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Leon A, Pillon C, Tebourski I, Bruyas JF, Lupo C. Overview of the causes of abortion in horses, their follow-up and management. Reprod Domest Anim 2023; 58 Suppl 2:93-101. [PMID: 37312640 DOI: 10.1111/rda.14406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Abortions in horses represent an important health and economic challenge for equine industry. Primary causes of abortion are divided in non-infectious and infectious. Non-infectious causes include abnormalities of foetal appendices (umbilical cord and placenta essentially), abnormalities of gestation, maternal and foetal origins. Infectious abortions are caused in almost cases by bacterial infections, followed by viruses, fungi and parasites. New abortive pathogens (as Leptospira, Neospora caninum, Coxiella burnetii, Chlamydophila abortus, and) have been confirmed in equines by comparison already known for their abortive properties in human or in other species. Despite an increasing number of autopsies and continuous improvements in diagnostic tools, in management and surveillance, 20%-40% of the causes of equine abortion remain unknown depending on the country. To increase the likelihood of a definitive diagnosis in cases of abortion and stillbirth in horses, new diagnostic approaches are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albertine Leon
- Equine Health Research Department, LABÉO, Saint Contest, France
- Inserm UMR 1311 DYNAMICURE, Normandie University, UNICAEN, UNIROUEN, Caen, France
| | - Clément Pillon
- Equine Health Research Department, LABÉO, Saint Contest, France
- Inserm UMR 1311 DYNAMICURE, Normandie University, UNICAEN, UNIROUEN, Caen, France
| | | | | | - Coralie Lupo
- RESPE-French Network for Surveillance of Equine Diseases, Saint Contest, France
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Wang T, Hu L, Wang Y, Liu W, Liu G, Zhu M, Zhang W, Wang C, Ren H, Li L. Identification of equine herpesvirus 8 in donkey abortion: a case report. Virol J 2022; 19:10. [PMID: 34991640 PMCID: PMC8734136 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-021-01738-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Equine herpesvirus-8 (EHV-8) is one of the most economically significant viruses that infect mammals of the genus Equus worldwide, which cause severe respiratory diseases and abortion in horses. However, there is no report of abortion caused by EHV-8 in donkeys. Case presentation The present case report is about a 4-year-old donkey having an abortion and showing a serious respiratory issue on the 296th day of pregnancy. Bacteriological and molecular tests were used to screen possible bacterial/viral pathogens to detect the etiological agent. Salmonella abortus equi, EHV-1, EHV-4, and EAV were all negative in the current study. EHV-8, on the other hand, was the only agent that was isolated and identified. Conclusions This was for the first time that EHV-8 had been isolated from a donkey in China. EHV-8 infection can cause abortion in donkeys; therefore, veterinarians and breeders should be aware of it. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12985-021-01738-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongtong Wang
- Research Institute of Donkey High-Efficiency Breeding and Ecological Feeding, College of Agronomy, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China
| | - Leyu Hu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yonghui Wang
- Research Institute of Donkey High-Efficiency Breeding and Ecological Feeding, College of Agronomy, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China
| | - Wenqiang Liu
- Research Institute of Donkey High-Efficiency Breeding and Ecological Feeding, College of Agronomy, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China
| | - Guiqin Liu
- Research Institute of Donkey High-Efficiency Breeding and Ecological Feeding, College of Agronomy, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China
| | - Mingxia Zhu
- Research Institute of Donkey High-Efficiency Breeding and Ecological Feeding, College of Agronomy, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Dairy Cattle Research Center, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ji'nan, 250100, China
| | - Changfa Wang
- Research Institute of Donkey High-Efficiency Breeding and Ecological Feeding, College of Agronomy, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China.
| | - Huiying Ren
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China.
| | - Liangliang Li
- Research Institute of Donkey High-Efficiency Breeding and Ecological Feeding, College of Agronomy, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China.
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3
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Causes of equine perinatal mortality. Vet J 2021; 273:105675. [PMID: 34148598 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2021.105675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The peripartum period is critical in equine medicine for maintaining healthy mares, and ensuring the delivery of healthy neonatal foals. The field of perinatal mortality in horses is continuously evolving, with several advances being recently made in causes of perinatal fetal and foal loss. This review details the main causes of perinatal loss in horses, through late pregnancy, parturition and the neonatal period. Recent advances in identification of infectious organisms and indicators of survival in neonatal foals will be discussed. Continued advances in reproductive and neonatal medicine will aid improved survival of foals through fewer pregnancy losses, and improved management of high-risk pregnancies and critically ill neonatal foals.
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Akhmedzhanov M, Nurgaziev R, Orozov J, Moser I, Osterrieder N, Damiani AM. Late-Term Abortion, Stillbirth, and Neonatal Foal Death in Kyrgyzstan: First Isolation of Equine Herpesvirus Type 1 in the Country. J Equine Vet Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2016.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Balasuriya UBR, Crossley BM, Timoney PJ. A review of traditional and contemporary assays for direct and indirect detection of Equid herpesvirus 1 in clinical samples. J Vet Diagn Invest 2015; 27:673-87. [PMID: 26472746 DOI: 10.1177/1040638715605558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Equid herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) is one of the most economically important equine viral pathogens. Its clinical manifestations in horses vary from acute upper respiratory tract disease, abortion, or neonatal death, to neurological disease termed equine herpesviral myeloencephalopathy, which may lead to paralysis and a fatal outcome. Successful identification of EHV-1 infection in horses depends on a variety of factors such as suitable case selection with emphasis on timing of sample collection, selection of appropriate sample(s) based on the clinical manifestations, application of relevant diagnostic technique(s) and/or test(s), and careful evaluation and interpretation of laboratory results. Several traditional serologic and virus isolation assays have been described; however, these assays have inherent limitations that prevent rapid and reliable detection of EHV-1. The advent of molecular biologic techniques has revolutionized the diagnosis of infectious diseases in humans and animal species. Specifically, polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based assays have allowed detection of nucleic acid in clinical specimens precisely and rapidly as compared to the traditional methods that detect the agent or antigen, or agent-specific antibodies in serum. The new molecular methods, especially real-time PCR, can be a very useful means of EHV-1 detection and identification. Veterinarians involved in equine practice must be aware of the advantages and disadvantages of various real-time PCR assays, interpretation of viral genetic marker(s), and latency in order to provide the best standard of care for their equine patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Udeni B R Balasuriya
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY (Balasuriya, Timoney)California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA (Crossley)
| | - Beate M Crossley
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY (Balasuriya, Timoney)California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA (Crossley)
| | - Peter J Timoney
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY (Balasuriya, Timoney)California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA (Crossley)
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Schulman ML, Kass PH, Becker A, Van der Merwe B. A predictive model for reproductive performance following abortion in Thoroughbred mares. Vet Rec 2013; 172:44. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.100670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. L. Schulman
- Section of Reproduction; Faculty of Veterinary Science; University of Pretoria; Private Bag XO4 Onderstepoort 0110 South Africa
| | - P. H. Kass
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction; School of Veterinary Medicine; University of California; Davis California 95616 USA
| | - A. Becker
- Summerhill Stud, PO Box 430, Mooi River 3300 South Africa
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Foote AK, Ricketts SW, Whitwell KE. A racing start in life? The hurdles of equine feto-placental pathology. Equine Vet J 2012:120-9. [PMID: 22594040 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2011.00507.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Significant progress has been made in understanding and monitoring the causes of equine abortion over past decades. However, not all in utero pathology results in abortion. It has long been recognised that some in utero pathology, such as twinning or chronic placentitis, can result in the birth of live but growth-retarded foals and there is historical evidence that birth weight may influence future athletic performance. Clinical experience (e.g. from twins) and experimental studies (pony-Thoroughbred embryo transfer) have highlighted the importance of reduced functional placental area in limiting growth in utero in horses. Many other nonfatal in utero pathologies (e.g. umbilical cord-related circulatory compromise) can potentially affect either placental function or other organ systems. Their influence on the short- and long-term health of the foal and its future athletic performance is in many cases poorly documented or understood. This review summarises the main causes of in utero pathology and reflects on how these may potentially affect the foal if born alive, highlighting the need for long-term studies on this important subject.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Foote
- Beaufort Cottage Laboratories, Rossdale and Partners, Newmarket, Suffolk, UK.
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Smith KC, Whitwell KE, Blunden AS, Bestbier ME, Scase TJ, Geraghty RJ, Nugent J, Davis-Poynter NJ, Cardwell JM. Equine herpesvirus-1 abortion: atypical cases with lesions largely or wholly restricted to the placenta. Equine Vet J 2010; 36:79-82. [PMID: 14756377 DOI: 10.2746/0425164044864732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K C Smith
- Animal Health Trust, Lanwades Park, Kentford, Newmarket, Suffolk CB8 7UU, UK
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Donovan TA, Schrenzel MD, Tucker T, Pessier AP, Bicknese B, Busch MDM, Wise AG, Maes R, Kiupel M, McKnight C, Nordhausen RW. Meningoencephalitis in a Polar Bear Caused by Equine Herpesvirus 9 (EHV-9). Vet Pathol 2009; 46:1138-43. [DOI: 10.1354/vp.09-vp-0007-d-cr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A 12-year-old female polar bear ( Ursus maritimus) developed a sudden onset of muscle tremors, erratic circling, increased blinking, head shaking, and ptyalism, which progressed to partial and generalized seizures. Ancillary diagnostic tests were inconclusive, and the only significant laboratory finding was nonsuppurative pleocytosis of cerebrospinal fluid. Euthanasia was elected. Microscopic evaluation demonstrated multifocal, random nonsuppurative meningoencephalitis involving most prominently the rostral cerebral cortex, as well as the thalamus, midbrain, and rostral medulla. Lesions consisted of inflammation, neuronal necrosis, gliosis, and both neuronal and glial basophilic intranuclear inclusion bodies. Immunohistochemistry with a polyclonal antibody reactive to several equine herpesviruses was positive within affected areas of the brain, and polymerase chain reaction conclusively demonstrated the presence of only equine herpesvirus 9. The clinical and morphologic features of this case resemble other fatal herpesvirus encephalitides derived from interspecies transmission and underscore the need for extreme caution when managing wild or captive equids.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. A. Donovan
- Department of Pathology, The Animal Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - M. D. Schrenzel
- Zoological Society of San Diego, Conservation and Research for Endangered Species, Wildlife Disease Laboratories, Escondido, CA
| | - T. Tucker
- Zoological Society of San Diego, Conservation and Research for Endangered Species, Wildlife Disease Laboratories, Escondido, CA
| | - A. P. Pessier
- Wildlife Disease Laboratories (pathology), Zoological Society of San Diego, San Diego, CA
| | - B. Bicknese
- Department of Veterinary Services, Zoological Society of San Diego, San Diego, CA
| | - M. D. M. Busch
- Division of IDEXX Laboratories, Vet Med Labor GmbH, Ludwigsburg, Germany
| | - A. G. Wise
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, Lansing, MI
| | - R. Maes
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, Lansing, MI
| | - M. Kiupel
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, Lansing, MI
| | | | - R. W. Nordhausen
- California Animal Health & Food Safety Laboratory, University of California, Davis, CA
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Léon A, Fortier G, Fortier C, Freymuth F, Tapprest J, Leclercq R, Pronost S. Detection of equine herpesviruses in aborted foetuses by consensus PCR. Vet Microbiol 2008; 126:20-9. [PMID: 17686590 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2007.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2006] [Revised: 06/14/2007] [Accepted: 06/17/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The major role of EHV-1 in equine abortion is widely reported in the literature but the contribution of EHV-2, EHV-3, EHV-4 or EHV-5 remains less well documented. The objective of this study is to evaluate the contribution of these five different EHVs to equine abortion in a variety of biological tissues using a consensus polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The test was validated for specificity and sensitivity in horses before screening specimens from 407 foetuses, stillbirths and premature foals collected over a 2.5-year interval. Positive results obtained with this assay were compared to other EHV type-specific PCR or by sequencing. EHV-1 was identified as the major cause of abortion in French mares (59/407 cases). However, there was evidence to suggest some variation in the potential of EHV-1 strains to induce abortion. Indeed, DNA samples from EHV-2 (in three cases) and EHV-5 (in one case) inferred a role of these viruses in abortion. The presence of viral DNA from EHV-3 or EHV-4 strains was not detected in the specimens studied. The data obtained suggest that the consensus herpesvirus PCR is an efficient screening tool. In association with a specific PCR, the test provides a rapid identification of the type of herpesvirus involved in abortion and is useful for routine diagnostic tests as it allows the identification of herpesviruses other than the EHV-1 strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Léon
- Frank Duncombe Laboratory, 1 route de Rosel, 14053 Caen Cedex 4, France; Microbiology Service and EA 2128 Host Relations and Micro-organisms of the Epithelium, University Hospital of Caen, France
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Kydd JH, Townsend HGG, Hannant D. The equine immune response to equine herpesvirus-1: The virus and its vaccines. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2006; 111:15-30. [PMID: 16476492 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2006.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Equine herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1) is an alphaherpesvirus which infects horses, causing respiratory and neurological disease and abortion in pregnant mares. Latency is established in trigeminal ganglia and lymphocytes. Immunity to EHV-1 lasts between 3 and 6 months. Current vaccines, many of which contain inactivated virus, have reduced the incidence of abortion storms in pregnant mares but individual animals, which may be of high commercial value, remain susceptible to infection. The development of effective vaccines which stimulate both humoral and cellular immune responses remains a priority. Utilising data generated following experimental and field infections of the target species, this review describes the immunopathogenesis of EHV-1 and the interaction between the horse's immune system and this virus, both in vivo and in vitro, and identifies immune responses, highlighting those which have been associated with protective immunity. It then goes on to recount a brief history of vaccination, outlines factors likely to influence the outcome of vaccine administration and describes the immune response stimulated by a selection of commercial and experimental vaccines. Finally, based on the available data, a rational strategy designed to stimulate protective immune responses by vaccination is outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia H Kydd
- Centre for Preventive Medicine, Animal Health Trust, Lanwades Park, Kentford, Newmarket, Suffolk CB8 7UU, United Kingdom.
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