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Dubuc J, Schneider MJ, Dubuc V, Richard H, Pinsard M, Bancelin S, Legare F, Girard C, Laverty S. Degradation of Proteoglycans and Collagen in Equine Meniscal Tissues. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6439. [PMID: 38928148 PMCID: PMC11203490 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25126439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Investigate meniscal extracellular matrix degradation. Equine menisci (n = 34 from 17 horses) were studied. Site-matched sections were cut and scored from three regions (ROIs; n = 102) and stained for histology, proteoglycan (safranin O and fast green), aggrecan, and collagen cleavage (NITEGE, DIPEN, and C1,2C antibodies, respectively). Picrosirius red and second harmonic generation microscopy were performed to investigate collagen ultrastructure. A total of 42 ROIs met the inclusion criteria and were included in the final analysis. The median (range) ROI histological score was 3 (0-9), providing a large spectrum of pathology. The median (range) proteoglycan score was 1 (0-3), representing superficial and central meniscal loss. The median (range) of DIPEN, NITEGE, and C1,2C scores was 1 (0-3), revealing immunostaining of the femoral and tibial surfaces. The proteoglycan scores exhibited significant positive associations with both histologic evaluation (p = 0.03) and DIPEN scores (p = 0.02). Additionally, a robust positive association (p = 0.007) was observed between the two aggrecanolysis indicators, NITEGE and DIPEN scores. A negative association (p = 0.008) was identified between NITEGE and histological scores. The C1,2C scores were not associated with any other scores. Picrosirius red and second harmonic generation microscopy (SHGM) illustrated the loss of the collagen matrix and structure centrally. Proteoglycan and collagen degradation commonly occur superficially in menisci and less frequently centrally. The identification of central meniscal proteoglycan and collagen degradation provides novel insight into central meniscal degeneration. However, further research is needed to elucidate the etiology and sequence of degradative events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Dubuc
- Comparative Orthopedic Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, 3200 Sicotte Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, QC J2S2M2, Canada; (J.D.); (M.J.S.); (V.D.); (H.R.); (C.G.)
| | - Melodie Jil Schneider
- Comparative Orthopedic Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, 3200 Sicotte Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, QC J2S2M2, Canada; (J.D.); (M.J.S.); (V.D.); (H.R.); (C.G.)
| | - Valerie Dubuc
- Comparative Orthopedic Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, 3200 Sicotte Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, QC J2S2M2, Canada; (J.D.); (M.J.S.); (V.D.); (H.R.); (C.G.)
| | - Helene Richard
- Comparative Orthopedic Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, 3200 Sicotte Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, QC J2S2M2, Canada; (J.D.); (M.J.S.); (V.D.); (H.R.); (C.G.)
| | - Maxime Pinsard
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université du Quebec, 1650 Bd Lionel-Boulet, Varennes, Quebec, QC J3X1P7, Canada
| | - Stephane Bancelin
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université du Quebec, 1650 Bd Lionel-Boulet, Varennes, Quebec, QC J3X1P7, Canada
| | - Francois Legare
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université du Quebec, 1650 Bd Lionel-Boulet, Varennes, Quebec, QC J3X1P7, Canada
| | - Christiane Girard
- Comparative Orthopedic Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, 3200 Sicotte Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, QC J2S2M2, Canada; (J.D.); (M.J.S.); (V.D.); (H.R.); (C.G.)
| | - Sheila Laverty
- Comparative Orthopedic Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, 3200 Sicotte Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, QC J2S2M2, Canada; (J.D.); (M.J.S.); (V.D.); (H.R.); (C.G.)
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Van Cauter R, Serteyn D, Lejeune JP, Rousset A, Caudron I. Evaluation of the appearance of osteochondrosis lesions by two radiographic examinations in sport horses aged from 12 to 36 months. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0286213. [PMID: 37220101 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0286213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteochondrosis is a developmental orthopedic disease characterized by a defect of enchondral ossification. This pathological condition develops and evolves during growth and is influenced by various factors, in particular genetic and environmental. However, little research has been conducted on the dynamic of this condition in horses after the age of 12 months. The retrospective study presented here investigates changes in osteochondrosis lesions through two standardized radiographic examinations carried out on young Walloon sport horses after one year of age (mean age at first and second examination was 407 (±41) and 680 (±117) days respectively). Each examination, analyzed independently by three veterinarians, included latero-medial views of the fetlocks, hocks, stifles, plantarolateral-dorsomedial hocks view and additional radiograph if the operator deemed it necessary. Each joint site was graded as healthy, osteochondrosis (OC) or osteochondrosis dissecans (OCD) affected. A group of 58 horses was studied, among them 20 presented one or more osteochondrosis lesions for a total of 36 lesions present during at least one examination. In this population, 4 animals (6.9%) presented osteochondrosis during only one examination (2 at the first examination and 2 at the second one). Moreover, it was possible to demonstrate the appearance, disappearance and more generally the evolution of 9/36 lesions (25%) within the different joints. The results of the study suggest that, although substantial main limitations, osteochondrosis lesions can evolve after the age of 12 months in sport horses. Knowing this is useful in helping to decide the appropriate radiographic diagnosis timing and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphaël Van Cauter
- Centre Européen du Cheval, Mont-le-Soie, Vielsalm, Belgium
- Département des Sciences Cliniques des Équidés, Chirurgie et Orthopédie, FARAH, Université de Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Didier Serteyn
- Centre Européen du Cheval, Mont-le-Soie, Vielsalm, Belgium
- Département des Sciences Cliniques des Équidés, Chirurgie et Orthopédie, FARAH, Université de Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Jean-Philippe Lejeune
- Centre Européen du Cheval, Mont-le-Soie, Vielsalm, Belgium
- Département des Sciences Cliniques des Équidés, Chirurgie et Orthopédie, FARAH, Université de Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Alycia Rousset
- Centre Européen du Cheval, Mont-le-Soie, Vielsalm, Belgium
| | - Isabelle Caudron
- Centre Européen du Cheval, Mont-le-Soie, Vielsalm, Belgium
- Département des Sciences Cliniques des Équidés, Chirurgie et Orthopédie, FARAH, Université de Liège, Liège, Belgium
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Osteochondrosis (osteochondritis dissecans) in Lusitano horses: prevalence and characteristics. J Equine Vet Sci 2022; 117:104063. [PMID: 35787450 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2022.104063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Chavatte-Palmer P, Derisoud E, Robles M. Pregnancy and placental development in horses: an update. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2022; 79:106692. [PMID: 34823139 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2021.106692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Horses have been domesticated by man and historical information mostly associates horses with men. Nowadays, however, horse riding is essentially by women. Women are also very much involved in equine sciences, with a large contribution to the understanding of fetoplacental development. While highlighting the work of female scientists, this review describes the recent advances in equine fetoplacental studies, focusing on data obtained by new generation sequencing and progress on the understanding of the role of placental progesterone metabolites throughout gestation. A second emphasis is made on fetal programming, a currently very active field, where the importance of maternal nutrition, mare management or the use of embryo technologies has been shown to induce long term effects in the offspring that might affect progeny's performance. Finally, new perspectives for the study of equine pregnancy are drawn, that will rely on new methodologies applied to molecular explorations and imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Chavatte-Palmer
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, INRAE, BREED, Jouy-en-Josas 78350, France; Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, BREED, Maisons-Alfort 94700, France.
| | - E Derisoud
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, INRAE, BREED, Jouy-en-Josas 78350, France; Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, BREED, Maisons-Alfort 94700, France
| | - M Robles
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, INRAE, BREED, Jouy-en-Josas 78350, France; Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, BREED, Maisons-Alfort 94700, France; INRS Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Laval, Québec H7V1B7, Canada
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5
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Integrating melt electrowriting and inkjet bioprinting for engineering structurally organized articular cartilage. Biomaterials 2022; 283:121405. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2022.121405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Pye J, Spriet M, Dow P, Katzman S, Murphy BG. Osteochondral necrosis of the femoral condyles in Thoroughbred foals: eight cases (2008–2018). J Am Vet Med Assoc 2021; 260:341-349. [DOI: 10.2460/javma.21.03.0166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
OBJECTIVE
To describe clinical, imaging, gross, and histopathological abnormalities associated with osteochondral necrosis of the femoral condyles in foals and identify features suggestive of a common pathogenesis.
ANIMALS
8 Thoroughbred foals euthanized with a presumptive diagnosis of necrosis of the femoral condyles.
PROCEDURES
Postmortem CT was performed on all distal femoral epiphyseal samples. The articular epiphyseal cartilage complex (AECC) of affected distal femurs was examined grossly and histologically, focusing on lesions of interest identified on CT images.
RESULTS
7 foals were between 9 and 23 days old at the time of euthanasia; 1 foal was 85 days old. Concurrent illness (neonatal maladjustment syndrome, neonatal isoerythrolysis, or infection such as enteritis and omphalitis) was diagnosed in 7 foals. The characteristic antemortem radiographic and postmortem CT finding was a crescent-shaped osteochondral flap displaced from the affected medial femoral condyle. Synovial fluid cytology from affected joints was either within normal limits or consistent with mild inflammation. Histologically, all lesions were characterized by osteochondral necrosis and detachment of the AECC. In 6 foals, polymorphonuclear cells were found within growth cartilage canals, representing septic cartilage canals.
CLINICAL RELEVANCE
Osteochondral necrosis was interpreted to be secondary to bacterial colonization of the distal femoral AECC, evidenced by septic cartilage canals identified in 6 of 8 foals. This uncommon condition was previously thought to arise from an ischemic event, but the disease process was not well understood. An improved understanding of the pathogenesis of osteochondral necrosis is the first step in formulating more successful preventative and treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jannah Pye
- 1Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA
| | - Mathieu Spriet
- 1Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA
| | - Penny Dow
- 2Scone Equine Hospital, Scone, NSW, Australia
| | - Scott Katzman
- 1Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA
| | - Brian G. Murphy
- 3Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA
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Pimentel KL, Allen AL, Carmalt JL. Developmental orthopaedic disease and early osteoarthritis of the temporomandibular joint in a 15‐month‐old Quarter Horse filly. EQUINE VET EDUC 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.13578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- K. L. Pimentel
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences Western College of Veterinary Medicine University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon Saskatchewan Canada
| | - A. L. Allen
- Department of Veterinary Pathology Western College of Veterinary Medicine University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon Saskatchewan Canada
| | - J. L. Carmalt
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences Western College of Veterinary Medicine University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon Saskatchewan Canada
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Boorman S, Hofmeister EH, Ross MW, Ralston S, Bell G, Mackie S, Ortved K. Influence of osteochondrosis on the longevity and racing performance of standardbred trotters and pacers. Vet Surg 2021; 50:507-516. [PMID: 33460472 DOI: 10.1111/vsu.13568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the influence of clinical osteochondrosis (OC) on the short-term (2, 3, and 4-year-old) and long-term racing performance and longevity of standardbred racehorses. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective case-control study. SAMPLE POPULATION Standardbred racehorses from a single breeding farm born between 2009 and 2017 that survived to racing age (n = 2711). Three hundred eighty-two (14%) horses were OC-affected (829 lesions confirmed arthroscopically during surgical treatment), and 2329 (86%) horses were nonaffected. METHODS Racing performance data were obtained from an online database and evaluated with multiple linear regression models. RESULTS Trotters were more likely than pacers to be affected by OC (odds ratio [OR] = 1.4, 95% CI = 1.1-1.9, P = .006). Compared with nonaffected horses, long-term OC-affected horses had 8.8 fewer starts (95% CI = -14.4 to -3.2, P = .002), 1.0 fewer wins (95% CI = -1.9 to -0.1, P = .030), and 3.8 fewer total number of first through third place finishes (95% CI = -6.2 to -1.4, P < .0001). Nonaffected horses had longer careers compared with OC-affected horses, racing 0.32 years longer (95% CI = -0.52 to -0.12, P = .002). Osteochondrosis had no impact on short-term racing performance. Horses with lesions at the distal intermediate ridge of the tibia or lateral trochlear ridge of the talus had decreased performance compared with horses without these lesions. CONCLUSION Pacers were less likely than trotters to be affected by OC. Affected horses had fewer starts and shorter careers, despite early surgical intervention. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Osteochondrosis decreases long-term racing performance in racing standardbreds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Boorman
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama
| | - Erik H Hofmeister
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama
| | - Michael W Ross
- New Bolton Center, University of Pennsylvania, Kennett Square, Pennsylvania
| | - Sarah Ralston
- New Bolton Center, University of Pennsylvania, Kennett Square, Pennsylvania
| | - Garrett Bell
- New Bolton Center, University of Pennsylvania, Kennett Square, Pennsylvania
| | - Sarah Mackie
- New Bolton Center, University of Pennsylvania, Kennett Square, Pennsylvania
| | - Kyla Ortved
- New Bolton Center, University of Pennsylvania, Kennett Square, Pennsylvania
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Bourebaba L, Röcken M, Marycz K. Osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) in Horses - Molecular Background of its Pathogenesis and Perspectives for Progenitor Stem Cell Therapy. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2020; 15:374-390. [PMID: 30796679 PMCID: PMC6534522 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-019-09875-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Osteochondrosis (osteochondrosis dissecans; OCD) is a disease syndrome of growing cartilage related to different clinical entities such as epiphysitis, subchondral cysts and angular carpal deformities, which occurs in growing animals of all species, including horses. Nowadays, these disorders are affecting increasing numbers of young horses worldwide. As a complex multifactorial disease, OCD is initiated when failure in cartilage canals because of existing ischemia, chondrocyte biogenesis impairment as well as biochemical and genetic disruptions occur. Recently, particular attention have been accorded to the definition of possible relations between OCD and some metabolic disorders; in this way, implication of mitochondrial dysfunctions, endoplasmic reticulum disruptions, oxidative stress or endocrinological affections are among the most considered axes for future researches. As one of the most frequent cause of impaired orthopaedic potential, which may result in a sharp decrease in athletic performances of the affected animals, and lead to the occurrence of complications such as joint fragility and laminitis, OCD remains as one of the primary causes of considerable economic losses in all sections of the equine industry. It would therefore be important to provide more information on the exact pathophysiological mechanism(s) underlying early OC(D) lesions, in order to implement innovative strategies involving the use of progenitor stem cells, which are considered nowadays as a promising approach to regenerative medicine, with the potential to treat numerous orthopaedic disorders, including osteo-degenerative diseases, for prevention and reduction of incidence of the disease, not only in horses, but also in human medicine, as the equine model is already widely accepted by the scientific community and approved by the FDA, for the research and application of cellular therapies in the treatment of human conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynda Bourebaba
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology and Animal Science, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 27B, 50-375, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Michael Röcken
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Equine Clinic - Equine Surgery, Justus-Liebig-University, 35392, Gießen, Germany
| | - Krzysztof Marycz
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology and Animal Science, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 27B, 50-375, Wrocław, Poland. .,Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Equine Clinic - Equine Surgery, Justus-Liebig-University, 35392, Gießen, Germany.
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Wormstrand BH, Fjordbakk CT, Griffiths DJ, Lykkjen S, Olstad K. Development of the blood supply to the growth cartilage of the medial femoral condyle of foals. Equine Vet J 2020; 53:134-142. [PMID: 32144821 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Growth cartilage is found in the articular-epiphyseal cartilage complex (AECC) and the physis. It has a temporary blood supply organised as end arteries. Vascular failure is associated with osteochondrosis, but infection can also obstruct vessels. The location of bacteria was recently compared to arterial perfusion, and the results indicated that they were located in the distal tips of AECC end arteries. Systematic perfusion studies were not available for comparison to the infected physes. Further studies may improve our understanding of infections and other pathologies. OBJECTIVES To describe development of the blood supply to the growth cartilage of the medial femoral condyle in fetuses and foals from 228 days of gestation to 62 days old. STUDY DESIGN Ex vivo arterial perfusion study. METHODS The left medial femoral condyle of 10 Norwegian Fjord Pony fetuses and foals (228 days of gestation to 62 days old) and one Norwegian-Swedish Coldblooded Trotter foal (10 days old) was arterially perfused with barium and underwent micro-computed tomography, qualitative and quantitative description of vessels. RESULTS In the fetus, the physis was supplied by metaphyseal-origin arteries. In 1-10 day-old foals, the physis was supplied by a mixture of metaphyseal- and epiphyseal-origin arteries, and from 15 days of age by epiphyseal-origin arteries only. The number of vessels increased before it decreased in both the AECC and the physis postnatally. Vessels in the cartilage showed a monopodial branching pattern, whereas vessels in epiphyseal and metaphyseal bone showed both monopodial and dichotomous branching. MAIN LIMITATIONS Foals with confirmed pathologies were not examined. CONCLUSIONS The blood supply to growth cartilage changed with age, including the physeal supply that changed from metaphyseal- to epiphyseal-origin arteries. The number of vessels increased before it decreased postnatally, and two different branching patterns were observed. These results may improve our understanding of growth cartilage vascular failure and osteomyelitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bjørn H Wormstrand
- Department of Companion Animal Sciences, Equine Section, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Cathrine T Fjordbakk
- Department of Companion Animal Sciences, Equine Section, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - David J Griffiths
- Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sigrid Lykkjen
- Department of Companion Animal Sciences, Equine Section, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kristin Olstad
- Department of Companion Animal Sciences, Equine Section, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
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Maturation of the equine medial femoral condyle osteochondral unit. OSTEOARTHRITIS AND CARTILAGE OPEN 2020; 2:100029. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ocarto.2020.100029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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Gilday R, Richard H, Beauchamp G, Fogarty U, Laverty S. Abundant osteoclasts in the subchondral bone of the juvenile Thoroughbred metacarpus suggest an important role in joint maturation. Equine Vet J 2020; 52:733-742. [PMID: 31972056 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The administration of bisphosphonate medications, which target osteoclastic-bone remodelling, to juvenile and adult racehorses is a matter of debate owing to concerns that these molecules remain bound to the bone-mineralised matrix and may interfere with subsequent bone growth, adaptation to exercise and healing of bone microdamage in equine athletes. Osteoclasts participate in endochondral ossification, subchondral bone remodelling and bone repair. There is a knowledge gap on the role of equine osteoclast biology in the growth and maturation of joint surfaces and this information is important to inform judicious bisphosphonate use. OBJECTIVES Measure and compare the osteoclast density in the subchondral bone of Thoroughbred (TB) distal third metacarpi (McIII) at different sites, varying depths from the articular surface and with age (0-84 months). STUDY DESIGN Ex vivo cadaveric study. METHODS McIIIs from foals, yearlings and adults were collected, fixed in formaldehyde and stored at 4°C. Sections were cut from the lateral hemi-metacarpus, stained and scored for cartilage degeneration. Osteoclasts were counted on immunohistochemically (Cathepsin K) stained sections. Osteoclast density was compared in regions of interest (ROIs-the sagittal ridge, axial and abaxial condyle) and also at two depths (0-3 mm and 3-6 mm) into the subchondral bone below the osteochondral junction. RESULTS The osteoclast density was consistently highest in the subchondral cortical bone plate (0-3 mm) when compared with the deeper trabecular bone in all age groups. Furthermore, the osteoclast density was significantly higher in juvenile Thoroughbreds (foals and yearlings) within both sites in the subchondral bone when compared with adults. MAIN LIMITATIONS The number of specimens available for study was restricted. CONCLUSIONS Osteoclasts are important in normal McIII epiphyseal and articular surface maturation and have a propensity to localise at the osteochondral junction and subchondral cortical bone plate zone in juvenile Thoroughbreds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Gilday
- Comparative Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Département des Sciences Cliniques, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
| | - Hélène Richard
- Comparative Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Département des Sciences Cliniques, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
| | - Guy Beauchamp
- Département de Pathologie et Microbiologie, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Sheila Laverty
- Comparative Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Département des Sciences Cliniques, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
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Haysom SS, Vickers MH, Yu LH, Reynolds CM, Firth EC, McGlashan SR. Post-weaning high-fat diet results in growth cartilage lesions in young male rats. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0188411. [PMID: 29166409 PMCID: PMC5699802 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0188411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
To determine if a high-fat diet (HF) from weaning would result in a pro-inflammatory state and affect joint cartilage, we fed male rats either HF or Chow diet post-weaning, and voluntary wheel exercise (EX) or cage only activity (SED) after 9 weeks of age. At 17 weeks body composition, plasma biomarkers and histomorphology scores of femoro-tibial cartilages of HF-SED, HF-EX, Chow-SED and Chow-EX groups were compared. Food intake and activity were not significantly different between groups. HF diet resulted in significantly higher weight gain, %fat, fat:lean ratio, and plasma leptin, insulin and TNFα concentrations, with significant interactions between diet and exercise. No abnormal features were detected in the hyaline articular cartilage or in the metaphyseal growth plate in all four groups. However, collagen type X- positive regions of retained epiphyseal growth cartilage (EGC) was present in all HF-fed animals and significantly greater than that observed in Chow-fed sedentary rats. Most lesions were located in the lateral posterior aspect of the tibia and/or femur. The severity of lesions was greater in HF-fed animals. Although exercise had a significantly greater effect in reducing adiposity and associated systemic inflammation in HF-fed rats, it had no effect on lesion incidence or severity. Lesion incidence was also significantly associated with indices of obesity and plasma markers of chronic inflammation. Clinically, EGC lesions induced by HF feeding in rats from very early in life, and possibly by insufficient activity, is typical of osteochondrosis in animals. Such lesions may be the precursor of juvenile osteochondritis dissecans requiring surgery in children/adolescents, conservative management of which could benefit from improved understanding of early changes in cellular and gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel S. Haysom
- Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Mark H. Vickers
- Liggins Institute and Gravida: National Centre for Growth and Development, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Lennex H. Yu
- Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Clare M. Reynolds
- Liggins Institute and Gravida: National Centre for Growth and Development, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Elwyn C. Firth
- Liggins Institute and Gravida: National Centre for Growth and Development, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Department of Exercise Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- * E-mail: (SRM); (ECF)
| | - Sue R. McGlashan
- Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- * E-mail: (SRM); (ECF)
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Martel G, Crowley D, Olive J, Halley J, Laverty S. Ultrasonographic screening for subclinical osteochondrosis of the femoral trochlea in foals (28-166 days old): a prospective farm study. Equine Vet J 2017; 50:312-320. [DOI: 10.1111/evj.12772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G. Martel
- Comparative Orthopedic Research Laboratory; Department of Clinical Sciences; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; University of Montreal; Saint-Hyacinthe Quebec Canada
| | - D. Crowley
- Fethard Equine Hospital; Fethard Ireland
| | - J. Olive
- Radiology, Department of Clinical Sciences; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; University of Montreal; Saint-Hyacinthe Quebec Canada
| | - J. Halley
- Fethard Equine Hospital; Fethard Ireland
| | - S. Laverty
- Comparative Orthopedic Research Laboratory; Department of Clinical Sciences; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; University of Montreal; Saint-Hyacinthe Quebec Canada
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Lim CK, Hawkins JF, Vanderpool AL, Heng HG, Gillespie Harmon CC, Lenz SD. Osteochondritis dissecans-like lesions of the occipital condyle and cervical articular process joints in a Saddlebred colt horse. Acta Vet Scand 2017; 59:76. [PMID: 29084574 PMCID: PMC5663130 DOI: 10.1186/s13028-017-0345-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) is a sequela to osteochondrosis, whereby the cartilage superficial to the site of osteochondrosis fractures and gives rise to osteochondral fragments in the affected joint. In this case, both the radiological and computed tomography findings were supportive of classical severe OCD but the histologic findings were not supportive of the diagnosis of OCD. Case presentation A 1 year and 6 months old, Saddlebred, colt was presented for evaluation of chronic cervical pain. Standing laterolateral radiographs revealed an osteochondral fragment with corresponding irregular subchondral bone defect at one of the occipital condyle. Computed tomography confirmed the presence of osteochondral fragments at the left occipital condyle and several articular process joints of the cervical spine, with associated subchondral bone defects and sclerosis, suggestive of OCD. However, the lack of ischemic chondronecrosis microscopically was not supportive of a histologic diagnosis of OCD. Therefore, the term ‘OCD-like lesions’ was deemed most appropriate for these cervical lesions. Conclusion In the event where imaging features were characteristics of OCD but lack of histologic evidence of ischemic chondronecrosis, the term ‘OCD-like lesion’ is deemed most appropriate.
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Finnøy A, Olstad K, Lilledahl MB. Non-linear optical microscopy of cartilage canals in the distal femur of young pigs may reveal the cause of articular osteochondrosis. BMC Vet Res 2017; 13:270. [PMID: 28830435 PMCID: PMC5568222 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-017-1197-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Articular osteochondrosis is a common cause of leg weakness in pigs and is defined as a focal delay in the endochondral ossification of the epiphysis. The first demonstrated steps in the pathogenesis consist of loss of blood supply and subsequent chondronecrosis in the epiphyseal growth cartilage. Blood vessels in cartilage are located in cartilage canals and become incorporated into the secondary ossification centre during growth. It has been hypothesized that vascular failure occurs during this incorporation process, but it is not known what predisposes a canal to fail. To obtain new information that may reveal the cause of vascular failure, the distal femur of 4 pigs aged 82–140 days was sampled and examined by non-linear optical microscopy. This novel technique was used for its ability to reveal information about collagen by second harmonic generation and cellular morphology by two-photon-excited fluorescence in thick sections without staining. The aims were to identify morphological variations between cartilage canal segments and to examine if failed cartilage canals could be followed back to the location where the blood supply ceased. Results The cartilage canals were shown to vary in their content of collagen fibres (112/412 segments), and the second harmonic and fluorescence signals indicated a variation in the bundling of collagen fibrils (245/412 segments) and in the calcification (30/412 segments) of the adjacent cartilage matrix. Failed cartilage canals associated with chondronecrosis were shown to enter the epiphyseal growth cartilage from not only the secondary ossification centre, but also the attachment site of the caudal cruciate ligament. Conclusion The variations between cartilage canal segments could potentially explain why the blood supply fails at the osteochondral junction in only a subset of the canals. Proteins linked to these variations should be examined in future genomic studies. Although incorporation can still be a major cause, it could not account for all cases of vascular failure. The role of the caudal cruciate ligament in the cause of osteochondrosis should therefore be investigated further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Finnøy
- Department of Physics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Kristin Olstad
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Biosciences, Equine Section, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 8146, Oslo, Norway
| | - Magnus B Lilledahl
- Department of Physics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
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18
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Martel G, Forget C, Gilbert G, Richard H, Moser T, Olive J, Laverty S. Validation of the ultrasonographic assessment of the femoral trochlea epiphyseal cartilage in foals at osteochondrosis predilected sites with magnetic resonance imaging and histology. Equine Vet J 2017; 49:821-828. [DOI: 10.1111/evj.12698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G. Martel
- Département des Sciences Cliniques; Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire; Université de Montréal; St-Hyacinthe Quebec Canada
| | - C. Forget
- Service vétérinaire Dr Claude Forget; St-Jérôme Quebec Canada
| | - G. Gilbert
- Philips Healthcare; MR Clinical Science; Markham Ontario Canada
| | - H. Richard
- Département des Sciences Cliniques; Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire; Université de Montréal; St-Hyacinthe Quebec Canada
| | - T. Moser
- Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal; Hôpital Notre-Dame; Montréal Quebec Canada
| | - J. Olive
- Animal Oncology and Imaging Center; Rotkreuz Switzerland
| | - S. Laverty
- Département des Sciences Cliniques; Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire; Université de Montréal; St-Hyacinthe Quebec Canada
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Hellings IR, Dolvik NI, Ekman S, Olstad K. Cartilage canals in the distal intermediate ridge of the tibia of fetuses and foals are surrounded by different types of collagen. J Anat 2017. [PMID: 28620929 PMCID: PMC5603784 DOI: 10.1111/joa.12650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Some epiphyseal growth cartilage canals are surrounded by a ring of hypereosinophilic matrix consisting of collagen type I. Absence of the collagen type I ring may predispose canal vessels to failure and osteochondrosis, which can lead to fragments in joints (osteochondrosis dissecans). It is not known whether the ring develops in response to programming or biomechanical force. The distribution that may reveal the function of the ring has only been described in the distal femur of a limited number of foals. It is also not known which cells are responsible for producing the collagen ring. The aims of the current study were to examine fetuses and foals to infer whether the ring forms in response to biomechanical force or programming, to describe distribution and to investigate which cell type produces the ring. The material consisted of 46 fetuses and foals from 293 days of gestation to 142 days old, of both sexes and different breeds, divided into three groups, designated the naïve group up to and including the day of birth, the adapting group from 2 days up to and including 14 days old, and the loaded group from 15 days and older. The distal tibia was sawn into parasagittal slabs and the cranial half of the central slab from the intermediate ridge was examined by light microscopy and immunohistochemical staining for collagen type I. Presence, completeness and location of the collagen ring was compared, as was the quantity of perivascular mesenchymal cells. An eosinophilic ring present on HE-stained sections was seen in every single fetus and foal examined, which corresponded to collagen type I in immunostained sections. A higher proportion of cartilage canals were surrounded by an eosinophilic ring in the naïve and adapting groups at 73 and 76%, respectively, compared with the loaded group at 51%. When considering only patent canals, the proportion of canals with an eosinophilic ring was higher in the adapting and loaded than the naïve group of foals. The ring was present around 90 and 81% of patent canals in the deep and middle layers, respectively, compared with 58% in the superficial layer, and the ring was more often complete around deep compared with superficial canals. The ring was absent or partial around chondrifying canals. When an eosinophilic ring was present around patent canals, it was more common for the canal to contain one or more layers of perivascular mesenchymal cells rather than few to no layers. It was also more common for the collagen ring to be more complete around canals that contained many as opposed to few mesenchymal cells. In conclusion, the proportion of cartilage canals that had an eosinophilic ring was similar in all three groups of fetuses and foals, indicating that the presence of the collagen ring was mostly programmed, although some adaptation was evident. The ring was more often present around deep, compared with superficial canals, indicating a role in preparation for ossification. The collagen ring appeared to be produced by perivascular mesenchymal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingunn Risnes Hellings
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Biosciences, Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Equine Section, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Nils Ivar Dolvik
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Biosciences, Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Equine Section, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Stina Ekman
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Section of Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Kristin Olstad
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Biosciences, Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Equine Section, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
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Martel G, Couture CA, Gilbert G, Bancelin S, Richard H, Moser T, Kiss S, Légaré F, Laverty S. Femoral epiphyseal cartilage matrix changes at predilection sites of equine osteochondrosis: Quantitative MRI, second-harmonic microscopy, and histological findings. J Orthop Res 2016; 34:1743-1752. [PMID: 27734566 DOI: 10.1002/jor.23176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Osteochondrosis is an ischemic chondronecrosis of epiphyseal growth cartilage that results in focal failure of endochondral ossification and osteochondritis dissecans at specific sites in the epiphyses of humans and animals, including horses. The upstream events leading to the focal ischemia remain unknown. The epiphyseal growth cartilage matrix is composed of proteoglycan and collagen macromolecules and encases its vascular tree in canals. The matrix undergoes major dynamic changes in early life that could weaken it biomechanically and predispose it to focal trauma and vascular failure. Subregions in neonatal foal femoral epiphyses (n = 10 osteochondrosis predisposed; n = 6 control) were assessed for proteoglycan and collagen structure/content employing 3T quantitative MRI (3T qMRI: T1ρ and T2 maps). Site-matched validations were made with histology, immunohistochemistry, and second-harmonic microscopy. Growth cartilage T1ρ and T2 relaxation times were significantly increased (p < 0.002) within the proximal third of the trochlea, a site predisposed to osteochondrosis, when compared with other regions. However, this was observed in both control and osteochondrosis predisposed specimens. Microscopic evaluation of this region revealed an expansive area with low proteoglycan content and a hypertrophic-like appearance on second-harmonic microscopy. We speculate that this matrix structure and composition, though physiological, may weaken the epiphyseal growth cartilage biomechanically in focal regions and could enhance the risk of vascular failure with trauma leading to osteochondrosis. However, additional investigations are now required to confirm this. 3T qMRI will be useful for future non-invasive longitudinal studies to track the osteochondrosis disease trajectory in animals and humans. © 2016 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 34:1743-1752, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabrielle Martel
- Comparative Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | | | | | | | - Hélène Richard
- Comparative Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Thomas Moser
- Department of Radiology, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Hôpital Notre-Dame, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Sabrina Kiss
- Department of Radiology, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Hôpital Notre-Dame, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | | | - Sheila Laverty
- Comparative Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada.
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Finnøy A, Olstad K, Lilledahl MB. Second harmonic generation imaging reveals a distinct organization of collagen fibrils in locations associated with cartilage growth. Connect Tissue Res 2016; 57:374-87. [PMID: 27215664 DOI: 10.1080/03008207.2016.1190348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The articular-epiphyseal cartilage complex (AECC) is responsible for the expansion of the bone ends and serves the function of the articular cartilage in juvenile mammals. Bundles of collagen fibrils surrounding cells were in the literature observed more frequently near the articular surface of the AECC. The articular surface, the perichondrium, and cartilage canals are interfaces where appositional growth of the AECC has been demonstrated. The current study aimed to evaluate the potential of second harmonic generation (SHG) to locate the collagen fibril bundles near the articular surface and to examine whether a comparable collagen fibril organization could be observed near the other interfaces of the AECC. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study included the femoral condyle of four piglets aged 82-141 days. The forward and backward scattered SHG, and their ratio, was analyzed across the AECC using objectives with different numerical aperture. Two-photon-excited fluorescence was used to visualize cells. RESULTS A similar pattern of collagen fibril organization was observed near the articular surface, around cartilage canals, and adjacent to the perichondrium. The pattern consisted of a higher ratio of forward to backward scattered SHG that increased relative to the surrounding matrix at lower numerical aperture. This was interpreted to reflect collagen fibril bundles in the territorial matrix of cells in these areas. CONCLUSIONS The observed arrangement of collagen fibrils was suggested to be related to the presumed different growth activity in these areas and indicated that SHG may be used as an indirect and label-free marker for cartilage matrix growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Finnøy
- a Department of Physics , Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) , Trondheim , Norway
| | - Kristin Olstad
- b Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Biosciences , Oslo , Norway
| | - Magnus B Lilledahl
- a Department of Physics , Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) , Trondheim , Norway
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Martel G, Kiss S, Gilbert G, Anne-Archard N, Richard H, Moser T, Laverty S. Differences in the vascular tree of the femoral trochlear growth cartilage at osteochondrosis-susceptible sites in foals revealed by SWI 3T MRI. J Orthop Res 2016; 34:1539-46. [PMID: 26740060 DOI: 10.1002/jor.23149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Focal ischemic chondronecrosis of epiphyseal growth cartilage (EGC) during endochondral ossification is believed to be a key early event on the pathway to osteochondrosis (OC) in both animals and humans. The lateral ridge of the equine trochlea is a site where severe osteochondritis dissecans lesions frequently arise and is a model for the study of naturally occurring disease. Non-invasive imaging to investigate EGC vascularity may help elucidate why focal ischemia occurs. 3T MRI susceptibility-weighted imaging (SWI) of femoral trochlea of OC predisposed (n = 10) and control (n = 6) day-old foals, with minimal joint loading after birth, was performed. SWI and 3D images revealed the EGC vascular architecture without a contrast agent, and matched histologic observations. No vascular lesions were identified. There was no difference in the vascular density and architecture between control and OC specimens, but a striking difference in vascular pattern was seen at the OC-predilected site in the lateral ridge of the trochlea in all specimens, when compared to the medial ridge of the trochlea, where OC lesions are rarely observed. This site was less ossified with more perichondrial vessels not yet bridging with the subchondral bone. Furthermore, the mean vascular density of all specimens was significantly higher at this site. We speculate that joint morphology and focal internal trauma on this site with a unique vascular architecture may trigger ischemic events at this site. SWI permitted visualization of EGC in young foals with a clinical 3T MRI and paves the way for non-destructive longitudinal studies to improve understanding of OC in all species. © 2016 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 34:1539-1546, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabrielle Martel
- Comparative Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Sabrina Kiss
- Department of Radiology, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Hôpital Notre-Dame, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Nicolas Anne-Archard
- Comparative Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Hélène Richard
- Comparative Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Thomas Moser
- Department of Radiology, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Hôpital Notre-Dame, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Sheila Laverty
- Comparative Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
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Mendoza L, Lejeune JP, Caudron I, Detilleux J, Sandersen C, Deliège B, Serteyn D. Impact of feeding and housing on the development of osteochondrosis in foals-A longitudinal study. Prev Vet Med 2016; 127:10-4. [PMID: 27094134 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2016.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Revised: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Osteochondrosis dissecans (OCD) is a developmental orthopedic disease caused by a failure of the endochondral ossification in epiphyseal plates and joint cartilage. This trouble may induce the presence of osteochondral fragments in the articulation, fissures or subchondral bone cysts in the growth cartilage. Occurrence of osteochondrosis is influenced by a complex interaction of different factors. Among these, the effect of the housing and the feeding of the foals during their first months of life, have been described as risk factors for the development of osteochondrosis. The aim of this study was to investigate the evolution of OCD lesions with a longitudinal study in 204 young foals from 6 to 18 months in comparison to the type of feeding and the type of housing conditions. These factors and OCD status were obtained by a questionnaire and radiological examination, respectively. This allowed dividing the foals into four groups according to the initial OCD status and the evolution of the condition. As a result, we found that foals fed with concentrates show a higher probability to develop OCD lesions (p=0.06), while foals not receiving concentrates, had a higher probability to heal from existing OCD lesions (p=0.001). This study supports the theory that management factors such as feeding or housing may influence the evolution of the osteochondrosis disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Mendoza
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, Belgium; Equine Research and Development Center, Mont-le-Soie, Belgium.
| | - Jean-Philippe Lejeune
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, Belgium; Equine Research and Development Center, Mont-le-Soie, Belgium
| | | | | | | | | | - Didier Serteyn
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, Belgium; Equine Research and Development Center, Mont-le-Soie, Belgium
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Peugnet P, Mendoza L, Wimel L, Duchamp G, Dubois C, Reigner F, Caudron I, Deliège B, Toquet MP, Richard E, Chaffaux S, Tarrade A, Lejeune JP, Serteyn D, Chavatte-Palmer P. Longitudinal Study of Growth and Osteoarticular Status in Foals Born to Between-Breed Embryo Transfers. J Equine Vet Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2015.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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25
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Prevalence and characteristics of osteochondrosis in 309 Spanish Purebred horses. Vet J 2016; 207:112-117. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2015.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Revised: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Hellings IR, Ekman S, Hultenby K, Dolvik NI, Olstad K. Discontinuities in the endothelium of epiphyseal cartilage canals and relevance to joint disease in foals. J Anat 2015; 228:162-75. [PMID: 26471892 PMCID: PMC4694163 DOI: 10.1111/joa.12391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Cartilage canals have been shown to contain discontinuous blood vessels that enable circulating bacteria to bind to cartilage matrix, leading to vascular occlusion and associated pathological changes in pigs and chickens. It is also inconsistently reported that cartilage canals are surrounded by a cellular or acellular wall that may influence whether bacterial binding can occur. It is not known whether equine cartilage canals contain discontinuous endothelium or are surrounded by a wall. This study aimed to examine whether there were discontinuities in the endothelium of cartilage canal vessels, and whether canals had a cellular or acellular wall, in the epiphyseal growth cartilage of foals. Epiphyseal growth cartilage from the proximal third of the medial trochlear ridge of the distal femur from six healthy foals that were 1, 24, 35, 47, 118 and 122 days old and of different breeds and sexes was examined by light microscopy (LM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and immunohistochemistry. The majority of patent cartilage canals contained blood vessels that were lined by a thin layer of continuous endothelium. Fenestrations were found in two locations in one venule in a patent cartilage canal located deep in the growth cartilage and close to the ossification front in the 118-day-old foal. Chondrifying cartilage canals in all TEM-examined foals contained degenerated endothelial cells that were detached from the basement membrane, resulting in gap formation. Thirty-three percent of all canals were surrounded by a hypercellular rim that was interpreted as contribution of chondrocytes to growth cartilage. On LM, 69% of all cartilage canals were surrounded by a ring of matrix that stained intensely eosinophilic and consisted of collagen fibres on TEM that were confirmed to be collagen type I by immunohistochemistry. In summary, two types of discontinuity were observed in the endothelium of equine epiphyseal cartilage canal vessels: fenestrations were observed in a patent cartilage canal in the 118-day-old foal; and gaps were observed in chondrifying cartilage canals in all TEM-examined foals. Canals were not surrounded by any cellular wall, but a large proportion was surrounded by an acellular wall consisting of collagen type I. Bacterial binding can therefore probably occur in horses by mechanisms that are similar to those previously demonstrated in pigs and chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingunn Risnes Hellings
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Equine Section, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Stina Ekman
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Section of Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Kjell Hultenby
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet and University Hospital, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Nils Ivar Dolvik
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Equine Section, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kristin Olstad
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Equine Section, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
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Tóth F, Nissi MJ, Ellermann JM, Wang L, Shea KG, Polousky J, Carlson CS. Novel Application of Magnetic Resonance Imaging Demonstrates Characteristic Differences in Vasculature at Predilection Sites of Osteochondritis Dissecans. Am J Sports Med 2015; 43:2522-7. [PMID: 26286878 PMCID: PMC4766866 DOI: 10.1177/0363546515596410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Understanding the pathogenesis of osteochondrosis/osteochondritis dissecans and other developmental orthopaedic diseases that are thought to occur secondary to defects in vascular supply to growth/epiphyseal cartilage has been hampered by the inability to image the vasculature in this tissue. This is particularly true in human beings due to limitations of current imaging techniques and the lack of availability of appropriate cadaveric samples for histological studies. HYPOTHESIS Susceptibility-weighted imaging, an MRI sequence, allows identification of characteristic differences in the vascular architecture in species that are affected by osteochondrosis/osteochondritis dissecans on the femoral condyle (humans and pigs) versus a species that is free of the disease (goat). STUDY DESIGN Controlled laboratory study. MATERIALS Distal femora from cadavers of juvenile humans (n = 5), pigs (n = 3), and goats (n = 3) were scanned in a 9.4-T MRI scanner using susceptibility-weighted imaging. Three-dimensional reconstructions were created, and minimum intensity projections were calculated in 3 planes to enhance visualization of the vascular architecture. RESULTS Susceptibility-weighted imaging allowed clear visualization of the epiphyseal vasculature in all species. Vascular architecture, with vessels primarily arising from the perichondrium, was similar in humans and pigs, which are predisposed to osteochondrosis/osteochondritis dissecans, and was starkly different from that present in goats, a species in which there are no reports of osteochondrosis/osteochondritis dissecans. Furthermore, vessels in the distal femoral predilection site disappeared with age in humans in a pattern similar to that reported previously in pigs. CONCLUSION Nearly identical vascular architecture at the shared primary predilection site of osteochondrosis/osteochondritis dissecans in the femoral condyles in human beings and pigs suggests that vascular failure, which is known to be central to the pathogenesis of this disease in pigs, may also play a role in humans. CLINICAL RELEVANCE This assumption of a shared pathogenesis is supported by the pattern of disappearance of vessels with age at the primary predilection site of osteochondritis dissecans in humans, which is essentially identical to that which has been reported in pigs. Susceptibility-weighted imaging will likely help further elucidate this potential relationship in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferenc Tóth
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA,Correspondence to: Ferenc Toth, 435H AnSci/VetMed, 1988 Fitch Avenue, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA; Tel.: 1-612-624-7727;
| | - Mikko J. Nissi
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA,Department of Radiology, Institute of Diagnostics, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland,Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jutta M. Ellermann
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Luning Wang
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Kevin G. Shea
- St Lukes Health System, Boise, ID,Department of Orthopedics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - John Polousky
- The Rocky Mountain Hospital for Children, Denver, CO
| | - Cathy S. Carlson
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
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Mendoza L, Piquemal D, Lejeune JP, Vander Heyden L, Noguier F, Bruno R, Sandersen C, Serteyn D. Age-dependent expression of osteochondrosis-related genes in equine leukocytes. Vet Rec Open 2015; 2:e000058. [PMID: 26392886 PMCID: PMC4567144 DOI: 10.1136/vetreco-2014-000058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Revised: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Osteochondrosis (OC) is a developmental disease in horses which has a significant impact on the horse's welfare and performance. The early disturbance in the process of endochondral ossification progresses to inflammatory and repair processes in older horses. Previously, differentially expressed genes in leukocytes of OC-affected horses have been identified. The aim of the present study is to detect age-related changes in these differentially expressed genes. MATERIALS AND METHODS The expression of OC-related genes was analysed by real-time PCR and subsequent statistical analysis (ΔΔCT) in the leukocytes of 135 Belgian Warmblood horses divided into three different age groups: <12 months (n=47), 18-24 months (n=50) >30 months (n=38). RESULTS Relative expression of genes of horses less than 12 months of age showed significant induction of the genes MGAT4A, PRKCG, MHCI, ApoB, ApoB3G, B4GALT6 and a significantly lower expression of the genes OAS3. Horses of 18-24 months of age, showed a significantly higher expression of the genes TBC1D9, MGAT4A, IFIH1, MHCIIa and MMP1. Horses of more than 30 months of age showed a significantly higher expression of the genes MGAT4A, HP, SECTM1 compared with their age-matched control groups. CONCLUSIONS The study demonstrates that OC-related genes are differentially expressed in horses of different ages compared with their age-matched controls. Some of the genes may be implicated in cell signalling and differentiation as well as carbohydrate and lipid metabolism and inflammation. However, the causal relationship between the differentially expressed genes and the development and progression of the OC lesions needs to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Mendoza
- University of Liège , Liège , Belgium ; Equine Research and Development Center , Mont-le-Soie , Belgium
| | - D Piquemal
- Computational Biology Institute (IBC) , France ; University of Montpellier2 , Montpellier , France ; Acobiom , Montpellier , France
| | - J P Lejeune
- Equine Research and Development Center , Mont-le-Soie , Belgium
| | - L Vander Heyden
- Equine Research and Development Center , Mont-le-Soie , Belgium
| | | | - R Bruno
- Acobiom , Montpellier , France
| | | | - D Serteyn
- University of Liège , Liège , Belgium ; Equine Research and Development Center , Mont-le-Soie , Belgium
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29
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van Weeren PR, Olstad K. Pathogenesis of osteochondrosis dissecans: How does this translate to management of the clinical case? EQUINE VET EDUC 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.12435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P. R. van Weeren
- Department of Equine Sciences; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Utrecht University; The Netherlands
| | - K. Olstad
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Biosciences; Norwegian University of Life Sciences; Oslo Norway
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Abstract
Osteochondrosis is defined as a focal disturbance in endochondral ossification. The cartilage superficial to an osteochondrosis lesion can fracture, giving rise to fragments in joints known as osteochondrosis dissecans (OCD). In pigs and horses, it has been confirmed that the disturbance in ossification is the result of failure of the blood supply to epiphyseal growth cartilage and associated ischemic chondronecrosis. The earliest lesion following vascular failure is an area of ischemic chondronecrosis at an intermediate depth of the growth cartilage (osteochondrosis latens) that is detectable ex vivo, indirectly using contrast-enhanced micro- and conventional computed tomography (CT) or directly using adiabatic T1ρ magnetic resonance imaging. More chronic lesions of ischemic chondronecrosis within the ossification front (osteochondrosis manifesta) are detectable by the same techniques and have also been followed longitudinally in pigs using plain CT. The results confirm that lesions sometimes undergo spontaneous resolution, and in combination, CT and histology observations indicate that this occurs by filling of radiolucent defects with bone from separate centers of endochondral ossification that form superficial to lesions and by phagocytosis and intramembranous ossification of granulation tissue that forms deep to lesions. Research is currently aimed at discovering the cause of the vascular failure in osteochondrosis, and studies of spontaneous lesions suggest that failure is associated with the process of incorporating blood vessels into the advancing ossification front during growth. Experimental studies also show that bacteremia can lead to vascular occlusion. Future challenges are to differentiate between causes of vascular failure and to discover the nature of the heritable predisposition for osteochondrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Olstad
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Biosciences, Institute of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - S. Ekman
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
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Desjardin C, Vaiman A, Mata X, Legendre R, Laubier J, Kennedy SP, Laloe D, Barrey E, Jacques C, Cribiu EP, Schibler L. Next-generation sequencing identifies equine cartilage and subchondral bone miRNAs and suggests their involvement in osteochondrosis physiopathology. BMC Genomics 2014; 15:798. [PMID: 25227120 PMCID: PMC4190437 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2013] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are an abundant class of small single-stranded non-coding RNA molecules ranging from 18 to 24 nucleotides. They negatively regulate gene expression at the post-transcriptional level and play key roles in many biological processes, including skeletal development and cartilage maturation. In addition, miRNAs involvement in osteoarticular diseases has been proved and some of them were identified as suitable biomarkers for pathological conditions. Equine osteochondrosis (OC) is one of the most prevalent juvenile osteoarticular disorders in horses and represents a major concern for animal welfare and economic reasons. Its etiology and pathology remain controversial and biological pathways as well as molecular mechanisms involved in the physiopathology are still unclear. This study aims to investigate the potential role of miRNAs in equine osteochondrosis (OC) physiopathology. Short-read NGS technology (SOLID™, Life Technologies) was used to establish a comprehensive repertoire of miRNA expressed in either equine cartilage or subchondral bone. Undamaged cartilage and subchondral bone samples from healthy (healthy samples) and OC-affected (predisposed samples) 10-month Anglo-Arabian foals were analysed. Samples were also subjected or not to an experimental mechanical loading to evaluate the role of miRNAs in the regulation of mechano-transduction pathways. Predicted targets of annotated miRNAs were identified using miRmap. Results Epiphyseal cartilage and subchondral bone miRNome were defined, including about 300 new miRNAs. Differentially expressed miRNAs were identified between bone and cartilage from healthy and OC foals, as well as after an experimental mechanical loading. In cartilage, functional annotation of their predicted targets suggests a role in the maintenance of cartilage integrity through the control of cell cycle and differentiation, energy production and metabolism as well as extracellular matrix structure and dynamics. In bone, miRNA predicited targets were associated with osteoblasts and osteoclasts differentiation, though the regulation of energy production, vesicle transport and some growth factor signaling pathways. Conclusion Taken together, our results suggest a role of miRNAs in equine OC physiopathology and in the cellular response to biomechanical stress in cartilage and bone. In silico target prediction and functional enrichment analysis provides new insight into OC molecular physiopathology. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1471-2164-15-798) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clémence Desjardin
- INRA, UMR1313 Génétique animale et biologie intégrative, Domaine de Vilvert, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France.
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McCoy AM, Toth F, Dolvik NI, Ekman S, Ellermann J, Olstad K, Ytrehus B, Carlson CS. Articular osteochondrosis: a comparison of naturally-occurring human and animal disease. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2013; 21:1638-47. [PMID: 23954774 PMCID: PMC3815567 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2013.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2013] [Revised: 07/30/2013] [Accepted: 08/03/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Osteochondrosis (OC) is a common developmental orthopedic disease affecting both humans and animals. Despite increasing recognition of this disease among children and adolescents, its pathogenesis is incompletely understood because clinical signs are often not apparent until lesions have progressed to end-stage, and examination of cadaveric early lesions is not feasible. In contrast, both naturally-occurring and surgically-induced animal models of disease have been extensively studied, most notably in horses and swine, species in which OC is recognized to have profound health and economic implications. The potential for a translational model of human OC has not been recognized in the existing human literature. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this review is to highlight the similarities in signalment, predilection sites and clinical presentation of naturally-occurring OC in humans and animals and to propose a common pathogenesis for this condition across species. STUDY DESIGN Review. METHODS The published human and veterinary literature for the various manifestations of OC was reviewed. Peer-reviewed original scientific articles and species-specific review articles accessible in PubMed (US National Library of Medicine) were eligible for inclusion. RESULTS A broad range of similarities exists between OC affecting humans and animals, including predilection sites, clinical presentation, radiographic/MRI changes, and histological appearance of the end-stage lesion, suggesting a shared pathogenesis across species. CONCLUSION This proposed shared pathogenesis for OC between species implies that naturally-occurring and surgically-induced models of OC in animals may be useful in determining risk factors and for testing new diagnostic and therapeutic interventions that can be used in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette M McCoy
- Diplomate American College of Veterinary Surgeons; Postdoctoral Fellow, Veterinary Population Medicine Department, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA;
| | - Ferenc Toth
- Diplomate American College of Veterinary Surgeons; Postdoctoral Fellow, Veterinary Population Medicine Department, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA;
| | - Nils I Dolvik
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Equine Section, Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, Oslo, Norway;
| | - Stina Ekman
- Department of Biomedicine and Veterinary Public Health, Division of Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden;
| | - Jutta Ellermann
- Department of Radiology, The Center for Magnetic Resonance Imaging Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA;
| | - Kristin Olstad
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Equine Section, Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, Oslo, Norway;
| | - Bjornar Ytrehus
- Section for Wildlife Diseases, Division of Pathology, National Veterinary Institute, Oslo, Norway;
| | - Cathy S Carlson
- Diplomate American College of Veterinary Pathologists; Professor, Veterinary Population Medicine Department, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA;
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Fontaine P, Blond L, Alexander K, Beauchamp G, Richard H, Laverty S. Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging in the study of joint development in the equine pelvic limb. Vet J 2013; 197:103-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2013.03.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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34
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van Weeren PR, Denoix JM. The Normandy field study on juvenile osteochondral conditions: Conclusions regarding the influence of genetics, environmental conditions and management, and the effect on performance. Vet J 2013; 197:90-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2013.03.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Denoix JM, Jeffcott L, McIlwraith C, van Weeren P. A review of terminology for equine juvenile osteochondral conditions (JOCC) based on anatomical and functional considerations. Vet J 2013; 197:29-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2013.03.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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37
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Abstract
Twenty years ago a supplement of Equine Veterinary Journal was devoted to equine osteochondrosis (OC) and recognised the importance of this developmental disease to the equine industry. In the accompanying editorial several controversial issues were identified and a number of areas for further research were highlighted. Today, equine OC is still a major clinical problem, but the on-going research has resulted in much improved knowledge and understanding of this highly complicated disease. There is still conflicting evidence on the prevalence of OC due to the dynamic character of the condition, widely varying definitions in the literature, and the range of joints affected. Nevertheless there is now convincing evidence that early vascular damage, leading to chondronecrosis, is the major mechanism of onset. The aetiological factors that determine whether a horse will develop clinical signs of OC remain obscure and the complex nature of OC and its multi-factorial character has been clearly demonstrated by genetic studies. These have shown a multitude of loci on a variety of chromosomes linked to osteochondrotic phenotypes, depending on the type of manifestation of OC, the joint involved and the breed. The controversy surrounding the possible key role of copper in the pathogenesis of OC in the early 1990s has evolved into a more limited contribution to repair thus making it just one of the many environmental factors that may have an effect on the occurrence of OC, but not a decisive one. The semantic debate concerning the most appropriate nomenclature seems to have crystallised into a consensus on terminology at three levels: OC or osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) for the disturbance in the process of endochondral ossification, juvenile ostechondral conditions (JOCC) for all joint and growth plate related disorders, and developmental orthopaedic diseases (DOD) for the full range of skeletal conditions in young horses. Future progress in improved management of OC can be expected from more research on cellular and molecular processes and the influences that determine the process of endochondral ossification, the process of articular cartilage maturation, and from epidemiological studies quantifying the long-term effects of OC on health and performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- P René van Weeren
- Department of Equine Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, The Netherlands.
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38
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Thorpe SD, Nagel T, Carroll SF, Kelly DJ. Modulating gradients in regulatory signals within mesenchymal stem cell seeded hydrogels: a novel strategy to engineer zonal articular cartilage. PLoS One 2013; 8:e60764. [PMID: 23613745 PMCID: PMC3628868 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0060764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2013] [Accepted: 03/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Engineering organs and tissues with the spatial composition and organisation of their native equivalents remains a major challenge. One approach to engineer such spatial complexity is to recapitulate the gradients in regulatory signals that during development and maturation are believed to drive spatial changes in stem cell differentiation. Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) differentiation is known to be influenced by both soluble factors and mechanical cues present in the local microenvironment. The objective of this study was to engineer a cartilaginous tissue with a native zonal composition by modulating both the oxygen tension and mechanical environment thorough the depth of MSC seeded hydrogels. To this end, constructs were radially confined to half their thickness and subjected to dynamic compression (DC). Confinement reduced oxygen levels in the bottom of the construct and with the application of DC, increased strains across the top of the construct. These spatial changes correlated with increased glycosaminoglycan accumulation in the bottom of constructs, increased collagen accumulation in the top of constructs, and a suppression of hypertrophy and calcification throughout the construct. Matrix accumulation increased for higher hydrogel cell seeding densities; with DC further enhancing both glycosaminoglycan accumulation and construct stiffness. The combination of spatial confinement and DC was also found to increase proteoglycan-4 (lubricin) deposition toward the top surface of these tissues. In conclusion, by modulating the environment through the depth of developing constructs, it is possible to suppress MSC endochondral progression and to engineer tissues with zonal gradients mimicking certain aspects of articular cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen D. Thorpe
- Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, School of Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Thomas Nagel
- Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, School of Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Simon F. Carroll
- Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, School of Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Daniel J. Kelly
- Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, School of Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- * E-mail:
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Schuurman W, Klein TJ, Dhert WJA, van Weeren PR, Hutmacher DW, Malda J. Cartilage regeneration using zonal chondrocyte subpopulations: a promising approach or an overcomplicated strategy? J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2012; 9:669-78. [PMID: 23135870 DOI: 10.1002/term.1638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2012] [Revised: 08/30/2012] [Accepted: 09/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Cartilage defects heal imperfectly and osteoarthritic changes develop frequently as a result. Although the existence of specific behaviours of chondrocytes derived from various depth-related zones in vitro has been known for over 20 years, only a relatively small body of in vitro studies has been performed with zonal chondrocytes and current clinical treatment strategies do not reflect these native depth-dependent (zonal) differences. This is surprising since mimicking the zonal organization of articular cartilage in neo-tissue by the use of zonal chondrocyte subpopulations could enhance the functionality of the graft. Although some research groups including our own have made considerable progress in tailoring culture conditions using specific growth factors and biomechanical loading protocols, we conclude that an optimal regime has not yet been determined. Other unmet challenges include the lack of specific zonal cell sorting protocols and limited amounts of cells harvested per zone. As a result, the engineering of functional tissue has not yet been realized and no long-term in vivo studies using zonal chondrocytes have been described. This paper critically reviews the research performed to date and outlines our view of the potential future significance of zonal chondrocyte populations in regenerative approaches for the treatment of cartilage defects. Secondly, we briefly discuss the capabilities of additive manufacturing technologies that can not only create patient-specific grafts directly from medical imaging data sets but could also more accurately reproduce the complex 3D zonal extracellular matrix architecture using techniques such as hydrogel-based cell printing.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Schuurman
- Department of Orthopaedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Department of Equine Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
| | - T J Klein
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, Australia
| | - W J A Dhert
- Department of Orthopaedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - P R van Weeren
- Department of Equine Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
| | - D W Hutmacher
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, Australia
| | - J Malda
- Department of Orthopaedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, Australia
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Gannon AR, Nagel T, Kelly DJ. The role of the superficial region in determining the dynamic properties of articular cartilage. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2012; 20:1417-25. [PMID: 22890186 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2012.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2012] [Revised: 07/27/2012] [Accepted: 08/02/2012] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to elucidate the role of the superficial region of articular cartilage in determining the dynamic properties of the tissue. It is hypothesised that removal of the superficial region will influence both the flow dependent and independent properties of articular cartilage, leading to a reduction in the dynamic modulus of the tissue. METHODS Osteochondral cores from the femoropatellar groove of three porcine knee joints were subjected to static and dynamic loading in confined or unconfined compression at increasing strain increments with and without their superficial regions. Equilibrium moduli and dynamic moduli were measured and the tissue permeability was estimated by fitting experimental data to a biphasic model. RESULTS Biochemical analysis confirmed a zonal gradient in the tissue composition and organisation. Histological and PLM analysis demonstrated intense collagen staining in the superficial region of the tissue with alignment of the collagen fibres parallel to the articular surface. Mechanical testing revealed that the superficial region is less stiff than the remainder of the tissue in compression, however removal of this region from intact cores was found to significantly reduce the dynamic modulus of the remaining tissue, suggesting decreased fluid load support within the tissue during transient loading upon removal of the superficial region. Data fits to a biphasic model predict a significantly lower permeability in the superficial region compared to the remainder of the tissue. CONCLUSIONS It is postulated that the observed decrease in the dynamic moduli is due at least in part to the superficial region acting as a low permeability barrier, where its removal decreases the tissue's ability to maintain fluid load support. This result emphasises the impact that degeneration of the superficial region has on the functionality of the remaining tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Gannon
- Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, School of Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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41
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Gambling on putative biomarkers of osteoarthritis and osteochondrosis by equine synovial fluid proteomics. J Proteomics 2012; 75:4478-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2012.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2011] [Revised: 02/03/2012] [Accepted: 02/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Henderson SE, Santangelo KS, Bertone AL. Chondrogenic effects of exogenous retinoic acid or a retinoic acid receptor antagonist (LE135) on equine chondrocytes and bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells in monolayer culture. Am J Vet Res 2011; 72:884-92. [PMID: 21728848 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.72.7.884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine effects of various concentrations of retinoic acid (RA) or a synthetic RA receptor antagonist (LE135) on equine chondrocytes or bone marrow-derived equine mesenchymal stem cells (BMDMSCs) in monolayer cultures. SAMPLE Articular cartilage and BMDMSCs from 5 clinically normal horses. PROCEDURES Monolayers of chondrocytes cultured in standard media and of BMDMSCs cultured in chondrogenic media were treated with RA at concentrations of 0, 0.1, 1, or 10 μM or LE135 at concentrations of 0, 0.1, 1, or 10 μM on day 0. On days 7 and 14, samples were analyzed for DNA concentration, chondrocyte morphology or features consistent with chondrogenesis (ie, chondral morphology [scored from 0 to 4]), and gene expression of collagen type Ia (CI), collagen type II (CII), and aggrecan. RESULTS Chondrocytes treated with RA had more mature chondral morphology (range of median scores, 3.0 to 4.0) than did untreated controls (range of median scores, 0.5 to 0.5). Chondrocytes treated with LE135 did not sustain chondrocyte morphology. All BMDMSCs had evidence of chondral morphology or high CII:CI ratio. Retinoic acid (1 or 10 μM) or LE135 (10 μM) treatment decreased DNA content of BMDMSC cultures. At 0.1 and 1 μM concentrations, LE135 weakly but significantly increased chondral morphology scores, compared with untreated controls, but lack of aggrecan expression and lack of increased CII:CI ratio, compared with that of controls, did not affect chondrogenesis. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE RA promoted maturation and hypertrophy in chondrocytes but not BMDMSCs in monolayer cultures. Deficiency or blockade of RA may prevent hypertrophy and maturation of differentiated chondrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally E Henderson
- Comparative Orthopedic Molecular Medicine and Applied Research Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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LYKKJEN S, ROED KH, DOLVIK NI. Osteochondrosis and osteochondral fragments in Standardbred trotters: Prevalence and relationships. Equine Vet J 2011; 44:332-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2011.00434.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Olstad K, Ytrehus B, Ekman S, Carlson CS, Dolvik NI. Early Lesions of Articular Osteochondrosis in the Distal Femur of Foals. Vet Pathol 2011; 48:1165-75. [DOI: 10.1177/0300985811398250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Failure of the cartilage canal blood supply to epiphyseal growth cartilage has been implicated in the pathogenesis of articular osteochondrosis in horses and other animal species. In a previous study of the developmental pattern of the blood supply in the tarsus of foals, early lesions of osteochondrosis were consistently found in regions where the cartilage canal vessels traversed the chondro-osseous junction. The developmental pattern of blood vessels has also been described in the distal femoral epiphysis; however, the group of foals examined in that study did not have lesions of osteochondrosis in this location. Therefore, the relationship between the occurrence of early lesions of osteochondrosis and the developmental pattern of the blood supply to epiphyseal growth cartilage in this site in foals has not been examined. Distal femora were collected from 30 fetuses and foals (up to 11 months old) submitted for postmortem examination. Sections from the lateral trochlear ridge and medial femoral condyle of both hind limbs were examined histologically. Sixteen cartilage lesions were found in 7 of the 30 fetuses and foals. All lesions contained evidence of cartilage canal necrosis and ischemic chondronecrosis. The lesions were located in regions where cartilage canal vessels traversed the chondro-osseous junction, as previously observed in the tarsus. The location and morphology of lesions indicated that a subclinical stage of ischemic chondronecrosis existed that preceded and predisposed to the development of osteochondrosis dissecans and subchondral bone cysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Olstad
- Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, Oslo, Norway
| | - B. Ytrehus
- National Veterinary Institute, Oslo, Norway
| | - S. Ekman
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - N. I. Dolvik
- Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, Oslo, Norway
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Third International Workshop on Equine Osteochondrosis, Stockholm, 29-30th May 2008. Equine Vet J 2010; 41:504-7. [DOI: 10.2746/042516409x431902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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