1
|
Patton ME, Leise BS, Baker RE, Andrews FM. The effects of bit chewing on borborygmi, duodenal motility, and gastrointestinal transit time in clinically normal horses. Vet Surg 2021; 51:88-96. [PMID: 34775623 DOI: 10.1111/vsu.13745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the influence of bit chewing on gastrointestinal transit in clinically normal horses. STUDY DESIGN Prospective crossover designed study. ANIMALS Six healthy adult horses. METHODS Horses were assigned randomly to treatment (apple flavored bit) and control (no-bit) groups and studied for 2 × 1-week trial periods with a 2-week washout period between trials. Horses were fasted for 24 h and slowly refed over 3 days. The bit was placed for 20 min every 6 h. Duodenal contractions and borborygmi auscultations were evaluated every 12 h, approximately 5 min following bit placement. Gastrointestinal total transit time (GI TTT) was measured by administering 200 colored beads via stomach tube and then collected in the manure until 50% and 80% were recovered. Measured variables were compared using an ANOVA or Wilcoxon signed-rank test and the P value was noted. RESULTS The GI TTT was shortened in the bit chewing group (median: 106.37 h, range: 70-171 h) compared to the no-bit group (median: 170.1 h, range: 149-186 h) (P = .0156) at 80% bead passage (only 4/6 horses passed 80%). Borborygmi (P = .8193), duodenal contractions (P = .2605), and 50% bead passage (P = .0781) showed no differences. CONCLUSION Bit chewing was safe, inexpensive, and well tolerated. Bit chewing shortened GI TTT and might be an adjunct therapy to augment GI TTT. Further clinical studies are warranted. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Ileus is a common complication following equine abdominal surgery with no current consistently successful treatment. Bit chewing may be a simple and inexpensive way to augment progressive GI motility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Molly E Patton
- Equine Health Studies Program, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Britta S Leise
- Equine Health Studies Program, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Rose E Baker
- Equine Health Studies Program, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Frank M Andrews
- Equine Health Studies Program, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
MacNicol JL, Pearson W. Gastrin and Nitric Oxide Production in Cultured Gastric Antral Mucosa Are Altered in Response to a Gastric Digest of a Dietary Supplement. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:684203. [PMID: 34671658 PMCID: PMC8520902 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.684203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
In vitro organ culture can provide insight into isolated mucosal responses to particular environmental stimuli. The objective of the present study was to investigate the impact of a prolonged culturing time as well as the addition of acidic gastric fluid into the in vitro environment of cultured gastric antral tissue to evaluate how altering the commonly used neutral environment impacted tissue. Furthermore, we aimed to investigate the impact of G's Formula, a dietary supplement for horses, on the secretion of gastrin, interleukin1-beta (IL-1β), and nitric oxide (NO). These biomarkers are of interest due to their effects on gastric motility and mucosal activity. Gastric mucosal tissue explants from porcine stomachs were cultured in the presence of a simulated gastric fluid (BL, n = 14), simulated gastric fluid containing the dietary supplement G's Formula (DF, n = 12), or an equal volume of phosphate buffered saline (CO, n = 14). At 48 and 60 h, 10−5 M carbachol was used to stimulate gastrin secretion. Cell viability was assessed at 72 h using calcein and ethidium-homodimer 1 staining. Media was analyzed for gastrin, IL-1β, and NO at 48, 60, and 72 h. There were no effects of treatment or carbachol stimulation on explant cell viability. Carbachol resulted in a significant increase in gastrin concentration in CO and DF treatments, but not in BL. NO was higher in CO than in BL, and NO increased in the CO and DF treatments but not in BL. In conclusion, the addition of carbachol and gastric digests to culture media did not impact cell viability. The use of an acidic gastric digest (BL) reduced the effect of cholinergic stimulation with carbachol at a concentration of 10−5 M and reduced NO secretion. The addition of the dietary supplement to the gastric digest (DF) appeared to mediate these effects within this model. Further research is required to evaluate the specific effects of this dietary supplement on direct markers of mucosal activity and the functional relevance of these results in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L MacNicol
- Department of Animal Biosciences, Ontario Agricultural College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Wendy Pearson
- Department of Animal Biosciences, Ontario Agricultural College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Galiazzo G, Tagliavia C, Giancola F, Rinnovati R, Sadeghinezhad J, Bombardi C, Grandis A, Pietra M, Chiocchetti R. Localisation of Cannabinoid and Cannabinoid-Related Receptors in the Horse Ileum. J Equine Vet Sci 2021; 104:103688. [PMID: 34416995 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2021.103688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Colic is a common digestive disorder in horses and one of the most urgent problems in equine medicine. A growing body of literature has indicated that the activation of cannabinoid receptors could exert beneficial effects on gastrointestinal inflammation and visceral hypersensitivity. The localisation of cannabinoid and cannabinoid-related receptors in the intestine of the horse has not yet been investigated. The purpose of this study was to immunohistochemically localise the cellular distribution of canonical and putative cannabinoid receptors in the ileum of healthy horses. Distal ileum specimens were collected from six horses at the slaughterhouse. The tissues were fixed and processed to obtain cryosections which were used to investigate the immunoreactivity of canonical cannabinoid receptors 1 (CB1R) and 2 (CB2R), and three putative cannabinoid-related receptors: nuclear peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha (PPARα), transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 and serotonin 5-HT1a receptor (5-HT1aR). Cannabinoid and cannabinoid-related receptors showed a wide distribution in the ileum of the horse. The epithelial cells showed immunoreactivity for CB1R, CB2R and 5-HT1aR. Lamina propria inflammatory cells showed immunoreactivity for CB2R and 5-HT1aR. The enteric neurons showed immunoreactivity for CB1R, transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 and PPARα. The enteric glial cells showed immunoreactivity for CB1R and PPARα. The smooth muscle cells of the tunica muscularis and the blood vessels showed immunoreactivity for PPARα. The present study represents a histological basis which could support additional studies regarding the distribution of cannabinoid receptors during gastrointestinal inflammatory diseases as well as studies assessing the effects of non-psychotic cannabis-derived molecules in horses for the management of intestinal diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giorgia Galiazzo
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences (UNI EN ISO 9001:2008), University of Bologna, Italy
| | - Claudio Tagliavia
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences (UNI EN ISO 9001:2008), University of Bologna, Italy
| | - Fiorella Giancola
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences (UNI EN ISO 9001:2008), University of Bologna, Italy
| | - Riccardo Rinnovati
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences (UNI EN ISO 9001:2008), University of Bologna, Italy
| | - Javad Sadeghinezhad
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Cristiano Bombardi
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences (UNI EN ISO 9001:2008), University of Bologna, Italy
| | - Annamaria Grandis
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences (UNI EN ISO 9001:2008), University of Bologna, Italy
| | - Marco Pietra
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences (UNI EN ISO 9001:2008), University of Bologna, Italy
| | - Roberto Chiocchetti
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences (UNI EN ISO 9001:2008), University of Bologna, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Beder NA, Mourad AA, Aly MA. Ultrasonographic evaluation of the effects of the administration of neostigmine and metoclopramide on duodenal, cecal, and colonic contractility in Arabian horses: A comparative study. Vet World 2020; 13:2447-2451. [PMID: 33363340 PMCID: PMC7750228 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2020.2447-2451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim As means for enhancing gastrointestinal (GI) motility, prokinetics have previously been evaluated in different breeds of horses with varying success. No previous studies were conducted to evaluate the effect of prokinetics on the intestinal tract of Arabian horses breed. Using B-mode ultrasound in the quantification of intestinal contractility, this study aimed to compare the impact of neostigmine and metoclopramide on the intestinal motility of healthy Arabian horses. Materials and Methods Twenty-one clinically healthy Arabian horses were equally distributed into three groups. The control group was administered with 5 mL normal saline intramuscularly (IM). The second group was administered with neostigmine (0.044 mg/kg body weight [BW], IM), and the third group was administered with metoclopramide (0.25 mg/kg BW, IM). Duodenal, cecal, and colonic contractions were counted through ultrasonography for 3 min (pre-administration and 15, 30, 60, 120, and 180 min post-administration). Results In the neostigmine group, a significant (p<0.05) increase in duodenal, cecal, and colonic contractions was observed 15 min post-administration compared with that in the control group (15±1.0, 11.33±1.53, and 12.33±2.31 vs. 11.0±2.0, 6.33±0.58, and 5.33±0.58 contractions per 3 min, respectively), continuing to 60 min post-administration for the duodenum and cecum and 120 min for colon and then returning to the normal; however, the metoclopramide group showed a significant (p<0.05) increase only in cecal and colonic contractions 60 min post-administration compared with the control group (11.0±1.0 and 12.33±0.58 vs. 6±1.0 and 5.67±0.58 contractions per 3 min, respectively), continuing until the end of the experiment. Excessive sweating, excitation, and straining were recorded following the administration of neostigmine, whereas no side effects were observed in the metoclopramide group. Conclusion Neostigmine improves duodenal, cecal, and colonic contractions in healthy adult Arabian horses, whereas metoclopramide only improves cecal and colonic contractions. Metoclopramide appears to be safer and longer acting than neostigmine in the Arabian horse breed. Ultrasonography is a valuable noninvasive tool for the quantification of intestinal contractility. Future studies should consider the use of various dosages of metoclopramide and administration routes and investigate its impact on horses with GI transit disorders and inclusion in colic post-operative care.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Noha Abdallah Beder
- Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Atef Mourad
- Department of Surgery, Anesthesiology and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud Allam Aly
- Department of Animal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Lawson AL, Sherlock CE, Mair TS. Equine duodenal motility, assessed by ultrasonography, as a predictor of reflux and survival following colic surgery. EQUINE VET EDUC 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.13202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - T. S. Mair
- Bell Equine Veterinary Clinic Maidstone Kent UK
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Evangelista F, Tayari H, Degani M, Nocera I, Briganti A. Sedative and Respiratory Effects of Intramuscular Detomidine and Butorphanol in Donkeys Sedated for Bronchoalveolar Lavage. J Equine Vet Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2018.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
|
7
|
VanderBroek AR, Reef VB, Aitken MR, Stefanovski D, Southwood LL. Assessing gastrointestinal motility in healthy horses comparing auscultation, ultrasonography and an acoustic gastrointestinal surveillance biosensor: a randomised, blinded, controlled crossover proof of principle study. Equine Vet J 2018; 51:246-251. [DOI: 10.1111/evj.12990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. R. VanderBroek
- Department of Clinical Studies New Bolton Center University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine Kennett Square Pennsylvania USA
| | - V. B. Reef
- Department of Clinical Studies New Bolton Center University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine Kennett Square Pennsylvania USA
| | - M. R. Aitken
- Department of Clinical Studies New Bolton Center University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine Kennett Square Pennsylvania USA
| | - D. Stefanovski
- Department of Clinical Studies New Bolton Center University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine Kennett Square Pennsylvania USA
| | - L. L. Southwood
- Department of Clinical Studies New Bolton Center University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine Kennett Square Pennsylvania USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Laus F, Fratini M, Paggi E, Faillace V, Spaterna A, Tesei B, Fettucciari K, Bassotti G. Effects of Single-Dose Prucalopride on Intestinal Hypomotility in Horses: Preliminary Observations. Sci Rep 2017; 7:41526. [PMID: 28128322 PMCID: PMC5269739 DOI: 10.1038/srep41526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Abnormalities of gastrointestinal motility are often a challenge in horses; however, the use of prokinetic drugs in such conditions must be firmly established yet. For this reason we carried out a preliminary study on the effects of prucalopride on intestinal motor activity of horses with gut hypomotility. The effect of prucalopride per os by oral dose syringe (2 mg/100 kg body weight) was assessed by abdominal ultrasound (evaluating duodenal, cecal, and colonic motor activity) in six horses with gut hypomotility. After administration of prucalopride, a significant increase of contractile activity was found in the duodenum at 30 minutes (p = 0.0005), 60 minutes (p = 0.01) and 90 minutes (p = 0.01), whereas in the cecum and in the left colon the increase was only present at 60 minutes (p = 0.03, and p = 0.02, respectively). No changes from baseline heart and respiratory rate or behavior side effects were observed after administration of the drug and throughout the observation period. Prucalopride may be a useful adjunct to the therapeutic armamentary for treating hypomotile upper gut conditions of horses. Dosing information is however needed to establish its actual clinical efficacy and its proper effects on the large bowel in these animals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fulvio Laus
- School of Bioscences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Via Circonvallazione 63/95, 62024 Matelica, Italy
| | - Margherita Fratini
- School of Bioscences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Via Circonvallazione 63/95, 62024 Matelica, Italy
| | - Emanuele Paggi
- School of Bioscences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Via Circonvallazione 63/95, 62024 Matelica, Italy
| | - Vanessa Faillace
- School of Bioscences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Via Circonvallazione 63/95, 62024 Matelica, Italy
| | - Andrea Spaterna
- School of Bioscences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Via Circonvallazione 63/95, 62024 Matelica, Italy
| | - Beniamino Tesei
- School of Bioscences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Via Circonvallazione 63/95, 62024 Matelica, Italy
| | - Katia Fettucciari
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Perugia University School of Medicine, Piazzale Lucio Severi, 1, 06159 San Sisto (Perugia), Italy
| | - Gabrio Bassotti
- Department of Medicine, Perugia University School of Medicine, Piazzale Lucio Severi, 1, 06159 San Sisto (Perugia), Italy
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Mas M, Mañé N, Fernández F, Gallego D, Pumarola M, Jiménez M. P2Y(1) receptors mediate purinergic relaxation in the equine pelvic flexure. Vet J 2016; 209:74-81. [PMID: 26831180 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2016.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Revised: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 01/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In the equine large intestine, the knowledge of the basic mechanisms underlying motility function is crucial to properly treat motility disorders. P2Y1 receptors are responsible for mediating purinergic colonic relaxation in several species. In vitro experimental studies of the circular muscle from the equine pelvic flexure (n = 6) were performed to characterize inhibitory and excitatory neuromuscular transmission. Electrophysiological studies showed that electrical field stimulation (EFS) evoked biphasic inhibitory junction potentials (IJPs) in smooth muscle cells: a fast IJP (IJPf) followed by a sustained IJP (IJPs). IJPs was sensitive to L-NNA 1 mM (a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor) (P <0.01), while IJPf was abolished by MRS2500 1 µM (a P2Y1 receptor antagonist) (P <0.001). EFS (5 Hz for 2 min) in the organ bath inhibited rhythmic contractions to 3.0 ± 2.5% of basal area under the curve (P <0.0001). EFS under MRS2500 1 µM or L-NNA 1 mM incubation inhibited contractions to 6.0 ± 2.8% (P <0.05) and 24.4 ± 11.3% respectively (P <0.05). Combination of MRS2500 1 µM and L-NNA 1 mM completely reversed the EFS-induced inhibition of colonic motility. Non-nitrergic, non-purinergic conditions were used to reveal voltage-dependent EFS-induced contractions sensitive to atropine 1 µM (P <0.001) and, therefore, cholinergic. In conclusion, nerve-mediated relaxation and contraction in the equine pelvic flexure involve the same mechanisms as those observed in the human colon. P2Y1 receptors mediate purinergic relaxations and are potential targets for the treatment of equine colonic motor disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Mas
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology and Neuroscience Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - N Mañé
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology and Neuroscience Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - F Fernández
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - D Gallego
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain
| | - M Pumarola
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - M Jiménez
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology and Neuroscience Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Escalona EE, Leng J, Dona AC, Merrifield CA, Holmes E, Proudman CJ, Swann JR. Dominant components of the Thoroughbred metabolome characterised by (1) H-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy: A metabolite atlas of common biofluids. Equine Vet J 2015; 47:721-30. [PMID: 25130591 DOI: 10.1111/evj.12333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2013] [Accepted: 08/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY Metabonomics is emerging as a powerful tool for disease screening and investigating mammalian metabolism. This study aims to create a metabolic framework by producing a preliminary reference guide for the normal equine metabolic milieu. OBJECTIVES To metabolically profile plasma, urine and faecal water from healthy racehorses using high resolution (1) H-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and to provide a list of dominant metabolites present in each biofluid for the benefit of future research in this area. STUDY DESIGN This study was performed using 7 Thoroughbreds in race training at a single time point. Urine and faecal samples were collected noninvasively and plasma was obtained from samples taken for routine clinical chemistry purposes. METHODS Biofluids were analysed using (1) H-NMR spectroscopy. Metabolite assignment was achieved via a range of one- and 2-dimensional experiments. RESULTS A total of 102 metabolites were assigned across the 3 biological matrices. A core metabonome of 14 metabolites was ubiquitous across all biofluids. All biological matrices provided a unique window on different aspects of systematic metabolism. Urine was the most populated metabolite matrix with 65 identified metabolites, 39 of which were unique to this biological compartment. A number of these were related to gut microbial host cometabolism. Faecal samples were the most metabolically variable between animals; acetate was responsible for the majority (28%) of this variation. Short-chain fatty acids were the predominant features identified within this biofluid by (1) H-NMR spectroscopy. CONCLUSIONS Metabonomics provides a platform for investigating complex and dynamic interactions between the host and its consortium of gut microbes and has the potential to uncover markers for health and disease in a variety of biofluids. Inherent variation in faecal extracts along with the relative abundance of microbial-mammalian metabolites in urine and invasive nature of plasma sampling, infers that urine is the most appropriate biofluid for the purposes of metabonomic analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E E Escalona
- Section of Biomolecular Medicine, Division of Computational and Systems Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, UK
| | - J Leng
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Berkshire, UK
| | - A C Dona
- Section of Biomolecular Medicine, Division of Computational and Systems Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, UK
| | - C A Merrifield
- Section of Biomolecular Medicine, Division of Computational and Systems Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, UK
| | - E Holmes
- Section of Biomolecular Medicine, Division of Computational and Systems Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, UK
| | - C J Proudman
- Department of Gastroenterology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liverpool, Neston, UK
| | - J R Swann
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Berkshire, UK
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Mömke S, Sickinger M, Rehage J, Doll K, Distl O. Transcription factor binding site polymorphism in the motilin gene associated with left-sided displacement of the abomasum in German Holstein cattle. PLoS One 2012; 7:e35562. [PMID: 22536407 PMCID: PMC3334980 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0035562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2011] [Accepted: 03/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Left-sided displacement of the abomasum (LDA) is a common disease in many dairy cattle breeds. A genome-wide screen for QTL for LDA in German Holstein (GH) cows indicated motilin (MLN) as a candidate gene on bovine chromosome 23. Genomic DNA sequence analysis of MLN revealed a total of 32 polymorphisms. All informative polymorphisms used for association analyses in a random sample of 1,136 GH cows confirmed MLN as a candidate for LDA. A single nucleotide polymorphism (FN298674:g.90T>C) located within the first non-coding exon of bovine MLN affects a NKX2-5 transcription factor binding site and showed significant associations (ORallele = 0.64; −log10Pallele = 6.8, −log10Pgenotype = 7.0) with LDA. An expression study gave evidence of a significantly decreased MLN expression in cows carrying the mutant allele (C). In individuals heterozygous or homozygous for the mutation, MLN expression was decreased by 89% relative to the wildtype. FN298674:g.90T>C may therefore play a role in bovine LDA via the motility of the abomasum. This MLN SNP appears useful to reduce the incidence of LDA in German Holstein cattle and provides a first step towards a deeper understanding of the genetics of LDA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Mömke
- Institute for Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Marlene Sickinger
- Clinic for Ruminants and Swine, Faculty for Veterinary Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Jürgen Rehage
- Clinic for Cattle, University for Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Klaus Doll
- Clinic for Ruminants and Swine, Faculty for Veterinary Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Ottmar Distl
- Institute for Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Russo D, Bombardi C, Grandis A, Furness JB, Spadari A, Bernardini C, Chiocchetti R. Sympathetic innervation of the ileocecal junction in horses. J Comp Neurol 2010; 518:4046-66. [PMID: 20737599 DOI: 10.1002/cne.22443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The distribution and chemical phenotypes of sympathetic and dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons innervating the equine ileocecal junction (ICJ) were studied by combining retrograde tracing and immunohistochemistry. Immunoreactivity (IR) for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DBH), neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), substance P (SP), and neuropeptide Y (NPY) was investigated. Sympathetic neurons projecting to the ICJ were distributed within the celiac (CG), cranial mesenteric (CranMG), and caudal mesenteric (CaudMG) ganglia, as well as in the last ganglia of the thoracic sympathetic chain and in the splanchnic ganglia. In the CG and CranMG 91 +/- 8% and 93 +/- 12% of the neurons innervating the ICJ expressed TH- and DBH-IR, respectively. In the CaudMG 90 +/- 15% and 94 +/- 5% of ICJ innervating neurons were TH- and DBH-IR, respectively. Sympathetic (TH-IR) fibers innervated the myenteric and submucosal ganglia, ileal blood vessels, and the muscle layers. They were more concentrated at the ICJ level and were also seen encircling myenteric plexus (MP) and submucosal plexus (SMP) descending neurons that were retrogradely labeled from the ICJ. Among the few retrogradely labeled DRG neurons, nNOS-, CGRP-, and SP-IR nerve cells were observed. Dense networks of CGRP-, nNOS-, and SP-IR varicosities were seen around retrogradely labeled prevertebral ganglia neurons. The CGRP-IR fibers are probably the endings of neurons projecting from the intestine to the prevertebral ganglia. These findings indicate that this crucial region of the intestinal tract is strongly influenced by the sympathetic system and that sensory information of visceral origin influences the sympathetic control of the ICJ.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Russo
- Department of Veterinary Morphophysiology and Animal Productions (UNI EN ISO 9001:2008), University of Bologna, 40064 Ozzano Emilia, Bologna, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
|
14
|
Abstract
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) in man is not a single entity but has several causes. One of the most common forms has similarities with colic and laminitis in horses. Undigested food residues may pass from the small intestine into the colon where bacterial fermentation produces chemicals that lead to disease. In horses the consequences may be disastrous, but in healthy humans such malabsorption may not be harmful. After events such as bacterial gastroenteritis or antibiotic treatment, an imbalance of the colonic microflora with overgrowth of facultative anaerobes may arise, leading to malfermentation and IBS. It is not known whether such subtle changes may likewise be present in the microflora of horses who are susceptible to colic and laminitis. Metabolomic studies of urine and faeces may provide a suitable way forward to identify such changes in the horse's gut and thus help to identify more accurately those at risk and to provide opportunities for the development of improved treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J O Hunter
- Gastroenterology Research Unit, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| |
Collapse
|