and Tobago. Nutr Health 2023:2601060231156117. [PMID: 36775945 DOI: 10.1177/02601060231156117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In Trinidad and Tobago, non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are the leading cause of death. Unhealthy diet is one modifiable NCD risk factor, which contributes to the NCD burden. The consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) has been associated with an increased risk of NCDs. AIM The aim of this paper is to estimate the burden of disease and economic costs associated with the consumption of SSBs in Trinidad and Tobago as evidence to support the implementation of health and fiscal policies on SSB consumption. METHODS The results of this study were obtained through the use of a mathematical model which used a comparative risk assessment approach to estimate the health and economic burden associated with SSB intake, by sex and age. RESULTS Estimates for one year showed that SSB consumption was associated with approximately 15,000 cases of overweight and obesity in adults and 11,700 cases in children, 28% of all the cases of diabetes and overall, an estimated 387 deaths and 9000 years of healthy life were lost due to premature death and disability. Approximately US$23.1 million was spent in the public healthcare system to treat diseases associated with consumption of sugary beverages. CONCLUSIONS The consumption of SSBs is associated with increases in diseases, deaths and rising healthcare costs in Trinidad and Tobago. It is hoped that the results of this study will provide an added rationale and impetus for the implementation of policies to reduce the consumption of SSBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Althea La Foucade
- HEU, Centre for Health Economics, 37612The University of the West Indies St Augustine Campus, St Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Christine Laptiste
- HEU, Centre for Health Economics, 37612The University of the West Indies St Augustine Campus, St Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Andrea Alcaraz
- 172472Instituto de Efectividad Clínica y Sanitaria (IECS), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Karl Theodore
- HEU, Centre for Health Economics, 37612The University of the West Indies St Augustine Campus, St Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Anton Cumberbatch
- HEU, Centre for Health Economics, 37612The University of the West Indies St Augustine Campus, St Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Kimberly-Ann Gittens-Baynes
- HEU, Centre for Health Economics, 37612The University of the West Indies St Augustine Campus, St Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Vyjanti Beharry
- HEU, Centre for Health Economics, 37612The University of the West Indies St Augustine Campus, St Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Samuel Gabriel
- HEU, Centre for Health Economics, 37612The University of the West Indies St Augustine Campus, St Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Charmaine Metivier
- HEU, Centre for Health Economics, 37612The University of the West Indies St Augustine Campus, St Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Patricia Edwards-Wescott
- HEU, Centre for Health Economics, 37612The University of the West Indies St Augustine Campus, St Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Don Bethelmie
- HEU, Centre for Health Economics, 37612The University of the West Indies St Augustine Campus, St Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago
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Alcaraz A, Bardach AE, Espinola N, Perelli L, Rodriguez Cairoli F, La Foucade A, de Mello Vianna CM, Guevara G, Gittens-Baynes KA, Johns P, Beharry V, Balán DJ, Palacios A, Augustovski F, Pichon-Riviere A. Health and economic burden of disease of sugar-sweetened beverage consumption in four Latin American and Caribbean countries: a modelling study. BMJ Open 2023; 13:e062809. [PMID: 36750287 PMCID: PMC9906178 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-062809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Overweight and obesity are important contributors to the non-communicable disease burden. The consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) has been associated with an increased risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), cardiovascular disease, cancer and other conditions. The objective of this study was to estimate the burden of disease attributable to the consumption of SSBs and the costs to the healthcare systems in Argentina, Brazil, El Salvador, and Trinidad and Tobago. DESIGN Following a systematic review of models, a comparative risk assessment framework was developed to estimate the health and economic impact associated with the consumption of SSBs. SETTING Argentina, Brazil, El Salvador, and Trinidad and Tobago. PARTICIPANTS Overall population. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES The model estimated the effects of SSB consumption on health through two causal pathways: one mediated by body mass index (BMI) and health conditions associated with BMI and another that reflected the independent effects of SSB consumption on T2DM and cardiovascular diseases. RESULTS The model results indicated that for all four countries, in 1 year, SSB consumption was associated with 18 000 deaths (3.2% of the total disease-related deaths), seven million disease events (3.3% of the total disease-related events), a half-million DALYs and US$2 billion in direct medical costs. This included 1.5 million cases of overweight and obesity in children/adolescents (12% of the excess weight cases) and 2.8 million cases in adults (2.8%); 2.2 million cases of type 2 diabetes (19%); 200 000 cases of heart disease (3.8%); 124 000 strokes (3.9%); 116 000 cases of musculoskeletal disease (0.2%); 102 000 cases of kidney disease (0.9%); and 45 000 episodes of asthma (0.4%). The Trinidad and Tobago population were the most affected by disease events. CONCLUSIONS The study results indicate that the consumption of SSBs is associated with a significant burden of disease and death in Latin America and the Caribbean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Alcaraz
- Health Techonology Assessment and Economic Evaluation Department, Institute for Clinical Effectiveness and Health Policy, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ariel Esteban Bardach
- Health Techonology Assessment and Economic Evaluation Department, Institute for Clinical Effectiveness and Health Policy, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Natalia Espinola
- Health Techonology Assessment and Economic Evaluation Department, Institute for Clinical Effectiveness and Health Policy, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Lucas Perelli
- Health Techonology Assessment and Economic Evaluation Department, Institute for Clinical Effectiveness and Health Policy, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Federico Rodriguez Cairoli
- Health Techonology Assessment and Economic Evaluation Department, Institute for Clinical Effectiveness and Health Policy, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Althea La Foucade
- Centre for Health Economics, The University of the West Indies at St Augustine, St Augustine, Tunapuna-Piarco, Trinidad and Tobago
| | | | | | - Kimberly-Ann Gittens-Baynes
- Centre for Health Economics, The University of the West Indies at St Augustine, St Augustine, Tunapuna-Piarco, Trinidad and Tobago
| | | | - Vyjanti Beharry
- Centre for Health Economics, The University of the West Indies at St Augustine, St Augustine, Tunapuna-Piarco, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Darío Javier Balán
- Health Techonology Assessment and Economic Evaluation Department, Institute for Clinical Effectiveness and Health Policy, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alfredo Palacios
- Health Techonology Assessment and Economic Evaluation Department, Institute for Clinical Effectiveness and Health Policy, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Federico Augustovski
- Health Techonology Assessment and Economic Evaluation Department, Institute for Clinical Effectiveness and Health Policy, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Andres Pichon-Riviere
- Health Techonology Assessment and Economic Evaluation Department, Institute for Clinical Effectiveness and Health Policy, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Alcaraz A, Perelli L, Rodriguez MB, Palacios A, Bardach A, Gittens-Baynes KA, Vianna C, Guevara G, García-Martí S, Ciapponi A, Augustovski F, Belizán M, Pichon-Riviere A. What does our region need in order to strengthen public policies on sugar-sweetened beverages? decision-makers' dialogue. Rev Peru Med Exp Salud Publica 2023; 40:86-93. [PMID: 37377242 PMCID: PMC10953643 DOI: 10.17843/rpmesp.2023.401.12394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In order to prioritize public policies to reduce the consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages in Argentina, Brazil, El Salvador and Trinidad and Tobago and to identify information gaps related to the burden of disease attributable to their consumption, a policy dialogue was held with government members, civil society organizations, researchers and communicators from Latin American and Caribbean countries. Presentations and deliberative workshops were conducted using semi-structured data collection tools and group discussions. The prioritized interventions were tax increases, front labeling, restriction of advertising, promotion and sponsorship, and modifications regarding the school environment. The main perceived barrier was the interference from the food industry. This dialogue among decision-makers led to the identification of priority public policies to reduce the consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Alcaraz
- Instituto de Efectividad Clínica y Sanitaria (IECS), Argentina.Instituto de Efectividad Clínica y Sanitaria (IECS)Argentina
| | - Lucas Perelli
- Instituto de Efectividad Clínica y Sanitaria (IECS), Argentina.Instituto de Efectividad Clínica y Sanitaria (IECS)Argentina
| | - María Belén Rodriguez
- Instituto de Efectividad Clínica y Sanitaria (IECS), Argentina.Instituto de Efectividad Clínica y Sanitaria (IECS)Argentina
| | - Alfredo Palacios
- Instituto de Efectividad Clínica y Sanitaria (IECS), Argentina.Instituto de Efectividad Clínica y Sanitaria (IECS)Argentina
| | - Ariel Bardach
- Instituto de Efectividad Clínica y Sanitaria (IECS), Argentina.Instituto de Efectividad Clínica y Sanitaria (IECS)Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina.Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y TécnicasConsejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)Argentina
| | - Kimberly-Ann Gittens-Baynes
- The University of the West Indies, HEU, Centre for Health Economics,(UWI-HEU), St. Augustine Campus, Trinidad and Tobago.The University of the West Indies, HEUCentre for Health Economics, (UWI-HEU)St. Augustine CampusTrinidad and Tobago
| | - Cid Vianna
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil.Universidade Federal do Rio de JaneiroUniversidade Federal do Rio de JaneiroRio de JaneiroBrazil
| | - Giovanni Guevara
- Universidad Católica de El Salvador, El Salvador, El Salvador.Universidad Católica de El SalvadorEl SalvadorEl Salvador
| | - Sebastián García-Martí
- Instituto de Efectividad Clínica y Sanitaria (IECS), Argentina.Instituto de Efectividad Clínica y Sanitaria (IECS)Argentina
| | - Agustín Ciapponi
- Instituto de Efectividad Clínica y Sanitaria (IECS), Argentina.Instituto de Efectividad Clínica y Sanitaria (IECS)Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina.Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y TécnicasConsejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)Argentina
| | - Federico Augustovski
- Instituto de Efectividad Clínica y Sanitaria (IECS), Argentina.Instituto de Efectividad Clínica y Sanitaria (IECS)Argentina
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires, ArgentinaUniversidad de Buenos AiresSchool of Public HealthFaculty of MedicineUniversidad de Buenos Aires (UBA)Buenos AiresArgentina
| | - María Belizán
- Instituto de Efectividad Clínica y Sanitaria (IECS), Argentina.Instituto de Efectividad Clínica y Sanitaria (IECS)Argentina
| | - Andrés Pichon-Riviere
- Instituto de Efectividad Clínica y Sanitaria (IECS), Argentina.Instituto de Efectividad Clínica y Sanitaria (IECS)Argentina
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires, ArgentinaUniversidad de Buenos AiresSchool of Public HealthFaculty of MedicineUniversidad de Buenos Aires (UBA)Buenos AiresArgentina
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Sandoval RC, Malik S, Roche M, Belausteguigoitia I, Morales-Zamora G. Lessons learned from fostering tobacco taxes in the Americas and implications for other health taxes. Rev Panam Salud Publica 2022; 46:e188. [PMID: 36339943 PMCID: PMC9621300 DOI: 10.26633/rpsp.2022.188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
During the past decade progress has been made from a public health perspective in advancing tobacco taxation policies in the World Health Organization’s Region of the Americas, and there are important lessons to be learned from this experience. This report aims to systematize and distill the key lessons learned, both by documenting progress and paving the way toward a comprehensive approach to taxing other health-harming products, particularly those considered to be drivers of the noncommunicable disease epidemic, such as alcohol and sugar-sweetened beverages. A thorough review of publications and institutional documents was undertaken and discussions were held with experts about the experiences of the past decade. Broadly, the lessons can be characterized according to the main mechanisms that have fostered progress. These are the robust, consistent and standardized monitoring of tobacco taxes that has enabled comparisons between countries and across time; the setting of tax policy within a framework of multisectoral policy coherence; and the development of guidelines and the generation of independent evidence to support tobacco taxes and tackle harmful industry interference. Currently, progress in these areas is lagging for taxes on alcohol and sugar-sweetened beverages. Applying the lessons learned from the extensive experience with tobacco taxation can help advance progress in taxes on alcohol and sugar-sweetened beverages and capture the potential synergies to be gained from building a comprehensive approach. Although more work is needed in developing and implementing taxation policies across all three products, the findings from this report can assist in strengthening their public health objectives to tackle noncommunicable diseases and improve population health.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sehr Malik
- Pan American Health Organization, Washington D.C., United States of America
| | - Maxime Roche
- Imperial College Business School, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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Christian D, Maharjan M, Kotov A, Cotter T, Mullin S, Nurse V, McGaw B, Chen D, Puri P, Wang S, Negi NS, Murukutla N. How the "Are We Drinking Ourselves Sick?" Communication Campaign Built Support for Policy Action on Sugary Drinks in Jamaica. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14142866. [PMID: 35889823 PMCID: PMC9318558 DOI: 10.3390/nu14142866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: This study assesses the effectiveness of a campaign “Are We Drinking Ourselves Sick?” that ran nationally in Jamaica in four phases from 2017 to 2019 to increase knowledge about the harms of sugary drinks, shift attitudes, and build support for policy actions to address sugary drink consumption, including a tax and a ban in schools. Methods: Campaign impact was measured in representative cross-sectional household surveys of adults ages 18 to 55. A baseline survey was conducted before the launch of the campaign (n = 1430). Evaluation surveys were conducted mid-campaign (n = 1571) and post-campaign (n = 1500). Campaign impact was assessed by comparing changes across survey periods on key knowledge, attitudinal and policy support outcome indicators. The independent association between campaign awareness and outcomes was analyzed using logistic regression analyses. Results: The campaign was recalled by more than 80% of respondents and was well-received with 90% or more respondents describing it as believable and relevant. There was a decline in knowledge on the harms of sugary drinks from the baseline to post-campaign period, notably on risks of diabetes (adjusted odds ratio or AOR = 0.62, p < 0.001), overweight and obesity (AOR = 0.58, p < 0.001), and heart disease (AOR = 0.79, p < 0.003). However, post-campaign awareness was independently associated in logistic regression analysis with improved knowledge of the harms of sugary drinks, including risks of diabetes (AOR = 1.45, p = 0.019), overweight or obesity (AOR = 1.65, p = 0.001), and heart disease (AOR = 1.44, p = 0.011). Support for government action remained high across survey waves (≥90%), and campaign awareness was independently associated with increased policy support for sugary drinks taxes (Mid-campaign: AOR = 1.43, p = 0.019; post-campaign: AOR = 1.46, p = 0.01) and restrictions on sugary drinks in schools (AOR = 1.55, p = 0.01). Conclusion: This study demonstrates the role that media campaigns can play in maintaining knowledge and concern about the health harms of sugary drinks and increasing support for policy passage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donnelle Christian
- Policy Advocacy and Communication Division, Vital Strategies, New York, NY 10005, USA; (D.C.); (A.K.); (T.C.); (S.M.); (P.P.); (S.W.); (N.S.N.); (N.M.)
| | - Meena Maharjan
- Policy Advocacy and Communication Division, Vital Strategies, New York, NY 10005, USA; (D.C.); (A.K.); (T.C.); (S.M.); (P.P.); (S.W.); (N.S.N.); (N.M.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Alexey Kotov
- Policy Advocacy and Communication Division, Vital Strategies, New York, NY 10005, USA; (D.C.); (A.K.); (T.C.); (S.M.); (P.P.); (S.W.); (N.S.N.); (N.M.)
| | - Trish Cotter
- Policy Advocacy and Communication Division, Vital Strategies, New York, NY 10005, USA; (D.C.); (A.K.); (T.C.); (S.M.); (P.P.); (S.W.); (N.S.N.); (N.M.)
| | - Sandra Mullin
- Policy Advocacy and Communication Division, Vital Strategies, New York, NY 10005, USA; (D.C.); (A.K.); (T.C.); (S.M.); (P.P.); (S.W.); (N.S.N.); (N.M.)
| | - Vonetta Nurse
- Global Health Advocacy Project, The Heart Foundation of Jamaica, 28 Beechwood Avenue P.O. Box 338, Kingston 5, Jamaica; (V.N.); (B.M.); (D.C.)
| | - Barbara McGaw
- Global Health Advocacy Project, The Heart Foundation of Jamaica, 28 Beechwood Avenue P.O. Box 338, Kingston 5, Jamaica; (V.N.); (B.M.); (D.C.)
| | - Deborah Chen
- Global Health Advocacy Project, The Heart Foundation of Jamaica, 28 Beechwood Avenue P.O. Box 338, Kingston 5, Jamaica; (V.N.); (B.M.); (D.C.)
| | - Pallavi Puri
- Policy Advocacy and Communication Division, Vital Strategies, New York, NY 10005, USA; (D.C.); (A.K.); (T.C.); (S.M.); (P.P.); (S.W.); (N.S.N.); (N.M.)
| | - Shuo Wang
- Policy Advocacy and Communication Division, Vital Strategies, New York, NY 10005, USA; (D.C.); (A.K.); (T.C.); (S.M.); (P.P.); (S.W.); (N.S.N.); (N.M.)
| | - Nalin Singh Negi
- Policy Advocacy and Communication Division, Vital Strategies, New York, NY 10005, USA; (D.C.); (A.K.); (T.C.); (S.M.); (P.P.); (S.W.); (N.S.N.); (N.M.)
| | - Nandita Murukutla
- Policy Advocacy and Communication Division, Vital Strategies, New York, NY 10005, USA; (D.C.); (A.K.); (T.C.); (S.M.); (P.P.); (S.W.); (N.S.N.); (N.M.)
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Roche M, Alvarado M, Sandoval RC, Gomes FDS, Paraje G. Comparing taxes as a percentage of sugar-sweetened beverage prices in Latin America and the Caribbean. LANCET REGIONAL HEALTH. AMERICAS 2022; 11:None. [PMID: 35875252 PMCID: PMC9290324 DOI: 10.1016/j.lana.2022.100257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Background Excise taxes can be used to reduce the consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs), an important preventable risk factor for noncommunicable diseases. This study aimed to compare novel standardized indicators of the level of taxes applied on SSBs as a percentage of the price across beverage categories in Latin America and the Caribbean. Methods We used a method developed by the Pan American Health Organization and adapted from the World Health Organization's tobacco tax share. The analysis focused on the most sold brand of five categories of non-alcoholic beverages. Data were collected by surveying ministries of finance and reviewing tax legislation in effect as of March 2019. Findings Of the 27 countries analyzed, 17 applied excise taxes on SSBs. Of these, median excise taxes represented the highest share of the price for large sugar-sweetened carbonated drinks (6·5%) and the lowest for energy drinks (2·3%). In countries where excise taxes were applied on bottled waters, tax incidence exceeded the one applied on most SSBs. Overall, excise tax shares were higher in Latin America than in the Caribbean. Including all other indirect taxes (e.g., value added tax), median total tax shares were between 12·8% and 17·5%. At least two countries earmarked part of SSB excise tax revenues for health purposes. Interpretation Excise tax levels are generally low in the region. From a public health perspective, tax rates could be increased, and tax designs improved (e.g., excluding bottled waters). The method describe here provides a feasible and informative way to monitor SSB taxation and could be replicated in other regions and over time. Funding Bloomberg Philanthropies through the Global Health Advocacy Incubator.
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Key Words
- CIF, Cost, insurance, and freight
- Fiscal policies
- Health economics
- IMF, International Monetary Fund
- LAC, Latin America and the Caribbean
- NCD, Noncommunicable disease
- Noncommunicable diseases
- Nutrition policy
- Obesity
- PAHO, Pan American Health Organization
- PPP, Purchasing power parity
- SSB, Sugar-sweetened beverage
- Sugar-sweetened beverages
- VAT, Value added or sales taxes
- WHO, World Health Organization
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Roche
- Centre for Health Economics and Policy Innovation (CHEPI), Imperial College Business School, Exhibition Rd, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Miriam Alvarado
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, UK
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Teng A, Snowdon W, Win Tin ST, Genç M, Na'ati E, Puloka V, Signal L, Wilson N. Progress in the Pacific on sugar-sweetened beverage taxes: a systematic review of policy changes from 2000 to 2019. Aust N Z J Public Health 2021; 45:376-384. [PMID: 34097355 DOI: 10.1111/1753-6405.13123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To systematically characterise sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) tax policy changes in Pacific Island countries and territories (PICTs) from 2000 to 2019. METHODS Medline, Google Scholar, Pacific Islands Legal Information Institute database, Factiva and news and government websites were systematically searched up to October 2019. Information was extracted on the date and SSB tax level change, tax type, included beverages, and earmarking; and checked for consistency with local experts. RESULTS Three-quarters of PICTs had an SSB tax (n=16/21) and 11 of these were excise taxes that included both imported and locally produced beverages. The level of tax was over 20% in 14 jurisdictions. SSB tax was increased by more than 20 percentage points in eight PICTs. Most taxes were ad valorem or volumetric, three were earmarked and only two taxes targeted sugar-sweetened fruit juices. The majority of countries (14/21) had different tax rates for imported and locally produced beverages. CONCLUSIONS More than three-quarters of PICTs have SSB taxes. More than one-third increased these taxes since 2000 at an amount that is expected to reduce soft drink consumption. Implications for public health: Despite high-quality tax design elements in some PICTs, SSB control policies could generally be strengthened to improve health benefits, e.g. by targeting all SSBs and earmarking revenue for health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Teng
- Department of Public Health, University of Otago Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Wendy Snowdon
- Centre for Obesity Prevention, Deakin University, Victoria
| | | | - Murat Genç
- Otago Business School, University of Otago, New Zealand
| | | | - Viliami Puloka
- Department of Public Health, University of Otago Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Louise Signal
- Department of Public Health, University of Otago Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Nick Wilson
- Department of Public Health, University of Otago Wellington, New Zealand
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