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Development of a Cartilage Oligomeric Matrix Protein Neo-Epitope Assay for the Detection of Intra-Thecal Tendon Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21062155. [PMID: 32245107 PMCID: PMC7139564 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21062155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The diagnosis of tendon injury relies on clinical signs and diagnostic imaging but imaging is subjective and does not always correlate with clinical signs. A molecular marker would potentially offer a sensitive and specific diagnostic tool that could also provide objective assessment of healing for the comparison of different treatments. Cartilage Oligomeric Matrix Protein (COMP) has been used as a molecular marker for osteoarthritis in humans and horses but assays for the protein in tendon sheath synovial fluids have shown overlap between horses affected by tendinopathy and controls. We hypothesized that quantifying a COMP neoepitope would be more discriminatory of injury. COMP fragments were purified from synovial fluids of horses with intra-thecal tendon injuries and media from equine tendon explants, and mass spectrometry of a consistent and abundant fragment revealed a ~100 kDa COMP fragment with a new N-terminus at the 78th amino-acid (NH2-TPRVSVRP) located just outside the junctional region of the protein. A competitive inhibition ELISA based on a polyclonal antibody raised to this sequence yielded more than a 10-fold rise in the mean neoepitope levels for tendinopathy cases compared to controls (5.3 ± 1.3 µg/mL (n = 7) versus 58.8 ± 64.3 µg/mL (n = 13); p = 0.002). However, there was some cross-reactivity of the neoepitope polyclonal antiserum with intact COMP, which could be blocked by a peptide spanning the neoepitope. The modified assay demonstrated a lower concentration but a significant > 500-fold average rise with tendon injury (2.5 ± 2.2 ng/mL (n = 6) versus 1029.8 ± 2188.8 ng/ml (n = 14); p = 0.013). This neo-epitope assay therefore offers a potentially useful marker for clinical use.
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Schwarzbach SV, Melo CF, Xavier PLP, Roballo KC, Cordeiro YG, Ambrósio CE, Fukumasu H, Carregaro AB. Morphine, but not methadone, inhibits microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1 and prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated horse synoviocytes. Biochimie 2019; 160:28-33. [PMID: 30763639 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2019.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is one of the main locomotor disorders in horses. Although nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are the first-line treatment for OA, opioids could also be used. In previous studies, opioids showed promising anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effects of two opioids (morphine and methadone) against inflammation in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated synoviocytes by analyzing microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1 (mPGES-1) and prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 (PTGS2) expression. Synoviocytes were obtained from the joints at the distal limbs of dead animals. The cytotoxic effects of LPS, morphine, and methadone were investigated by using a cell viability assay with crystal violet dye. Synoviocytes were treated with LPS, LPS plus morphine, or LPS plus methadone for 3, 6, and 12 h, and mPGES-1 and PTGS2 expression was measured using real-time polymerase chain reaction. LPS, and morphine did not affect the viability of synoviocytes, even at high concentrations. LPS treatment increased mPGES-1 and PTGS2 expression, whereas morphine inhibited the increase in mPGES-1 and PTGS2 expression in LPS-stimulated synoviocytes. Methadone did not inhibit mPGES-1 or PTGS2 expression. These results suggest that morphine may exhibit anti-inflammatory effect; therefore, it might be beneficial for the treatment of OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- S V Schwarzbach
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, SP, Brazil
| | - C F Melo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, SP, Brazil
| | - P L P Xavier
- Laboratory of Comparative and Translational Oncology (LOCT), Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, SP, Brazil
| | - K C Roballo
- Innovative Therapies Group (GDTI), Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, SP, Brazil
| | - Y G Cordeiro
- Laboratory of Comparative and Translational Oncology (LOCT), Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, SP, Brazil
| | - C E Ambrósio
- Innovative Therapies Group (GDTI), Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, SP, Brazil
| | - H Fukumasu
- Laboratory of Comparative and Translational Oncology (LOCT), Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, SP, Brazil
| | - A B Carregaro
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, SP, Brazil.
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Bryant HA, Dixon JJ, Weller R, Bolt DM. Use of positive contrast radiography to identify synovial involvement in horses with traumatic limb wounds. Equine Vet J 2018; 51:20-23. [PMID: 29931725 DOI: 10.1111/evj.12985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The diagnostic value of positive contrast radiography in the work-up of suspected synovial infection in horses with limb wounds near synovial structures has yet to be systematically evaluated. OBJECTIVES To determine the specificity, sensitivity and positive and negative predictive values of positive contrast radiography for identification of synovial infection in a population of horses with limb wounds. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective case study comparing the performance of positive contrast radiography to the gold standard of synovial fluid cytology in horses presenting with limb wounds in the vicinity of synovial structures. METHODS Case records of horses presenting to the Royal Veterinary College Equine Hospital between 2010 and 2015 with limb wounds that may have compromised adjacent synovial structures were analysed. Synovial fluid cytology results were used to categorise synovial structures in infected and noninfected groups. Positive contrast radiography results were compared between infected and noninfected groups and sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values were calculated. RESULTS Fifty horses with 66 synovial structures were included in the study. Positive contrast radiography had a high specificity (86.4%), but only a moderate sensitivity (59.1%) for the identification of synovial infection. In addition, a low positive predictive value (68.4%) and high negative predictive value (80.9%) were observed in this population of horses. MAIN LIMITATIONS Sensitivity, specificity and predictive values may differ between different synovial structures and cases. Different conclusions may be drawn from the results in a single population. Sensitivity and specificity of positive contrast radiography may also be influenced by different techniques used by examiners and by inherent characteristics of individual cases. CONCLUSIONS Positive contrast radiography should be used for the investigation of potential synovial infection in horses with limb wounds, particularly if no synovial fluid sample for laboratory analysis can be obtained. However, it appears that positive contrast radiography is best used in combination with other tests to ensure that a correct and timely diagnosis is made.
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Affiliation(s)
- H A Bryant
- Department of Clinical Science & Services, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - J J Dixon
- Rainbow Equine Hospital, Malton, North Yorkshire, UK
| | - R Weller
- Department of Clinical Science & Services, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - D M Bolt
- Department of Clinical Science & Services, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, UK
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Jordana M, Martens A, Duchateau L, Haspeslagh M, Vanderperren K, Oosterlinck M, Pille F. Diffusion of mepivacaine to adjacent synovial structures after intrasynovial analgesia of the digital flexor tendon sheath. Equine Vet J 2015; 48:326-30. [PMID: 25827158 DOI: 10.1111/evj.12447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY Controversy exists about the specificity of diagnostic analgesia of the digital flexor tendon sheath (DFTS) in horses. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the degree of diffusion of mepivacaine from the equine DFTS to adjacent synovial structures. STUDY DESIGN Crossover experiment. METHODS Under general anaesthesia, the DFTS of one front and one hindlimb of 8 horses were injected simultaneously with mepivacaine. Synovial fluid samples of the injected DFTS, the adjacent metacarpo-/metatarsophalangeal (MCP/MTP) joint, proximal interphalangeal joint, distal interphalangeal joint, navicular bursa and contralateral MCP/MTP joint were collected 15 min post injection (T15) from one of the injected limbs and 60 min post injection (T60) from the other limb. Venous blood samples were obtained at T0, T15 and T60 to evaluate systemic distribution of mepivacaine. After a 2-week washout period, the procedure was repeated using the same limbs but reversing the time of sampling (front vs. hindlimbs). The concentration of mepivacaine in samples was measured with a commercial ELISA kit. RESULTS Mepivacaine concentrations in the DFTS samples, at both T15 (5077 mg/l) and T60 (3503 mg/l), exceeded those estimated sufficient to produce synovial analgesia (100 mg/l or 300 mg/l). Mepivacaine was found in all synovial structures adjacent to the injected DFTS and in the contralateral MCP/MTP joints, but concentrations were low, with a maximum value of only 3.2 mg/l. With the exception of the navicular bursa samples, the mepivacaine concentrations in the adjacent synovial structures were significantly higher at T60 than at T15 (P<0.03). Significantly higher mepivacaine concentrations were found in the ipsilateral than the contralateral MCP/MTP joints at T60 (P<0.001). Blood samples had significantly higher mepivacaine concentrations at T15 and T60 than at T0 (P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS Mepivacaine injected into the DFTS of horses diffuses towards adjacent synovial structures without achieving clinically relevant concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Jordana
- Department of Surgery and Anaesthesiology of Domestic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - A Martens
- Department of Surgery and Anaesthesiology of Domestic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - L Duchateau
- Department of Comparative Physiology and Biometrics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - M Haspeslagh
- Department of Surgery and Anaesthesiology of Domestic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - K Vanderperren
- Department of Veterinary Medical Imaging and Small Animal Orthopaedics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - M Oosterlinck
- Department of Surgery and Anaesthesiology of Domestic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - F Pille
- Department of Surgery and Anaesthesiology of Domestic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
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Moreira JJ, Moraes APL, Brossi PM, Machado TSL, Michelacci YM, Massoco CO, Baccarin RYA. Autologous processed plasma: cytokine profile and effects upon injection into healthy equine joints. J Vet Sci 2014; 16:47-55. [PMID: 25269714 PMCID: PMC4367149 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2015.16.1.47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 09/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
This experimental controlled study was performed to evaluate the composition of autologous processed plasma (APP), and the effects of APP intra-articular injection into healthy equine metacarpophalangeal joints. The effects on joints were analysed with a short-phase protocol and a prolonged-phase protocol using saline-injected joints as controls. For the short protocol, horses received one intra-articular APP injection. Synovial fluid samples were collected prior to the injection and 3, 6, 24, 48, and 16 h after treatment. For the prolonged protocol, the joints received three weekly injections of APP, and samples were collected at 0, 7, 14, 21, and 28 days before APP administration. IL1-ra level was found to be increased in APP compared to plasma. Upon intra-articular administration of APP, transient (up to 24 h) increases in white blood cell (WBC) counts along with elevated protein and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) concentrations were observed in the treated joints. Over the 28-day observation period, APP did not elicit changes relative to baseline levels, but WBC counts, PGE2 and chondroitin sulphate concentrations were lower than those found in the control. In conclusion, APP intra-articular injection induced a mild and transitory inflammatory response but no inflammation reaction was observed over a longer period of treatment and observation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana J Moreira
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508 270, Brazil
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Textor JA, Tablin F. Intra-Articular Use of a Platelet-Rich Product in Normal Horses: Clinical Signs and Cytologic Responses. Vet Surg 2013; 42:499-510. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1532-950x.2013.12015.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2012] [Accepted: 02/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jamie A. Textor
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine; University of California-Davis; Davis, California
| | - Fern Tablin
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine; University of California-Davis; Davis, California
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Abstract
Septic arthritis (SA) is a common orthopedic condition encountered in horses that are presented to equine veterinarians. Successful out-come is dependent on prompt and thorough evaluation and treatment. This article briefly reviews the pathophysiology, outlines diagnostics, describes treatment options and prognostics, and discusses current research in diagnosis and treatment of SA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison J Morton
- Department of Large Animal Sciences, University of Florida College of Veterinary Medicine, Box 100136, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
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Sorg BS, Peltz CD, Klitzman B, Dewhirst MW. Method for improved accuracy in endogenous urea recovery marker calibrations for microdialysis in tumors. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2005; 52:341-9. [PMID: 15996879 DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2005.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2005] [Accepted: 05/23/2005] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Urea has been proposed as an endogenous recovery marker for microdialysis for absolute concentration calculations of analytes in microdialysis samples. Previously we demonstrated a linear relationship between urea concentrations in a rat mammary carcinoma and that in plasma, validating its use as a recovery marker for that particular tumor. In this paper, we have extended the validation to two other tumor lines, thereby providing confidence that the calibration is constant across tumor types. To improve the accuracy in the determination of the plasma/tumor urea relationship from no net flux calibrations, we extended the range of the calibration by adding exogenous urea to tumor bearing animals. This method enabled more accurate calculations of absolute recovery from plasma and dialysate urea concentrations. We confirm that by using this method the calibration is valid across three different tumor lines. The existence of a common calibration between tumors provides rationale for using plasma urea as a recovery marker for clinical trials. The existence of a common calibration between tumor types bypasses the need to perform time consuming calibrations for each patient. This makes the procedure much more practical for clinical studies. METHODS The no net flux technique was used to determine the plasma vs. tumor urea relationship for the R3230Ac mammary carcinoma, 9 L glioma, and a fibrosarcoma (FSa), grown in Fischer 344 rats. Plasma urea was stably increased beyond the normally occurring concentration for some of the data points by subcutaneous bolus administration to extend the range of data for the no net flux calibration. RESULTS Urea recovery was unaffected by plasma urea concentration and was consistent with other reported values. The relationship between plasma and tumor urea was fit by a line, and linear regressions of the data with the extended plasma urea range had better R2 values than we reported previously. Statistical comparison of the regressions suggests that within reasonable uncertainty limits, they are the same for the different tumor types. DISCUSSION Increasing the plasma urea concentration range for no net flux calibrations of urea as an endogenous recovery marker in tumors resulted in more accurate determination of the plasma/tumor urea relationship. A single linear regression may describe the relationship between plasma and tumor urea concentration across tumor lines for a given set of microdialysis parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian S Sorg
- Department of Radiation Oncology, MSRB 201 Box 3455, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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Gough MR, Mayhew G, Munroe GA. Diffusion of mepivacaine between adjacent synovial structures in the horse. Part 1: forelimb foot and carpus. Equine Vet J 2002; 34:80-4. [PMID: 11817556 DOI: 10.2746/042516402776181097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This paper tests the hypothesis that the local analgesic agent mepivacaine diffuses between adjacent equine synovial structures in the forelimb and with greater frequency than latex, gelatine dye or contrast media. We report the incidence of diffusion of mepivacaine between the distal interphalangeal joint (DIPJ) and navicular bursa (NB) of the forelimbs and between the intercarpal (IC) and radiocarpal (RC) joints of 31 fresh equine cadavers. The DIPJ of one forelimb and the NB of the contra lateral forelimb and the RC joint of one forelimb and the IC joint of the contra lateral forelimb were injected with mepivacaine. After flexion and extension of the joints, synovial fluid was obtained from the synovial structures adjacent to the injected synovial structures. The concentration of mepivacaine in these samples was determined using an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. For samples obtained by dilution of synovial fluid, the concentration of mepivacaine was determined by comparing the concentrations of urea in the diluted synovial fluid and the concentration of serum urea. Mepivacaine diffused from the DIPJ to the NB or from the NB to the DIPJ in 25/25 (100%) limbs. Mepivacaine diffused from the IC to RC joints in 24/25 (96%) limbs and from the RC to IC joints in 21/25 (84%) limbs. It was detected at concentrations >0.3 mg/l in 9/25 (36%) of IC joints after RC joint injection and in 25/25 (100%) of the NB after DIPJ injection; at concentrations >100 mg/l in 2/25 (8%) of IC and RC joints and 12/25 (48%) of NB following DIPJ injection; and at concentrations >300 mg/l in 1/25 (4%) in the IC joints following RC joint injection and in 11/25 (44%) of DIPJ following NB injection. The results show greater diffusion of mepivacaine between adjacent synovial structures than assumed from previous anatomical, latex injection and contrast arthrographic studies. This study showed that commonly performed intrasynovial analgesic techniques in the forelimb of the horse are not as specific as previously reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Gough
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Midlothian, Scotland, UK
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