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Romano A, Carrella S, Rezza S, Nia Y, Hennekinne JA, Bianchi DM, Martucci F, Zuccon F, Gulino M, Di Mari C, Zaccaria T, Decastelli L. First Report of Food Poisoning Due to Staphylococcal Enterotoxin Type B in Döner Kebab (Italy). Pathogens 2023; 12:1139. [PMID: 37764947 PMCID: PMC10535471 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12091139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcal food poisoning results from the consumption of food contaminated by staphylococcal enterotoxins. In July 2022, the Turin local health board was notified of a suspected foodborne outbreak involving six children who had consumed döner kebab purchased from a takeaway restaurant. The symptoms (vomiting and nausea) were observed 2-3 h later. A microbiological analysis of the food samples revealed high levels (1.5 × 107 CFU/g) of coagulase-positive staphylococci (CPS). The immunoassay detected a contamination with staphylococcal enterotoxins type B (SEB). The whole genome sequencing of isolates from the food matrix confirmed the staphylococcal enterotoxin genes encoding for type B, which was in line with the SEB detected in the food. This toxin is rarely reported in staphylococcal food poisoning, however, because there is no specific commercial method of detection. The involvement of enterotoxin type P (SEP) was not confirmed, though the corresponding gene (sep) was detected in the isolates. Nasal swabs from the restaurant food handlers tested positive for CPS, linking them to the likely source of the food contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelo Romano
- National Reference Laboratory for Coagulase Positive Staphylococci including S. aureus, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte Liguria e Valle d’Aosta, 10148 Turin, Italy
| | - Simona Carrella
- National Reference Laboratory for Coagulase Positive Staphylococci including S. aureus, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte Liguria e Valle d’Aosta, 10148 Turin, Italy
| | - Sara Rezza
- National Reference Laboratory for Coagulase Positive Staphylococci including S. aureus, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte Liguria e Valle d’Aosta, 10148 Turin, Italy
| | - Yacine Nia
- Laboratory for Food Safety, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), Université Paris-Est, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Jacques Antoine Hennekinne
- Laboratory for Food Safety, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), Université Paris-Est, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Daniela Manila Bianchi
- National Reference Laboratory for Coagulase Positive Staphylococci including S. aureus, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte Liguria e Valle d’Aosta, 10148 Turin, Italy
| | - Francesca Martucci
- National Reference Laboratory for Coagulase Positive Staphylococci including S. aureus, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte Liguria e Valle d’Aosta, 10148 Turin, Italy
| | - Fabio Zuccon
- National Reference Laboratory for Coagulase Positive Staphylococci including S. aureus, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte Liguria e Valle d’Aosta, 10148 Turin, Italy
| | - Margherita Gulino
- Azienda Sanitaria Locale TO5 di Chieri, Carmagnola, Moncalieri e Nichelino—Dipartimento di Prevenzione SC Igiene degli Alimenti e della Nutrizione, 10042 Nichelino, Italy
| | - Carmela Di Mari
- Azienda Sanitaria Locale TO5 di Chieri, Carmagnola, Moncalieri e Nichelino—Dipartimento di Prevenzione SC Igiene degli Alimenti e della Nutrizione, 10042 Nichelino, Italy
| | - Teresa Zaccaria
- SC Microbiologia e Virologia Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria, Città Della Salute e Della Scienza di Torino, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Lucia Decastelli
- National Reference Laboratory for Coagulase Positive Staphylococci including S. aureus, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte Liguria e Valle d’Aosta, 10148 Turin, Italy
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Williams M, Shamsi S, Williams T, Hernandez-Jover M. Bacteria of Zoonotic Interest Identified on Edible Freshwater Fish Imported to Australia. Foods 2023; 12:foods12061288. [PMID: 36981215 PMCID: PMC10048124 DOI: 10.3390/foods12061288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous research has shown that freshwater edible fish imported into Australia are not compliant with Australian importation guidelines and as a result may be high risk for bacterial contamination. In the present study, the outer surface of imported freshwater fish were swabbed, cultured, confirmatory tests performed and antimicrobial patterns investigated. Channidae fish (Sp. A/n = 66) were contaminated with zoonotic Salmonella sp./Staphylococcus aureus (n = 1/66) and other bacteria implicated in cases of opportunistic human infection, these being Pseudomonas sp. (including P. mendocina and P. pseudoalcaligenes (n = 34/66)); Micrococcus sp. (n = 32/66); Comamonas testosteroni (n = 27/66) and Rhizobium radiobacter (n = 3/66). Pangasiidae fish (Species B/n = 47) were contaminated with zoonotic Vibrio fluvialis (n = 10/47); Salmonella sp. (n = 6/47) and environmental bacteria Micrococcus sp. (n = 3/47). One sample was resistant to all antimicrobials tested and is considered to be Methicillin Resistant S. aureus. Mud, natural diet, or vegetation identified in Sp. A fish/or packaging were significantly associated with the presence of Pseudomonas spp. The study also showed that visibly clean fish (Sp. B) may harbour zoonotic bacteria and that certain types of bacteria are common to fish groups, preparations, and contaminants. Further investigations are required to support the development of appropriate food safety recommendations in Australia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Williams
- School of Agricultural, Environmental and Veterinary Sciences & Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2650, Australia
- Correspondence: or
| | - Shokoofeh Shamsi
- School of Agricultural, Environmental and Veterinary Sciences & Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2650, Australia
| | - Thomas Williams
- Institute for Future Farming Systems, CQUniversity, Rockhampton, QLD 4701, Australia
| | - Marta Hernandez-Jover
- School of Agricultural, Environmental and Veterinary Sciences & Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2650, Australia
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Guidi F, Duranti A, Gallina S, Nia Y, Petruzzelli A, Romano A, Travaglini V, Olivastri A, Calvaresi V, Decastelli L, Blasi G. Characterization of A Staphylococcal Food Poisoning Outbreak in A Workplace Canteen during the Post-Earthquake Reconstruction of Central Italy. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:E523. [PMID: 30563233 PMCID: PMC6315814 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10120523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Revised: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In summer 2017, a foodborne outbreak occurred in Central Italy, involving 26 workers employed in the post-earthquake reconstruction. After eating a meal provided by a catering service, they manifested gastrointestinal symptoms; 23 of them were hospitalized. The retrospective cohort study indicated the pasta salad as the most likely vehicle of poisoning. Foods, environmental samples, and food handlers' nasal swabs were collected. Bacillus cereus (Bc) and coagulase-positive staphylococci (CPS) including S. aureus, together with their toxins, were the targets of the analysis. CPS, detected in all the leftovers, exceeded 10⁵ CFU/g in the pasta salad, in which we found Staphylococcal Enterotoxins (SEs) (0.033 ng SEA/g; 0.052 ng SED/g). None of the environmental and human swabs showed contamination. We characterized 23 S. aureus from foods. They all belonged to the human biotype, showed the same toxigenic profile (sea, sed, sej, and ser genes), and had the same Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE) pattern; none of them harbored mecA or mupA genes. We also detected Bc contamination in the pasta salad but none of the isolates harbored the ces gene for the emetic toxin cereulide. The EU Reference Laboratory for CPS confirmed the case as a strong-evidence outbreak caused by the ingestion of SEs produced by a single strain of S. aureus carried by the same human source. This outbreak was successfully investigated despite the emergency situation in which it occurred.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizia Guidi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Umbria e Marche "Togo Rosati", via G. Salvemini 1, 06126 Perugia, Italy.
| | - Anna Duranti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Umbria e Marche "Togo Rosati", via G. Salvemini 1, 06126 Perugia, Italy.
| | - Silvia Gallina
- National Reference Laboratory for Coagulase Positive Staphylococci - Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, via Bologna 148, 10154 Torino, Italy.
| | - Yacine Nia
- European Union Reference Laboratory for Coagulase Positive Staphylococci - Laboratory for Food Safety, Anses, Université Paris-Est, F-94700 Maisons-Alfort, France.
| | - Annalisa Petruzzelli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Umbria e Marche "Togo Rosati", via G. Salvemini 1, 06126 Perugia, Italy.
| | - Angelo Romano
- National Reference Laboratory for Coagulase Positive Staphylococci - Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, via Bologna 148, 10154 Torino, Italy.
| | - Valeria Travaglini
- Presidio Ospedaliero C. e G. Mazzoni, Azienda Sanitaria Unica Regione Marche, Area Vasta n°5, via Degli Iris 1, 63100 Ascoli Piceno, Italy.
| | - Alberto Olivastri
- Dipartimento di Prevenzione, Azienda Sanitaria Unica Regione Marche, Area Vasta n°5, Viale Marcello Federici, 63100 Ascoli Piceno, Italy.
| | - Vincenzo Calvaresi
- Dipartimento di Prevenzione, Azienda Sanitaria Unica Regione Marche, Area Vasta n°5, Viale Marcello Federici, 63100 Ascoli Piceno, Italy.
| | - Lucia Decastelli
- National Reference Laboratory for Coagulase Positive Staphylococci - Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, via Bologna 148, 10154 Torino, Italy.
| | - Giuliana Blasi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Umbria e Marche "Togo Rosati", via G. Salvemini 1, 06126 Perugia, Italy.
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Ercoli L, Gallina S, Nia Y, Auvray F, Primavilla S, Guidi F, Pierucci B, Graziotti C, Decastelli L, Scuota S. Investigation of a Staphylococcal Food Poisoning Outbreak from a Chantilly Cream Dessert, in Umbria (Italy). Foodborne Pathog Dis 2017; 14:407-413. [PMID: 28402712 PMCID: PMC5512467 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2016.2267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
On August 28, 2015, a staphylococcal food poisoning outbreak occurred in Umbria, Italy, affecting 24 of the 42 customers who had dinner at a local restaurant. About 3 h after ingesting a variety of foods, the customers manifested gastrointestinal symptoms. Within 24 h of notification from the hospital emergency department, Sanitary Inspectors of the local Public Health Unit performed an epidemiological investigation. A retrospective cohort study was conducted among the customers. Food and environmental samples were collected. Due to the rapid onset of symptoms (vomiting, diarrhea), the food samples were analyzed for the presence of toxigenic bacteria and their toxins; nasopharyngeal swabs were collected from the waiters and cooks. Among the food tested, high levels of coagulase-positive staphylococci (CPS) (3.4 × 108 CFU/g) and staphylococcal enterotoxins (2.12 ng SEA/g) were only detected in the Chantilly cream dessert. CPS were also detected on the surface of a kitchen table (10 CFU/swab), and five food handlers were positive for Staphylococcus aureus. In total, five enterotoxigenic S. aureus isolates were recovered from three food handlers, a kitchen surface, and the Chantilly cream dessert. These isolates were further characterized by biotyping, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, and multiplex polymerase chain reaction assays for the detection of eleven enterotoxin encoding genes (sea, seb, sec, sed, see, seg, seh, sei, sej, sep, and ser) and three genes involved in antibiotic resistance (mecA, mecC, and mupA). Three sea-positive strains, isolated from the dessert, environment, and one of the cooks, had the same pulsed-field gel electrophoresis profile and belonged to the human biotype, suggesting that the contamination causing the outbreak most likely originated from a food handler. Moreover, improper storage of the dessert, at room temperature for about 5 h, permitted microbial growth and SEA production. This study underlines the importance of both laboratory evidence and epidemiological data for outbreak investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Ercoli
- 1 Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Umbria e Marche , Perugia, Italy
| | - Silvia Gallina
- 2 National Reference Laboratory Stafilococchi coagulasi positivi-Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte , Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Torino, Italy
| | - Yacine Nia
- 3 Laboratory for Food Safety, Anses, Université Paris-Est , Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Frédéric Auvray
- 3 Laboratory for Food Safety, Anses, Université Paris-Est , Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Sara Primavilla
- 1 Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Umbria e Marche , Perugia, Italy
| | - Fabrizia Guidi
- 1 Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Umbria e Marche , Perugia, Italy
| | - Benedetta Pierucci
- 4 Dipartimento Prevenzione Servizio Igiene Alimenti e Nutrizione, USL Umbria 1, Piazza Giovanni XXIII, Citta' di Castello, Italy
| | - Catia Graziotti
- 4 Dipartimento Prevenzione Servizio Igiene Alimenti e Nutrizione, USL Umbria 1, Piazza Giovanni XXIII, Citta' di Castello, Italy
| | - Lucia Decastelli
- 2 National Reference Laboratory Stafilococchi coagulasi positivi-Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte , Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Torino, Italy
| | - Stefania Scuota
- 1 Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Umbria e Marche , Perugia, Italy
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Mossong J, Decruyenaere F, Moris G, Ragimbeau C, Olinger CM, Johler S, Perrin M, Hau P, Weicherding P. Investigation of a staphylococcal food poisoning outbreak combining case-control, traditional typing and whole genome sequencing methods, Luxembourg, June 2014. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 20:30059. [PMID: 26608881 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2015.20.45.30059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
In June 2014, a staphylococcal food poisoning outbreak occurred at an international equine sports event in Luxembourg requiring the hospitalisation of 31 persons. We conducted a microbiological investigation of patients and buffet items, a case-control study and a carriage study of catering staff. Isolates of Staphylococcus aureus from patients, food and catering staff were characterised and compared using traditional typing methods and whole genome sequencing. Genotypically identical strains (sequence type ST8, spa-type t024, MLVA-type 4698, enterotoxin A FRI100) were isolated in 10 patients, shiitake mushrooms, cured ham, and in three members of staff. The case-control study strongly suggested pasta salad with pesto as the vehicle of infection (p<0.001), but this food item could not be tested, because there were no leftovers. Additional enterotoxigenic strains genetically unrelated to the outbreak strain were found in four members of staff. Non-enterotoxigenic strains with livestock-associated sequence type ST398 were isolated from three food items and two members of staff. The main cause of the outbreak is likely to have been not maintaining the cold chain after food preparation. Whole genome sequencing resulted in phylogenetic clustering which concurred with traditional typing while simultaneously characterising virulence and resistance traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joël Mossong
- Laboratoire National de Santé, Dudelange, Luxembourg
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Identification of staphylococci and dominant lactic acid bacteria in spontaneously fermented Swiss meat products using PCR–RFLP. Food Microbiol 2012; 29:157-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2011.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2011] [Revised: 09/15/2011] [Accepted: 09/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Brotes por Salmonella spp., Staphylococcus aureus y Listeria monocytogenes asociados al consumo de pollo. Revisión sistemática de la literatura. BIOMÉDICA 2012. [DOI: 10.7705/biomedica.v32i3.697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Abstract
Infectious diarrhea is both a local and a global concern. Illnesses can range from mild inconveniences to life-threatening epidemics. Although diarrhea can be caused by a vast array of pathogens, the cornerstone of prevention is provision of a safe food and water supply, application of basic hygiene principles, and the development and administration of vaccines. The cornerstone of treatment is rehydration. Selection of specific antimicrobial therapy should be based on disease presentation and epidemiologic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L McClarren
- Family Medicine Residency Program, St Luke's Hospital, University of Toledo, 6005 Monclova Road, Maumee, OH 43537, USA.
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Risk factors for gastroenteritis: a nested case-control study. Epidemiol Infect 2011; 139:552-9. [DOI: 10.1017/s0950268810001159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
SUMMARYThis nested case-control study investigated the risk factors for gastroenteritis in a cohort using rainwater as their primary domestic water source. Consumption of beef [odds ratio (OR) 2·74, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1·56–4·80], handling of raw fresh chicken in the household (OR 1·52, 95% CI 1·02–2·29) and animal contact (OR 1·83, 95% CI 1·20–2·83) were found to be significant risk factors (P>0·05). Significant protective effects were observed with raw salad prepared at home (OR 0·33, 95% CI 0·18–0·58), consumption of salami (OR 0·60, 95% CI 0·36–0·98), and shellfish (OR 0·31, 95% CI 0·14–0·67). This study provides novel insight into community-based endemic gastroenteritis showing that consumption of beef was associated with increased odds of illness and with a population attributable fraction (PAF) of 57·6%. Detecting such a high PAF for beef in a non-outbreak setting was unexpected.
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Lee MB, Greig JD. A review of gastrointestinal outbreaks in schools: effective infection control interventions. THE JOURNAL OF SCHOOL HEALTH 2010; 80:588-598. [PMID: 21087255 DOI: 10.1111/j.1746-1561.2010.00546.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of this study was to review documented outbreaks of gastrointestinal illness in schools, published in the last 10 years, to identify etiology, mode of transmission, the number of children affected, morbidity and mortality patterns, and interventions for control and prevention. METHODS Searches of electronic databases, public health publications, and federal, state, and provincial public health Web sites were completed. RESULTS Of the 121 outbreaks that met the inclusion criteria, 51% were bacterial, 40% viral, 7% were from Cryptosporidium, and 2% from multiple organisms. Transmission routes recorded in 101 reports included foodborne (45%), person-to-person (16%), waterborne (12%), and animal contact (11%). Actions to control outbreaks included alerting medical and public health authorities or the community to the outbreak (13%), treating cases (12%), enhancing hand washing (11%), and increased vigilance during food preparation (8%). Recommendations to prevent future outbreaks were compared with previously published studies that demonstrated effectiveness. CONCLUSIONS The risk of foodborne illness was reduced when food handlers practiced effective hand washing technique and received food safety training and certification. Student training programs on hand hygiene, enhanced cleaning and disinfection of the school, and hepatitis A vaccination were found effective. Children should be supervised on farm visits, hand washing strictly enforced, and food eaten in an area separated from the animals. Staff and students should have a positive, continuous communication with public health authorities including educational sessions and immediate reporting of possible outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilyn B Lee
- School of Occupational and Public Health, Ryerson University, 350 Victoria St., Toronto, Ontario, Canada N1E 3Y5.
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Ifesan BOT, Hamtasin C, Mahabusarakam W, Voravuthikunchai SP. Inhibitory effect of Eleutherine americana Merr. extract on Staphylococcus aureus isolated from food. J Food Sci 2009; 74:M31-6. [PMID: 19200104 DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3841.2008.01004.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
About 106 samples of ready-to-eat foods were purchased over a period of 3 mo out of which 76 (71.69%) were contaminated with Staphylococcus aureus. S. aureus isolated from the food samples were characterized phenotypically using traditional biochemical methods. Ninety-four percent of the isolates were mannitol fermenters, 86% positive for coagulase test, while 80% produced lipase enzyme. Antibiotic susceptibility test revealed that 21% and 63% of the food isolates were resistant to oxacillin and penicillin, respectively. The antibacterial activity of the bulb of Eleutherine americana used in Thai cuisine was investigated by agar disc diffusion using 2.5 mg of the crude extract and produced inhibition zone between 14.5 and 15.7 mm, while the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value ranged from 0.06 to 1.00 mg/mL on both food isolates and reference strains. Growth curve in the presence of the crude ethanol extract at 4 MIC showed bacteriostatic effect by 5 log reduction relative to the control. Partially purified fractions tentatively identified by column chromatography were suspected to be responsible for the antibacterial property. This study suggests that E. americana bulb has potential for application as a natural preservative in foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- B O T Ifesan
- Dept. of Microbiology, Prince of Songkla Univ., Songkhla, Thailand
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Outbreak of staphylococcal food intoxication after consumption of pasteurized milk products, June 2007, Austria. Wien Klin Wochenschr 2009; 121:125-31. [DOI: 10.1007/s00508-008-1132-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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[Hygiene tips for kids. Concept and examples of realisation]. Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz 2009; 51:1304-13. [PMID: 19043759 DOI: 10.1007/s00103-008-0697-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Basic hygiene measures aim at promoting and maintaining good health. The necessary routines are most effectively learned and adopted during childhood. These key findings form the basis for the educational programme "Hygiene Tips for Kids" which was initiated at the Department of Hygiene and Public Health at Bonn University under the auspices of WHO Europe in 2003. The programme addresses children, teachers and parents and offers a range of materials and activities tailored to the specific needs of the target groups based on expert advice. The objective is to exert a long-lasting, positive influence on the performance of hygiene routines. Campaigns are usually directed at pre-school, kindergarten and primary school settings, with the public health service personnel playing a crucial role in coordinating and implementing the various activities. Evaluation of a campaign in the federal state of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern has proven a positive effect on hand washing routines in pre-school as well as in the domestic setting. Moreover, Hygiene Tips for Kids has a sustained positive effect on the cooperation and communication between public health authorities and teachers, children and their parents. Teachers implement their own ideas within a framework of standardised information to suit their local needs. A long-term goal would be the obligatory integration of a sensible health education programme in the syllabus of pre-school, kindergarten and primary schools.
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