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Rosén A, Gennser M, Oscarsson N, Kvarnström A, Sandström G, Seeman-Lodding H, Simrén J, Zetterberg H. Protein tau concentration in blood increases after SCUBA diving: an observational study. Eur J Appl Physiol 2022; 122:993-1005. [PMID: 35142945 PMCID: PMC8926952 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-022-04892-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Purpose It is speculated that diving might be harmful to the nervous system. The aim of this study was to determine if established markers of neuronal injury were increased in the blood after diving. Methods Thirty-two divers performed two identical dives, 48 h apart, in a water-filled hyperbaric chamber pressurized to an equivalent of 42 m of sea water for 10 min. After one of the two dives, normobaric oxygen was breathed for 30 min, with air breathed after the other. Blood samples were obtained before and at 30–45 and 120 min after diving. Concentrations of glial fibrillary acidic, neurofilament light, and tau proteins were measured using single molecule array technology. Doppler ultrasound was used to detect venous gas emboli. Results Tau was significantly increased at 30–45 min after the second dive (p < 0.0098) and at 120 min after both dives (p < 0.0008/p < 0.0041). Comparison of matching samples showed that oxygen breathing after diving did not influence tau results. There was no correlation between tau concentrations and the presence of venous gas emboli. Glial fibrillary acidic protein was decreased 30–45 min after the first dive but at no other point. Neurofilament light concentrations did not change. Conclusions Tau seems to be a promising marker of dive-related neuronal stress, which is independent of the presence of venous gas emboli. Future studies could validate these results and determine if there is a quantitative relationship between dive exposure and change in tau blood concentration. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00421-022-04892-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders Rosén
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden.
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Mikael Gennser
- Swedish Aerospace Physiology Centre, Division of Environmental Physiology, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Health Systems, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, Royal Institute of Technology, KTH, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nicklas Oscarsson
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Andreas Kvarnström
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Göran Sandström
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Swedish Armed Forces, Center for Defence Medicine, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Helen Seeman-Lodding
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Joel Simrén
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute, University College London, London, UK
- Hong Kong Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hong Kong, China
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Biomarkers of neuronal damage in saturation diving-a controlled observational study. Eur J Appl Physiol 2020; 120:2773-2784. [PMID: 32975632 PMCID: PMC7674315 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-020-04499-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Purpose A prospective and controlled observational study was performed to determine if the central nervous system injury markers glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAp), neurofilament light (NfL) and tau concentrations changed in response to a saturation dive. Methods The intervention group consisted of 14 submariners compressed to 401 kPa in a dry hyperbaric chamber. They remained pressurized for 36 h and were then decompressed over 70 h. A control group of 12 individuals was used. Blood samples were obtained from both groups before, during and after hyperbaric exposure, and from the intervention group after a further 25–26 h. Results There were no statistically significant changes in the concentrations of GFAp, NfL and tau in the intervention group. During hyperbaric exposure, GFAp decreased in the control group (mean/median − 15.1/ − 8.9 pg·mL−1, p < 0.01) and there was a significant difference in absolute change of GFAp and NfL between the groups (17.7 pg·mL−1, p = 0.02 and 2.34 pg·mL−1, p = 0.02, respectively). Albumin decreased in the control group (mean/median − 2.74 g/L/ − 0.95 g/L, p = 0.02), but there was no statistically significant difference in albumin levels between the groups. In the intervention group, haematocrit and mean haemoglobin values were slightly increased after hyperbaric exposure (mean/median 2.3%/1.5%, p = 0.02 and 4.9 g/L, p = 0.06, respectively). Conclusion Hyperbaric exposure to 401 kPa for 36 h was not associated with significant increases in GFAp, NfL or tau concentrations. Albumin levels, changes in hydration or diurnal variation were unlikely to have confounded the results. Saturation exposure to 401 kPa seems to be a procedure not harmful to the central nervous system. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03192930.
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Mondello S, Guedes VA, Lai C, Jeromin A, Bazarian JJ, Gill JM. Sex Differences in Circulating T-Tau Trajectories After Sports-Concussion and Correlation With Outcome. Front Neurol 2020; 11:651. [PMID: 32733367 PMCID: PMC7358531 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.00651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Sex differences in molecular biomarkers after sports-related concussion (SRC) could steadily advance our understanding of injury heterogeneity and complexity, and help capture phenotypic characteristics, by unveiling sex-dependent pathobiological processes and disease mechanisms. Such knowledge will help improve diagnosis, clinical management, and prognosis. Total-tau (t-tau) has recently emerged as a promising blood marker showing sex-associated differences in neurodegenerative diseases. Nonetheless, to date, little is known about the potential influence of sex on its injury-related concentration and dynamics after SRC. We hypothesized that measurements of circulating levels of t-tau over time would reflect a differential vulnerability signature, providing insights into the sex-related phenotypes and their relationship with clinical outcomes. To test this hypothesis, plasma levels of t-tau were measured using an ultrasensitive immunoassay up to 7 days after injury, in 46 concussed athletes (20 males, 26 females). We used trajectory analysis to generate two distinct temporal profiles of t-tau, which were then compared with gender and return to play (RTP). The majority of subjects (~63%) started with low t-tau concentrations that further declined within the first 48 h; while the remaining (“maximal decliners”) started with concentrations comparable to the baseline levels that also fell over time, but persisting markedly higher compared with the first profile. The maximal decliner group was primarily composed of female subjects (p = 0.007) and was significantly associated with poor outcome (RTP ≥ 10 days after concussion) (p = 0.011). Taken together, our data provide evidence for the existence of sex-related biosignatures following sports-related concussions, possibly indicating a differential effect as a result of distinct brain vulnerability and inherent injury response. Future studies will be required to further elucidate underlying sex-based biological and pathophysiological mechanisms, and determine the value of t-tau signatures for management and therapeutic decision-making in sports-related concussions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Mondello
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Vivian A Guedes
- National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Nursing Research, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Chen Lai
- National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Nursing Research, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | | | - Jeffrey J Bazarian
- University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Jessica M Gill
- Cohen Veterans Biosciences, Cambridge, MA, United States
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