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Loi M, Villani A, Paciolla F, Mulè G, Paciolla C. Challenges and Opportunities of Light-Emitting Diode (LED) as Key to Modulate Antioxidant Compounds in Plants. A Review. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 10:antiox10010042. [PMID: 33396461 PMCID: PMC7824119 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10010042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant antioxidants are important compounds involved in plant defense, signaling, growth, and development. The quantity and quality of such compounds is genetically driven; nonetheless, light is one of the factors that strongly influence their synthesis and accumulation in plant tissues. Indeed, light quality affects the fitness of the plant, modulating its antioxidative profile, a key element to counteract the biotic and abiotic stresses. With this regard, light-emitting diodes (LEDs) are emerging as a powerful technology which allows the selection of specific wavelengths and intensities, and therefore the targeted accumulation of plant antioxidant compounds. Despite the unique advantages of such technology, LED application in the horticultural field is still at its early days and several aspects still need to be investigated. This review focused on the most recent outcomes of LED application to modulate the antioxidant compounds of plants, with particular regard to vitamin C, phenols, chlorophyll, carotenoids, and glucosinolates. Additionally, future challenges and opportunities in the use of LED technology in the growth and postharvest storage of fruits and vegetables were also addressed to give a comprehensive overview of the future applications and trends of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Loi
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council, Via Amendola 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Alessandra Villani
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council, Via Amendola 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy
- Department of Biology, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Francesco Paciolla
- Automation Engineering, Polytechnic of Bari, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Mulè
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council, Via Amendola 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Costantino Paciolla
- Department of Biology, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
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Cocoa Shell as a Step Forward to Functional Chocolates-Bioactive Components in Chocolates with Different Composition. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25225470. [PMID: 33238393 PMCID: PMC7700659 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25225470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Chocolate is considered as both caloric and functional food. Its nutritional properties may be improved by addition of fiber; however, this may reduce polyphenols content. The aim of this research was to determine the influence of cocoa shell addition (as a source of fiber) and its combination with different ingredients (cocoa butter equivalents (CBE), emulsifiers, dairy ingredients) on polyphenols of dark and milk chocolates. Total polyphenol (TPC) and total flavonoid (TFC) contents were determined spectrophotometrically, identification and quantification of individual compounds by high pressure liquid chromatography and antioxidant capacity by ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay. Results showed that even though addition of cocoa shell to chocolate results in reduced contents of TPC, TFC, and individual compounds, it is not significant compared to ones reported by other authors for commercial chocolates. Other ingredients influence determined values for all investigated parameters; however, additional research is needed to reveal exact mechanisms and implications.
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Bussy U, May BR, Olanrewaju Y, Hewitt G, Anderson N, Crozier A, Ottaviani JI, Kwik-Uribe C. Reliable, accessible and transferable method for the quantification of flavanols and procyanidins in foodstuffs and dietary supplements. Food Funct 2020; 11:131-138. [DOI: 10.1039/c9fo02762a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Liquid chromatography coupled with fluorescence detection for accurate and precise determination of cocoa flavanol monomers and procyanidins in cocoa-based products.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Alan Crozier
- Department of Nutrition
- University of California
- Davis
- USA
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Barišić V, Jozinović A, Flanjak I, Šubarić D, Babić J, Miličević B, Jokić S, Grgić I, Ačkar Đ. Effect of Addition of Fibres and Polyphenols on Properties of Chocolate – A Review. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2019.1701008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Barišić
- Faculty of Food Technology Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Antun Jozinović
- Faculty of Food Technology Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Ivana Flanjak
- Faculty of Food Technology Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Drago Šubarić
- Faculty of Food Technology Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Jurislav Babić
- Faculty of Food Technology Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Borislav Miličević
- Faculty of Food Technology Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Stela Jokić
- Faculty of Food Technology Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Ivanka Grgić
- Institute of Public Health of Brod-Posavina County, Slavonski Brod, Croatia
| | - Đurđica Ačkar
- Faculty of Food Technology Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
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Polyphenols in human nutrition: from the in vitro antioxidant capacity to the beneficial effects on cardiometabolic health and related inter-individual variability - an overview and perspective. Br J Nutr 2019; 123:241-254. [PMID: 31658907 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114519002733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative damage of cells and tissues is broadly implicated in human pathophysiology, including cardiometabolic diseases. Polyphenols, as important constituents of the human diet and potent in vitro free radical scavengers, have been extensively studied for their beneficial effects on cardiometabolic health. However, it has been demonstrated that the in vivo antioxidant activity of polyphenols is distinct from their in vitro free radical-scavenging capacity. Indeed, bioavailability of nutritional polyphenols is low and conditioned by complex mechanisms of absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion. Nowadays, it is commonly accepted that the cellular antioxidant activity of polyphenols is mainly carried out via modification of transcription of genes involved in antioxidant defence. Importantly, polyphenols also contribute to cardiometabolic health by modulation of a plethora of cellular processes that are not directly associated with antioxidant enzymes, through nutri(epi)genomic mechanisms. Numerous human intervention studies have demonstrated beneficial effects of polyphenols on the key cardiometabolic risk factors. However, inconsistency of the results of some studies led to identification of the inter-individual variability in response to consumption of polyphenols. In perspective, a detailed investigation of the determinants of this inter-individual variability will potentially lead us towards personalised dietary recommendations. The phenomenon of inter-individual variability is also of relevance for supplementation with antioxidant (pro)vitamins.
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Lenssen KG, Bast A, de Boer A. Clarifying the health claim assessment procedure of EFSA will benefit functional food innovation. J Funct Foods 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2018.05.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
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Health claims made on food in the EU: The edge between scientific knowledge and regulatory requirements. Trends Food Sci Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2017.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Winklhofer-Roob BM, Faustmann G, Roob JM. Low-density lipoprotein oxidation biomarkers in human health and disease and effects of bioactive compounds. Free Radic Biol Med 2017; 111:38-86. [PMID: 28456641 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2017.04.345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Revised: 04/16/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Based on the significance of oxidized low-density lipoprotein (LDL) in health and disease, this review focuses on human studies addressing oxidation of LDL, including three lines of biomarkers, (i) ex vivo LDL resistance to oxidation, a "challenge test" model, (ii) circulating oxidized LDL, indicating the "current in vivo status", and (iii) autoantibodies against oxidized LDL as fingerprints of an immune response to oxidized LDL, along with circulating oxysterols and 4-hydroxynonenal as biomarkers of lipid peroxidation. Lipid peroxidation and oxidized LDL are hallmarks in the development of various metabolic, cardiovascular and other diseases. Changes further occur across life stages from infancy to older age as well as in athletes and smokers. Given their responsiveness to targeted nutritional interventions, markers of LDL oxidation have been employed in a rapidly growing number of human studies for more than 2 decades. There is growing interest in foods, which, besides providing energy and nutrients, exert beneficial effects on human health, such as protection of DNA, proteins and lipids from oxidative damage. Any health claim, however, needs to be substantiated by supportive evidence derived from human studies, using reliable biomarkers to demonstrate such beneficial effects. A large body of evidence has accumulated, demonstrating protection of LDL from oxidation by bioactive food compounds, including vitamins, other micronutrients and secondary plant ingredients, which will facilitate the selection of oxidation biomarkers for future human intervention studies and health claim support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brigitte M Winklhofer-Roob
- Human Nutrition & Metabolism Research and Training Center, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Karl-Franzens University of Graz, Austria.
| | - Gernot Faustmann
- Human Nutrition & Metabolism Research and Training Center, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Karl-Franzens University of Graz, Austria; Clinical Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Austria
| | - Johannes M Roob
- Clinical Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Austria
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Valls RM, Llauradó E, Fernández-Castillejo S, Puiggrós F, Solà R, Arola L, Pedret A. Effects of low molecular weight procyanidin rich extract from french maritime pine bark on cardiovascular disease risk factors in stage-1 hypertensive subjects: Randomized, double-blind, crossover, placebo-controlled intervention trial. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2016; 23:1451-1461. [PMID: 27765365 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2016.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2016] [Revised: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/20/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oligopinۚ (OP) is a quantified extract from French Maritime Pine bark (FMPB) with low molecular weight procyanidins. The cardioprotective effects of OP need to be tested in human clinical intervention trials with an appropriate design. PURPOSE The aim of the present study was to assess the effect of subchronic consumption of OP on cardiovascular disease risk factors such as lipid profile, systolic blood pressure (BP) and oxidized-Low Density Lipoprotein (ox-LDL) in stage-1-hypertensive subjects. METHODS Between February 14 and May 31, 2014, eligible subjects were recruited from the outpatient clinics of Hospital Universitari Sant Joan (Reus, Spain). A total of 24 participants (mean age ± DS; 57.36 ± 11.25; 17 men) with stage-1-hypertension who were not receiving BP-lowering medication and LDL cholesterol < 4.88 mmol/l were randomized in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study. The subjects received 2 capsules/day with 75 mg of OP or placebo for 5-weeks. RESULTS At 5-weeks, compared to the placebo, OP raised High Density Lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-c) by 14.06% (p = 0.012) and apolipoprotein A-1 by 8.12% (p = 0.038) and reduced the ratio of apolipoprotein B-100/A-1 by 10.26% (p = 0.046). Moreover, at 5-weeks, compared to the baseline, OP reduced the systolic BP by 6.36 mmHg (p = 0.014), and decreased ox-LDL concentrations by 31.72 U/l (p = 0.015). CONCLUSION At 5-weeks, the consumption of 150 mg/day of OP improve lipid cardiovascular profile and represents one of the scarce ways to increase HDL-c in stage-1-hypertensive subjects. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT02063477.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa-M Valls
- NFOC-Salut group, URLA, CTNS, CIBERDEM, Hospital Universitari Sant Joan, Servei de Medicina Interna, IISPV, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, St. Llorenç, 21, 43201, Reus, Spain
| | - Elisabet Llauradó
- NFOC-Salut group, URLA, CTNS, CIBERDEM, Hospital Universitari Sant Joan, Servei de Medicina Interna, IISPV, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, St. Llorenç, 21, 43201, Reus, Spain
| | - Sara Fernández-Castillejo
- NFOC-Salut group, URLA, CTNS, CIBERDEM, Hospital Universitari Sant Joan, Servei de Medicina Interna, IISPV, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, St. Llorenç, 21, 43201, Reus, Spain
| | - Francesc Puiggrós
- CTNS-TECNIO-Technology Center of Nutrition and Health, Avda. Universitat, 1, 43204, Reus, Spain
| | - Rosa Solà
- NFOC-Salut group, URLA, CTNS, CIBERDEM, Hospital Universitari Sant Joan, Servei de Medicina Interna, IISPV, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, St. Llorenç, 21, 43201, Reus, Spain.
| | - Lluis Arola
- CTNS-TECNIO-Technology Center of Nutrition and Health, Avda. Universitat, 1, 43204, Reus, Spain
| | - Anna Pedret
- NFOC-Salut group, URLA, CTNS, CIBERDEM, Hospital Universitari Sant Joan, Servei de Medicina Interna, IISPV, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, St. Llorenç, 21, 43201, Reus, Spain
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Cocoa polyphenols and fiber modify colonic gene expression in rats. Eur J Nutr 2016; 56:1871-1885. [PMID: 27256297 PMCID: PMC5534200 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-016-1230-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Cocoa intake has been associated with health benefits, improving cardiovascular function and metabolism, as well as modulating intestinal immune function. The aim of this study was to take an in-depth look into the mechanisms affected by the cocoa intake by evaluating the colonic gene expression after nutritional intervention, and to ascertain the role of the fiber of cocoa in these effects. Methods To achieve this, Wistar rats were fed for 3 weeks with either a reference diet, a diet containing 10 % cocoa (C10), a diet based on cocoa fiber (CF) or a diet containing inulin (I). At the end of the study, colon was excised to obtain the RNA to evaluate the differential gene expression by microarray. Results were validated by RT-PCR. Results The C10 group was the group with most changes in colonic gene expression, most of them down-regulated but a few in common with the CF diet. The C10 diet significantly up-regulated the expression of Scgb1a1 and Scnn1 g and down-regulated Tac4, Mcpt2, Fcer1a and Fabp1 by twofold, most of them related to lipid metabolism and immune function. The CF and I diets down-regulated the expression of Serpina10 and Apoa4 by twofold. Similar patterns of expression were found by PCR. Conclusion Most of the effects attributed to cocoa consumption on genes related to the immune system (B cell and mast cell functionality) and lipid metabolism in the colon tissue were due not only to its fiber content, but also to the possible contribution of polyphenols and other compounds. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s00394-016-1230-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Arranz S, Valderas-Martinez P, Chiva-Blanch G, Casas R, Urpi-Sarda M, Lamuela-Raventos RM, Estruch R. Cardioprotective effects of cocoa: Clinical evidence from randomized clinical intervention trials in humans. Mol Nutr Food Res 2013; 57:936-47. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201200595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2012] [Revised: 03/11/2013] [Accepted: 03/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Arranz
- Department of Internal Medicine; Hospital Clínic; Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica August Pi i Sunyer; University of Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
- CIBER de Fisiopatologia de la Obesidad y la Nutrición; Instituto de Salud Carlos III; Madrid Spain
| | - Palmira Valderas-Martinez
- Department of Internal Medicine; Hospital Clínic; Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica August Pi i Sunyer; University of Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
- CIBER de Fisiopatologia de la Obesidad y la Nutrición; Instituto de Salud Carlos III; Madrid Spain
- RETIC Alimentación saludable; Instituto de Salud Carlos III; Madrid Spain
| | - Gemma Chiva-Blanch
- Department of Internal Medicine; Hospital Clínic; Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica August Pi i Sunyer; University of Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
- CIBER de Fisiopatologia de la Obesidad y la Nutrición; Instituto de Salud Carlos III; Madrid Spain
| | - Rosa Casas
- Department of Internal Medicine; Hospital Clínic; Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica August Pi i Sunyer; University of Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
- CIBER de Fisiopatologia de la Obesidad y la Nutrición; Instituto de Salud Carlos III; Madrid Spain
| | - Mireia Urpi-Sarda
- Department of Internal Medicine; Hospital Clínic; Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica August Pi i Sunyer; University of Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
- Nutrition and Food Science Department, XaRTA, INSA, Pharmacy Faculty, University of Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
| | - Rosa M. Lamuela-Raventos
- CIBER de Fisiopatologia de la Obesidad y la Nutrición; Instituto de Salud Carlos III; Madrid Spain
- RETIC Alimentación saludable; Instituto de Salud Carlos III; Madrid Spain
- Nutrition and Food Science Department, XaRTA, INSA, Pharmacy Faculty, University of Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
| | - Ramon Estruch
- Department of Internal Medicine; Hospital Clínic; Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica August Pi i Sunyer; University of Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
- CIBER de Fisiopatologia de la Obesidad y la Nutrición; Instituto de Salud Carlos III; Madrid Spain
- RETIC Alimentación saludable; Instituto de Salud Carlos III; Madrid Spain
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