1
|
Itkonen ST, Lamberg-Allardt C. Phosphorus - a scoping review for Nordic Nutrition Recommendations 2023. Food Nutr Res 2023; 67:10318. [PMID: 38187803 PMCID: PMC10770706 DOI: 10.29219/fnr.v67.10318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
This scoping review aims to describe the totality of evidence for the role of phosphorus for health-related outcomes as a basis for setting and updating dietary reference values (DRVs). Phosphorus is needed in many biological processes, such as cellular metabolism and bone mineralization. Dietary phosphorus intake exceeds the previous Nordic Nutrition Recommendations (NNR2012) 2-3-fold in the Nordic countries. Intake from food additives is unknown but may play a significant role because the use of phosphate additives is common in the food industry. Bioavailability of phosphorus in plant-based products is lower than animal-based products. Nevertheless, bioavailability of phosphorus additives is higher. The main phosphorus-related health outcomes concern high phosphorus intake mainly from food additives with potential adverse effects on kidney, bone, and cardiovascular health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suvi T. Itkonen
- Department of Food and Nutrition, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
More S, Bampidis V, Benford D, Bragard C, Halldorsson T, Hougaard Bennekou S, Koutsoumanis K, Machera K, Naegeli H, Nielsen S, Schlatter J, Schrenk D, Silano V, Turck D, Younes M, Aggett P, Castenmiller J, Giarola A, de Sesmaisons‐Lecarré A, Tarazona J, Verhagen H, Hernández‐Jerez A. Statement on the derivation of Health-Based Guidance Values (HBGVs) for regulated products that are also nutrients. EFSA J 2021; 19:e06479. [PMID: 33747231 PMCID: PMC7970819 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2021.6479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
This Statement presents a proposal for harmonising the establishment of Health-Based Guidance Values (HBGVs) for regulated products that are also nutrients. This is a recurrent issue for food additives and pesticides, and may occasionally occur for other regulated products. The Statement describes the specific considerations that should be followed for establishing the HBGVs during the assessment of a regulated product that is also a nutrient. It also addresses the elements to be considered in the intake assessment; and proposes a decision tree for ensuring a harmonised process for the risk characterisation of regulated products that are also nutrients. The Scientific Committee recommends the involvement of the relevant EFSA Panels and units, in order to ensure an integrated and harmonised approach for the hazard and risk characterisation of regulated products that are also nutrients, considering the intake from all relevant sources.
Collapse
|
3
|
Byrne F, Gillman B, O' Reilly E, Smith O, Cronin I, Eustace J. European food safety guidelines on dietary phosphate additives: implications for people with chronic kidney disease. Ir J Med Sci 2021; 190:1655-1657. [PMID: 33492577 DOI: 10.1007/s11845-020-02497-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fiona Byrne
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Cork University Hospital, Wilton, Cork, Ireland. .,Department of Renal Medicine, Cork University Hospital, Cork, Ireland. .,Health Research Board, Clinical Research Facility, Cork, Ireland.
| | - Barbara Gillman
- Department of Nutrition & Dietetics, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.,Department of Renal Medicine, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Emer O' Reilly
- Chemical Safety Team, Food Science and Standards Department, Food Safety Authority of Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Oonagh Smith
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Tallaght University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.,Department of Nephrology, Tallaght University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Irene Cronin
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Cork University Hospital, Wilton, Cork, Ireland.,Department of Renal Medicine, Cork University Hospital, Cork, Ireland
| | - Joseph Eustace
- Department of Renal Medicine, Cork University Hospital, Cork, Ireland.,Health Research Board, Clinical Research Facility, Cork, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Hirtz A, Günther K. Determination of Total Selenium and Extractability of Selenium in Commercially-Available Dietary Supplements by Inductively Coupled Plasma - Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS). ANAL LETT 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2020.1746328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Annika Hirtz
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Food Chemistry, IEL University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Klaus Günther
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Food Chemistry, IEL University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences (IBG-2), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Younes M, Aquilina G, Castle L, Engel KH, Fowler P, Frutos Fernandez MJ, Fürst P, Gürtler R, Husøy T, Mennes W, Moldeus P, Oskarsson A, Shah R, Waalkens-Berendsen I, Wölfle D, Aggett P, Cupisti A, Fortes C, Kuhnle G, Lillegaard IT, Scotter M, Giarola A, Rincon A, Tard A, Gundert-Remy U. Re-evaluation of phosphoric acid-phosphates - di-, tri- and polyphosphates (E 338-341, E 343, E 450-452) as food additives and the safety of proposed extension of use. EFSA J 2019; 17:e05674. [PMID: 32626329 PMCID: PMC7009158 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2019.5674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The Panel on Food Additives and Flavourings added to Food (FAF) provided a scientific opinion re-evaluating the safety of phosphates (E 338-341, E 343, E 450-452) as food additives. The Panel considered that adequate exposure and toxicity data were available. Phosphates are authorised food additives in the EU in accordance with Annex II and III to Regulation (EC) No 1333/2008. Exposure to phosphates from the whole diet was estimated using mainly analytical data. The values ranged from 251 mg P/person per day in infants to 1,625 mg P/person per day for adults, and the high exposure (95th percentile) from 331 mg P/person per day in infants to 2,728 mg P/person per day for adults. Phosphate is essential for all living organisms, is absorbed at 80-90% as free orthophosphate excreted via the kidney. The Panel considered phosphates to be of low acute oral toxicity and there is no concern with respect to genotoxicity and carcinogenicity. No effects were reported in developmental toxicity studies. The Panel derived a group acceptable daily intake (ADI) for phosphates expressed as phosphorus of 40 mg/kg body weight (bw) per day and concluded that this ADI is protective for the human population. The Panel noted that in the estimated exposure scenario based on analytical data exposure estimates exceeded the proposed ADI for infants, toddlers and other children at the mean level, and for infants, toddlers, children and adolescents at the 95th percentile. The Panel also noted that phosphates exposure by food supplements exceeds the proposed ADI. The Panel concluded that the available data did not give rise to safety concerns in infants below 16 weeks of age consuming formula and food for medical purposes.
Collapse
|
6
|
Withers PJA, van Dijk KC, Neset TSS, Nesme T, Oenema O, Rubæk GH, Schoumans OF, Smit B, Pellerin S. Stewardship to tackle global phosphorus inefficiency: The case of Europe. AMBIO 2015; 44 Suppl 2:S193-206. [PMID: 25681977 PMCID: PMC4329152 DOI: 10.1007/s13280-014-0614-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The inefficient use of phosphorus (P) in the food chain is a threat to the global aquatic environment and the health and well-being of citizens, and it is depleting an essential finite natural resource critical for future food security and ecosystem function. We outline a strategic framework of 5R stewardship (Re-align P inputs, Reduce P losses, Recycle P in bioresources, Recover P in wastes, and Redefine P in food systems) to help identify and deliver a range of integrated, cost-effective, and feasible technological innovations to improve P use efficiency in society and reduce Europe's dependence on P imports. Their combined adoption facilitated by interactive policies, co-operation between upstream and downstream stakeholders (researchers, investors, producers, distributors, and consumers), and more harmonized approaches to P accounting would maximize the resource and environmental benefits and help deliver a more competitive, circular, and sustainable European economy. The case of Europe provides a blueprint for global P stewardship.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Kimo C. van Dijk
- Wageningen University, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Thomas Nesme
- Bordeaux Sciences Agro, CS 40201, 33175 Gradignan Cedex, France
| | - Oene Oenema
- Alterra Wageningen UR, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Gitte H. Rubæk
- Department of Agroecology, Aarhus University, Blichers Allé 20, P.O. Box 50, 8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | | | - Bert Smit
- Plant Research International, University and Research Centre, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | |
Collapse
|