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King MR. Rehabilitation. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2022; 38:557-568. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2022.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Bliss M, Terry J, de Godoy RF. Limbs kinematics of dogs exercising at different water levels on the underwater treadmill. Vet Med Sci 2022; 8:2374-2381. [DOI: 10.1002/vms3.947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Megan Bliss
- Writtle University College School of Equine and Veterinary Physiotherapy Chelmsford UK
| | - Jade Terry
- Writtle University College School of Equine and Veterinary Physiotherapy Chelmsford UK
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Johnson SA. Rehabilitation Strategies for the Neurologic Horse. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2022; 38:379-396. [PMID: 35810152 DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2022.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Rehabilitation of the neurologic horse represents a unique challenge for the equine practitioner. Improving postural stability and balance control through improving the strength of the spinal stabilizer muscle multifidus remains one of the most promising rehabilitative targets. This muscle can be targeted through the use of physiotherapeutic exercises, various forms of perturbation, and even whole-body vibration. Neuroanatomic localization and diagnosis specificity enable the practitioner to determine suitability for such rehabilitative tasks, and with the advent of evolving strategies and commercially available equipment, the bandwidth for professionally guided programs is continuously being developed and is expected to improve traditional outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherry A Johnson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Orthopaedic Research Center at the C. Wayne McIlwraith Translational Medicine Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
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Walker V, Tranquillle C, MacKechnie-Guire R, Spear J, Newton R, Murray R. Effect of ground and raised poles on kinematics of the walk. J Equine Vet Sci 2022; 115:104005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2022.104005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Caure S, Bonomelli N, Carro M, Leveillard D, Blanville F, Mortagne P, Cousty M, Weller R. Effects of sand, asphalt and 3-degree hind toe or heel elevation on horse kinematics. Vet Rec 2021; 188:e23. [PMID: 34651727 DOI: 10.1002/vetr.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although the effects of both the surfaces and plantar angles on equine locomotion have been widely discussed, limited scientific data are available. METHODS Our objectives were to determine the effects of two surfaces (asphalt and sand) and of 3-degree hind toe or heel elevation on horse kinematics in an experimental study. Six saddle horses were shod with a reference shoeing (REF), characterized by a fore aluminium (REF F) and hind steel racehorse (REF H) shoeing. Two dimensional kinematic videos compared horse's kinematic parameters when walking and trotting on asphalt and sand. On asphalt, REF was also compared with REF F and a modified REF H with additional 3-degree hind-toe or -heel wedges. RESULTS On asphalt versus sand, horses had, at the trot, a shorter stride duration and forelimb maximal retraction, and at walk and trot, a greater fetlock, carpus, elbow and tarsus extension, a greater fore and hind limbs maximal protraction and a shorter hind limbs maximal retraction. Increasing the plantar angle decreased the tarsus and hind fetlock extension, in contrast to fore-limb, on asphalt during the stance phase. CONCLUSIONS These findings could be useful to adapt rehabilitation programs related to fore and hind limb pathologies, at slow gaits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Caure
- Centre Hospitalier Vétérinaire Equin de Livet, 1487, Route de Castillon, Livarot-Pays d'Auge 14 140, France
| | - Natacha Bonomelli
- Ontario Veterinary College, Large Animal Clinic, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G2W1, Canada
| | - Marielle Carro
- Clinique Vétérinaire des Noés, parc d'activité des Noés, Plelan Le Grand 35 380, France
| | - Denis Leveillard
- Continuing Education in Farriery, 6, Rue des Dolmens, Saint Piat 28 130, France
| | - Faustine Blanville
- Clinique Vétérinaire Equine de Méheudin, 12, rue des Peupliers, Ecouché Les Vallées 61 150, France
| | - Perrine Mortagne
- Greshippo, 209, Lot barde, Saint Vincent de Mercuze 38 660, France
| | - Matthieu Cousty
- Centre Hospitalier Vétérinaire Equin de Livet, 1487, Route de Castillon, Livarot-Pays d'Auge 14 140, France
| | - Renate Weller
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hatfield, UK
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Knights H, Williams J. The influence of three working harnesses on thoracic limb kinematics and stride length at walk in assistance dogs. J Vet Behav 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jveb.2021.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Equine Rehabilitation: A Scoping Review of the Literature. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11061508. [PMID: 34067449 PMCID: PMC8224607 DOI: 10.3390/ani11061508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary When a horse is diagnosed with a locomotor disorder, the veterinarian treats the specific injury to restore the horse to soundness. Even after the injury has healed, however, the horse may not be fully functional due to persistent limitations in movement or strength in specific areas of the body. As in people, rehabilitation seeks to optimize function and reduce any existing disability using a variety of methods including manual therapy, the use of physical and mechanical agents, and specialized exercise regimes. This study has reviewed the scientific literature with the goal of identifying which types of physical therapy have been described in horses over the past 20 years. The most frequently reported techniques were exercise, electrotherapy, and hydrotherapy but there are relatively few publications describing details of their use and outcomes in clinical cases. This study reviews the methodology and outcomes of rehabilitation in clinical cases. The results highlight the paucity of clinically-based reports on the practical applications of equine rehabilitation and physical therapy. Abstract Injuries to the locomotor system are a common problem in athletic horses. Veterinarians address these injuries using appropriate medical, surgical, and pharmacological treatments. During or after recovery from the initial injury, horses may be treated for functional locomotor deficits using specific rehabilitation techniques aimed at restoring full athletic performance. This study reviews the literature to identify which rehabilitative techniques have been used most frequently in horses over the past 20 years, the protocols that were used, and the outcomes of the treatments in naturally occurring injuries and diseases. Publications were identified using keyword selection (Equine Athlete OR Equine OR Horse) AND (Rehabilitation OR Physiotherapy OR Physical Therapy). After removing duplicates and screening papers for suitability, 49 manuscripts were included in the study. The majority of publications that met the inclusion criteria were narrative reviews (49%) in which the authors cited the relatively small number of published evidence-based studies supplemented by personal experience. Observational/descriptive studies were also popular (35%). Randomized control trials accounted for only 10%. The most frequently reported rehabilitation techniques were exercise, electrotherapy, and hydrotherapy. The findings highlight the need for further information regarding type of intervention, parameterization, and outcomes of equine rehabilitation in clinical practice.
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Greco-Otto P, Baggaley M, Edwards WB, Léguillette R. Water treadmill exercise reduces equine limb segmental accelerations and increases shock attenuation. BMC Vet Res 2019; 15:329. [PMID: 31519197 PMCID: PMC6743102 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-019-2075-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Equine water treadmills (WTs) are growing in popularity because they are believed to allow for high resistance, low impact exercise. However, little is known about the effect of water height on limb loading. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of water height and speed on segmental acceleration and impact attenuation during WT exercise in horses. Three uniaxial accelerometers (sampling rate: 2500 Hz) were secured on the left forelimb (hoof, mid-cannon, mid-radius). Horses walked at two speeds (S1: 0.83 m/s, S2: 1.39 m/s) and three water heights (mid-cannon, carpus, stifle), with a dry WT control. Peak acceleration of each segment was averaged over five strides, attenuation was calculated, and stride frequency was estimated by the time between successive hoof contacts. Linear mixed effects models were used to examine the effects of water height, speed, and accelerometer location on peak acceleration, attenuation and stride frequency (p < 0.05). RESULTS Peak acceleration at all locations was lower with water of any height compared to the dry control (p < 0.0001). Acceleration was reduced with water at the height of the stifle compared to mid-cannon water height (p = 0.02). Water at the height of the stifle attenuated more impact than water at the height of the cannon (p = 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS Water immersion during treadmill exercise reduced segmental accelerations and increased attenuation in horses. WT exercise may be beneficial in the rehabilitation of lower limb injuries in horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Persephone Greco-Otto
- Department of Veterinary Clinical and Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Michael Baggaley
- Human Performance Lab, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - W B Edwards
- Human Performance Lab, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Renaud Léguillette
- Department of Veterinary Clinical and Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada.
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Mackechnie-Guire R, Mackechnie-Guire E, Fisher M, Mathie H, Bush R, Pfau T, Weller R. Relationship Between Saddle and Rider Kinematics, Horse Locomotion, and Thoracolumbar Pressures in Sound Horses. J Equine Vet Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2018.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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The Efficacy of Intermittent Long-term Bell Boot Application for the Correction of Muscle Asymmetry in Equine Subjects. J Equine Vet Sci 2018; 68:73-80. [PMID: 31256893 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2018.05.214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Revised: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
It has been proposed that manipulating proprioceptive signals of the equine distal limb as part of a rehabilitation process in cases of musculoskeletal pain or neurologic deficits can be used to correct postural control and restore normal motor programs. This trial has examined the effect of treatment with a light-weight and loose-fitting bell boot (82 g) on an imbalance of muscle gluteus superficialis function in horses as measured using acoustic myography (AMG). Eight horses were trained over a 60-minute period every 3 days for 6 weeks, a protocol based on preliminary findings. Acoustic myography measurements, recording the coordination, spatial and temporal summation of muscle contractions, were made at the start (baseline) and at the finish (week 6) after a warmup period and following a set procedure of physical activity. Walking, trotting, and cantering during a left-hand circle at the start of the trial revealed a slight but significant asymmetry between the left and right hind limb muscle, which improved successfully after 6 weeks of proprioception training. Data for the right-hand circle, which revealed no significant asymmetry, during walk, trot, and canter at the start, showed no change after 6 weeks of training at the walk and trot but developed an imbalance during cantering, the result of overcompensation. This study demonstrates that functional musculoskeletal asymmetry measured during periods of activity can not only be accurately detected using AMG but it also reveals an association between the program of proprioceptive training adopted and an improvement in muscular imbalance.
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Clayton HM. HORSE SPECIES SYMPOSIUM: Biomechanics of the exercising horse1. J Anim Sci 2016; 94:4076-4086. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2015-9990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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McGowan CM, Cottriall S. Introduction to Equine Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2016; 32:1-12. [PMID: 26906262 DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2015.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Physical therapy (physiotherapy, or PT) can be broadly defined as the restoration of movement and function and includes assessment, treatment, and rehabilitation. This review outlines the history, definition, and regulation of PT, followed by the core scientific principles of PT. Because musculoskeletal physiotherapy is the predominant subdiscipline in equine PT, encompassing poor performance, back pain syndromes, other musculoskeletal disorders, and some neuromuscular disorders, the sciences of functional biomechanics, neuromotor control, and the sensorimotor system in the spine, pelvis, and peripheral joints are reviewed. Equine PT also may involve PT assessment and treatment of riders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine M McGowan
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, The University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Neston, Wirral CH64 7TE, UK.
| | - Suzanne Cottriall
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Neston, Wirral CH64 7TE, UK
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Brown S, Stubbs NC, Kaiser LJ, Lavagnino M, Clayton HM. Swing phase kinematics of horses trotting over poles. Equine Vet J 2014; 47:107-12. [PMID: 24593249 DOI: 10.1111/evj.12253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY Trotting over poles is used therapeutically to restore full ranges of limb joint motion. The mechanics of trotting over poles have not yet been described, hence quantitative evidence for the presumed therapeutic effects is lacking. OBJECTIVES To compare limb kinematics in horses trotting over level ground, over low poles and over high poles to determine changes in joint angulations and hoof flight arcs. STUDY DESIGN Repeated measures experimental study in sound horses. METHODS Standard motion analysis procedures with skin-fixed reflective markers were used to measure swing phase kinematics from 8 horses trotting on level ground, over low (11 cm) and high (20 cm) poles spaced 1.05 ± 0.05 m apart. Spatiotemporal variables and peak swing phase joint flexion angles were compared using repeated measures ANOVA (P<0.05) with Bonferroni correction for pairwise post hoc testing. RESULTS Peak heights of the fore and hind hooves increased significantly and progressively from no poles (fore: 13.8 ± 3.8 cm; hind: 10.8 ± 2.4 cm) to low poles (fore: 30.9 ± 4.9 cm; hind: 24.9 ± 3.7 cm) and to high poles (fore: 41.0 ± 3.9 cm; hind: 32.7 ± 4.0 cm). All joints of the fore- and hindlimbs contributed to the increase in hoof height through increased swing phase flexion. The hooves cleared the poles due to increases in joint flexion rather than by raising the body higher during the suspension phases of the stride. CONCLUSIONS The increases in swing phase joint flexions indicate that trotting over poles is effective for activating and strengthening the flexor musculature. Unlike the use of proprioceptive stimulation devices in which the effects decrease over time due to habituation, the horse is required to elevate the hooves to ensure clearance whenever poles are present. The need to raise the limbs sufficiently to clear the poles and place the hooves accurately requires visuomotor coordination, which may be useful in the rehabilitation of neurological cases. The Summary is available in Chinese - see Supporting information.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Brown
- McPhail Equine Performance Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, USA
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Mendez-Angulo JL, Firshman AM, Groschen DM, Kieffer PJ, Trumble TN. Impact of walking surface on the range of motion of equine distal limb joints for rehabilitation purposes. Vet J 2014; 199:413-8. [PMID: 24556081 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2013.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2012] [Revised: 10/19/2013] [Accepted: 12/04/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of three footing surfaces on the flexion/extension, and range of motion (ROM) of the carpus, tarsus and fetlocks in the horse. The percentage of stride spent in the stance phase of sound horses at the walk was also measured. Nine sound horses were walked on hard ground (HD), soft ground (SF) and a land treadmill (LT), and five complete gait cycles were recorded by a digital video camera. Retro-reflective markers were placed on the skin at four anatomical locations on the left fore and hind limbs, and data were analyzed using two-dimensional (2D) motion-analysis software. Maximal flexion/extension angles and range of motion were calculated for each joint, and the percentage of the stride spent in stance phase was determined for each stride. Maximal flexion of the tarsus and hind fetlock was greater on LT and SF compared to HD, while maximal flexion of the carpus was greater on LT compared to HD and SF. Maximal extension of the carpus was greater on HD compared to SF and LT, maximal extension of the tarsus was greater on HD and SF compared to LT, and maximal extension of the forelimb and hind limb fetlocks was greater on LT compared to HD and SF. The greatest overall ROM of the carpus and fetlocks was achieved on LT, while the greatest overall ROM of the tarsus was achieved on SF. The stance percentage of the stride for the hind limb was significantly different between all surfaces. In conclusion, walking surface influences flexion/extension of the carpus, tarsus and fetlocks in healthy horses, which should be considered when walking equine rehabilitation cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose L Mendez-Angulo
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, 1365 Gortner Avenue, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA.
| | - Anna M Firshman
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, 1365 Gortner Avenue, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Donna M Groschen
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, 1365 Gortner Avenue, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Philip J Kieffer
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, 1365 Gortner Avenue, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Troy N Trumble
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, 1365 Gortner Avenue, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
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Mendez-Angulo JL, Firshman AM, Groschen DM, Kieffer PJ, Trumble TN. Effect of water depth on amount of flexion and extension of joints of the distal aspects of the limbs in healthy horses walking on an underwater treadmill. Am J Vet Res 2013; 74:557-66. [PMID: 23531063 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.74.4.557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the maximum amount of flexion and extension of the carpal, tarsal, metacarpophalangeal, and metatarsophalangeal joints and the percentage duration of the stance and swing phases of the stride for horses walking on an underwater treadmill in various water depths. ANIMALS 9 healthy adult horses. PROCEDURES Zinc oxide markers were placed on the forelimbs and hind limbs of the horses. Video was recorded of horses walking (0.9 m/s) on an underwater treadmill during baseline conditions (< 1 cm of water) or in various amounts of water (level of the metatarsophalangeal, tarsal, and stifle joints). Maximum amount of joint flexion and extension, range of motion (ROM), and the percentage durations of the stance and swing phases of the stride were determined with 2-D motion analysis software. RESULTS The ROM was greater for all evaluated joints in any amount of water versus ROM for joints in baseline conditions (primarily because of increases in amount of joint flexion). The greatest ROM for carpal joints was detected in a tarsal joint water depth, for tarsal joints in a stifle joint water depth, and for metacarpophalangeal and metatarsophalangeal joints in metatarsophalangeal and tarsal joint water depths. As water depth increased, the percentage durations of the stance and swing phases of the stride significantly decreased and increased, respectively. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results of this study suggested that exercise on an underwater treadmill is useful for increasing the ROM of various joints of horses during rehabilitation and that the depth of water affects the amount of flexion and extension of joints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose L Mendez-Angulo
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA.
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Spaak B, van Heel MCV, Back W. Toe modifications in hind feet shoes optimise hoof-unrollment in sound Warmblood horses at trot. Equine Vet J 2012; 45:485-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2012.00659.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2012] [Accepted: 08/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B. Spaak
- Department of Equine Sciences; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Utrecht University; Utrecht; The Netherlands
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Clayton HM, Lavagnino M, Kaiser LJ, Stubbs NC. Evaluation of biomechanical effects of four stimulation devices placed on the hind feet of trotting horses. Am J Vet Res 2012; 72:1489-95. [PMID: 22023127 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.72.11.1489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare effects of 4 types of stimulation devices attached to the hind feet on hoof flight, joint angles, and net joint powers of trotting horses. ANIMALS 8 clinically normal horses. PROCEDURES Horses were evaluated under 5 conditions in random order: no stimulators, loose straps (10 g), lightweight tactile stimulators (55 g), limb weights (700 g), and limb weights with tactile stimulators (700 g). Reflective markers on the hind limbs were tracked during the swing phase of 6 trotting trials performed at consistent speed to determine peak hoof heights and flexion angles of the hip, stifle, tarsal, and metatarsophalangeal joints. Inverse dynamic analysis was used to calculate net joint energies. Comparisons among stimulators were made. RESULTS Peak hoof height was lowest for no stimulators (mean ± SD, 5.42 ± 1.38 cm) and loose straps (6.72 ± 2.19 cm), intermediate for tactile stimulators (14.13 ± 7.33 cm) and limb weights (16.86 ± 15.93 cm), and highest for limb weights plus tactile stimulators (24.35 ± 13.06 cm). Compared with no stimulators, net tarsal energy generation increased for tactile stimulators, limb weights, and limb weights plus tactile stimulators, but only the weighted conditions increased net energy generation across the hip joint. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE The type and weight of foot stimulators affected the magnitude of the kinematic and kinetic responses and the joints affected. These findings suggest that different types of foot stimulators are appropriate for rehabilitation of specific hind limb gait deficits, such as toe dragging and a short stride.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilary M Clayton
- Mary Anne McPhail Equine Performance Center, Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
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Clayton H. Equine back pain reviewed from a motor control perspective. COMPARATIVE EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY 2012. [DOI: 10.3920/cep12023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Back pain is recognized as a common and often recurrent problem in people and horses. Although there are many inciting causes of back pain, these often lead to a common pathway involving changes in neuromotor control and neurogenic atrophy of m. multifidi. The multi-layered and multi-directional fibres of this muscle stabilize the intervertebral joints in the face of bending and torsional moments. Inactivation and atrophy result in spinal instability and micromotion of the joints that predispose to further injury and degenerative changes, thus setting the scene for recurrent episodes of back pain. This review explores similarities between human and equine back pain, especially with regard to pathophysiology and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- H.M. Clayton
- Equine Sports Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
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Clayton HM, Lavagnino M, Kaiser LJ, Stubbs NC. Swing phase kinematic and kinetic response to weighting the hind pasterns. Equine Vet J 2010; 43:210-5. [PMID: 21592217 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2010.00139.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY It is considered that specific exercises to strengthen limb musculature would be helpful. OBJECTIVE To describe swing phase kinematic and kinetic changes in the hindlimbs of trotting horses in response to the addition of leg weights to the hind pasterns. METHODS Six horses were prepared by placing reflective skin markers on the hindlimbs, the withers and fore hooves. Horses were evaluated at trot for 6 trials with and without leg weights (700 g) attached around the pasterns, with the 2 conditions applied in random order. The markers were tracked to determine peak heights of the flight arc of the hind hooves and swing phase joint angulations. Inverse dynamic analysis was used to calculate positive and negative work done across each joint in the first and second halves of the swing phase. Comparisons between conditions were made using paired t tests (normally distributed data) or the Wilcoxon rank-sum test (non-normally distributed data). RESULTS Peak height of the flight arc of the hind hooves was significantly higher with leg weights as a result of increased flexions of the stifle, tarsal and metatarsophalangeal joints. Increased positive (concentric) work was performed by the hip and tarsal musculature to protract and raise the limb in early swing, then to retract and lower the limb in late swing. Increased negative (eccentric) work was performed across the stifle and metatarsophalangeal joints to control their movements in response to increases in inertia and momentum due to the weights. CONCLUSIONS The addition of weight to the hind pasterns stimulates increased muscular activity across all the hindlimb joints from the hip to the metatarsophalangeal joint. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE The addition of weight to the hind pasterns may have therapeutic applications in activating and strengthening the hindlimb musculature. This is particularly relevant in the hip region, which appears more sensitive and responsive to the effect of weights than to tactile stimulation alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- H M Clayton
- Mary Anne McPhail Equine Performance Center, Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, Michigan, USA
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