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El-Nour SAA, Hammad AA, Fathy R, Eid AS. Application of coliphage as biocontrol agent in combination with gamma irradiation to eliminate multi-drug-resistant E. coli in minimally processed vegetables. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:123907-123924. [PMID: 37995029 PMCID: PMC10746767 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-31071-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
Biofilm formation is a rising concern in the food industry. Escherichia coli (E. coli) is one of the most important food-borne pathogens that can survive in food and food-related environments and eventually produce biofilms. This study suggested that both coliphages used were successful in preventing the creation of new biofilms as well as removing existing ones. Confocal laser scanning microscopy verified these findings. According to the findings, neither coliphage survived at 37 °C, but both remained stable at 4 °C and - 20 °C for extended periods of time. The study revealed that both coliphages demonstrated a greater degree of gamma irradiation resistance when compared to E. coli. The study's results indicate that the implementation of a dual method, which incorporates gamma irradiation (1.5 kGy) and coliphage treatment, on various kinds of vegetables that were infected with E. coli, resulted in a significant reduction in bacterial count (surpassing 99.99%) following a 24-h incubation period. Combining gamma irradiation and the coliphage approach was significantly effective at lowering polysaccharide concentrations and proteins in the biofilm matrix. The results revealed that the pairing of gamma irradiation and coliphages acted in conjunction to cause disruptions in the matrix of biofilm, thereby promoting cell removal compared with either of the individual treatments. Ca+ ions strengthen the weak virion interaction with the relevant bacterial host cell receptors during the adsorption process. In conclusion, use of coliphage in combination with gamma irradiation treatment can be applied to improve fresh produce's microbial safety and enhance its storability in supermarkets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salwa A Abou El-Nour
- Radiation Microbiology Department, National Center for Radiation Research and Technology (NCRRT), Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority (EAEA), Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ali A Hammad
- Radiation Microbiology Department, National Center for Radiation Research and Technology (NCRRT), Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority (EAEA), Cairo, Egypt
| | - Reham Fathy
- Radiation Microbiology Department, National Center for Radiation Research and Technology (NCRRT), Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority (EAEA), Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Amal S Eid
- Radiation Microbiology Department, National Center for Radiation Research and Technology (NCRRT), Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority (EAEA), Cairo, Egypt
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2
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Hatsuda M, Kawasaki H, Shigenaga A, Taketani A, Takanashi T, Wakabayashi Y, Otake Y, Kamata Y, Ichinose A, Nishioka H, Kimura H, Koganei Y, Komoriya S, Sakai M, Hamano Y, Yoshida M, Yamakura F. Effects of neutron radiation generated in deep space-like environments on food resources. Sci Rep 2023; 13:12479. [PMID: 37528144 PMCID: PMC10394055 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-38990-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The impact of deep space cosmic rays on food resources is as important as the risks of cosmic rays to the human body. This study demonstrates the potential for neutrons as secondary radiation in deep space spacecraft to cause meat activation and oxidative modification of proteins and lipids. We conducted a series of experiments such as the neutron irradiation experiment, the radioactivation analysis and the biochemical analysis. Neutrons with energies from 1 to 5 MeV with doses from 0.01 Gy to 4 Gy were irradiated by the RIKEN accelerated-driven neutron source (RANS). Radioactive nuclei, 24Na, 42K, and 38Cl, were detected in the neutron-irradiated meat. The modification products of the proteins by oxidative nitration, 6-nitrotryptophan (6NO2Trp), and by a lipid peroxidation, 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (4-HNE), were detected in several proteins with neutron dose dependent. The proteome analysis showed that many oxidative modifications were detected in actin and myosin which are major proteins of myofibrils. This study is of crucial importance not only as risk factors for human space exploration, but also as fundamental effects of radiation on the components of the human body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Machiko Hatsuda
- Faculty of Health Science, Juntendo University, Tokyo, 113-0034, Japan.
| | - Hiroaki Kawasaki
- Faculty of Food and Health Sciences, Showa Women's University, Tokyo, 154-8533, Japan
| | - Ayako Shigenaga
- Institute of Health and Sports Science and Medicine, Juntendo University, Chiba, 270-1695, Japan
| | - Atsushi Taketani
- RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics, RIKEN, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Takaoki Takanashi
- RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics, RIKEN, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Yasuo Wakabayashi
- RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics, RIKEN, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Yoshie Otake
- RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics, RIKEN, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Yayoi Kamata
- Institute for Environmental and Gender-Specific Medicine, Juntendo University, Chiba, 279-0023, Japan
| | - Akari Ichinose
- Faculty of Food and Health Sciences, Showa Women's University, Tokyo, 154-8533, Japan
| | - Honoka Nishioka
- Faculty of Food and Health Sciences, Showa Women's University, Tokyo, 154-8533, Japan
| | - Hayato Kimura
- Faculty of Health Science, Juntendo University, Tokyo, 113-0034, Japan
| | - Yumi Koganei
- Faculty of Health Science, Juntendo University, Tokyo, 113-0034, Japan
| | - Shiomi Komoriya
- Faculty of Health Science, Juntendo University, Tokyo, 113-0034, Japan
| | - Miyu Sakai
- Faculty of Health Science, Juntendo University, Tokyo, 113-0034, Japan
| | - Yui Hamano
- Faculty of Health Science, Juntendo University, Tokyo, 113-0034, Japan
| | - Maria Yoshida
- Faculty of Health Science, Juntendo University, Tokyo, 113-0034, Japan
| | - Fumiyuki Yamakura
- Faculty of Health Science, Juntendo University, Tokyo, 113-0034, Japan
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3
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De Bock T, Jacxsens L, Maes F, Van Meerhaeghe S, Reygaerts M, Uyttendaele M. Microbiological profiling and knowledge of food preservation technology to support guidance on a neutropenic diet for immunocompromised patients. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1136887. [PMID: 37303781 PMCID: PMC10248020 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1136887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The current society consists of an increasing number of people vulnerable to infections. For certain people with severe immunodeficiency, a neutropenic or low-microbial diet is being prescribed, which substitutes high-risk foods that are more likely to contain human (opportunistic) pathogens with lower-risk alternatives. These neutropenic dietary guidelines are typically set up from a clinical and nutritional perspective, rather than from a food processing and food preservation perspective. In this study, the current guidelines in use by the Ghent University Hospital were evaluated based on the current knowledge of food processing and preservation technologies and the scientific evidence on microbiological quality, safety, and hygiene of processed foods. Three criteria are identified to be important: (1) the microbial contamination level and composition; (2) the potential presence of established foodborne pathogens such as Salmonella spp. (to which a zero-tolerance policy is recommended); and (3) an increased vigilance for L. monocytogenes as an opportunistic foodborne pathogen with a high mortality rate in immunocompromised individuals (to which a zero-tolerance policy should apply). A combination of these three criteria was used as a framework for the evaluation of the suitability of foodstuffs to be included in a low-microbial diet. Differences in processing technologies, initial contamination of products, etc., however, lead to a high degree of variability in microbial contamination and make it difficult to unambiguously accept or reject a certain type of foodstuff without prior knowledge of the ingredients and the processing and preservation technologies applied during manufacturing and subsequent storage conditions. A restricted screening on a selection of (minimally processed) plant-based foodstuffs on the retail market in Flanders, Belgium supported decision-making on the inclusion of these food types in a low-microbial diet. Still, when determining the suitability of a foodstuff to be included in a low-microbial diet, not only the microbiological status but also nutritional and sensorial properties should be assessed, which requires multidisciplinary communication and collaboration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas De Bock
- Research Unit Food Microbiology and Food Preservation, Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Liesbeth Jacxsens
- Research Unit Food Microbiology and Food Preservation, Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Femke Maes
- Center for Pediatric Haemato-Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Svenya Van Meerhaeghe
- Center for Pediatric Haemato-Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Marina Reygaerts
- Center for Thoracic Oncology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Mieke Uyttendaele
- Research Unit Food Microbiology and Food Preservation, Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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4
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Indiarto R, Irawan AN, Subroto E. Meat Irradiation: A Comprehensive Review of Its Impact on Food Quality and Safety. Foods 2023; 12:foods12091845. [PMID: 37174383 PMCID: PMC10178114 DOI: 10.3390/foods12091845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Food irradiation is a proven method commonly used for enhancing the safety and quality of meat. This technology effectively reduces the growth of microorganisms such as viruses, bacteria, and parasites. It also increases the lifespan and quality of products by delaying spoilage and reducing the growth of microorganisms. Irradiation does not affect the sensory characteristics of meats, including color, taste, and texture, as long as the appropriate dose is used. However, its influence on the chemical and nutritional aspects of meat is complex as it can alter amino acids, fatty acids, and vitamins as well as generate free radicals that cause lipid oxidation. Various factors, including irradiation dose, meat type, and storage conditions, influence the impact of these changes. Irradiation can also affect the physical properties of meat, such as tenderness, texture, and water-holding capacity, which is dose-dependent. While low irradiation doses potentially improve tenderness and texture, high doses negatively affect these properties by causing protein denaturation. This research also explores the regulatory and public perception aspects of food irradiation. Although irradiation is authorized and controlled in many countries, its application is controversial and raises concerns among consumers. Food irradiation is reliable for improving meat quality and safety but its implication on the chemical, physical, and nutritional properties of products must be considered when determining the appropriate dosage and usage. Therefore, more research is needed to better comprehend the long-term implications of irradiation on meat and address consumer concerns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossi Indiarto
- Department of Food Industrial Technology, Faculty of Agro-Industrial Technology, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang 45363, Indonesia
| | - Arif Nanda Irawan
- Department of Food Industrial Technology, Faculty of Agro-Industrial Technology, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang 45363, Indonesia
| | - Edy Subroto
- Department of Food Industrial Technology, Faculty of Agro-Industrial Technology, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang 45363, Indonesia
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5
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Yu Q, Liu J, Yang J, Lou Y, Li Y, Zhang M. Postharvest Preservation Technologies for Marine-Capture Shrimp: A Review. FOOD BIOPROCESS TECH 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s11947-023-03049-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
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6
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Zianni R, Mentana A, Campaniello M, Chiappinelli A, Tomaiuolo M, Chiaravalle AE, Marchesani G. An investigation using a validated method based on HS-SPME-GC-MS detection for the determination of 2-dodecylcyclobutanone and 2-tetradecylcyclobutanone in X-ray irradiated dairy products. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2021.112466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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7
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Kontominas MG, Badeka AV, Kosma IS, Nathanailides CI. Innovative Seafood Preservation Technologies: Recent Developments. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:E92. [PMID: 33418992 PMCID: PMC7825328 DOI: 10.3390/ani11010092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Fish and fishery products are among the food commodities of high commercial value, high-quality protein content, vitamins, minerals and unsaturated fatty acids, which are beneficial to health. However, seafood products are highly perishable and thus require proper processing to maintain their quality and safety. On the other hand, consumers, nowadays, demand fresh or fresh-like, minimally processed fishery products that do not alter their natural quality attributes. The present article reviews the results of studies published over the last 15 years in the literature on: (i) the main spoilage mechanisms of seafood including contamination with pathogens and (ii) innovative processing technologies applied for the preservation and shelf life extension of seafood products. These primarily include: high hydrostatic pressure, natural preservatives, ozonation, irradiation, pulse light technology and retort pouch processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael G. Kontominas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece; (A.V.B.); (I.S.K.)
| | - Anastasia V. Badeka
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece; (A.V.B.); (I.S.K.)
| | - Ioanna S. Kosma
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece; (A.V.B.); (I.S.K.)
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8
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Campaniello M, Marchesani G, Zianni R, Tarallo M, Mangiacotti M, Chiaravalle AE. Validation of an alternative method for the identification of 2‐dodecylcyclebutanone (2‐
DCB
) of irradiated meats by solid‐phase microextraction (
SPME
) gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (
GC
‐
MS
). Int J Food Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/ijfs.14353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Campaniello
- Centro di Referenza Nazionale per la Ricerca della Radioattività nel Settore Zootecnico‐Veterinario Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Puglia e della Basilicata Via Manfredonia 20 71121 Foggia Italy
| | - Giuliana Marchesani
- Centro di Referenza Nazionale per la Ricerca della Radioattività nel Settore Zootecnico‐Veterinario Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Puglia e della Basilicata Via Manfredonia 20 71121 Foggia Italy
| | - Rosalia Zianni
- Centro di Referenza Nazionale per la Ricerca della Radioattività nel Settore Zootecnico‐Veterinario Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Puglia e della Basilicata Via Manfredonia 20 71121 Foggia Italy
| | - Marina Tarallo
- Centro di Referenza Nazionale per la Ricerca della Radioattività nel Settore Zootecnico‐Veterinario Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Puglia e della Basilicata Via Manfredonia 20 71121 Foggia Italy
| | - Michele Mangiacotti
- Centro di Referenza Nazionale per la Ricerca della Radioattività nel Settore Zootecnico‐Veterinario Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Puglia e della Basilicata Via Manfredonia 20 71121 Foggia Italy
| | - A. Eugenio Chiaravalle
- Centro di Referenza Nazionale per la Ricerca della Radioattività nel Settore Zootecnico‐Veterinario Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Puglia e della Basilicata Via Manfredonia 20 71121 Foggia Italy
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9
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Toxicological evaluation of 2-dodecylcyclobutanone, a unique radiolytic compound of palmitic acid. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 121:639-647. [PMID: 30268793 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.09.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Revised: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This study was conducted to evaluate the toxic effects and potency of 2-dodecylcyclobutanone (2-dDCB), a unique compound derived from palmitic acid via irradiation. In a series of assays of bacterial reverse-mutation, in vitro chromosomal aberration, and in vivo micronucleus, negative responses were found by the treatment of 2-dDCB comparing vehicle control, dimethyl sulfoxide or corn oil. In the acute oral toxicity test, all of the mice administrated 2-dDCB survived, and there were no clinical and necropsy signs observed at any doses (0, 300, and 2000 mg/kg body weight) during the experimental period of 14 days. These results suggested that 2-dDCB is a relatively non-toxic substance with median lethality dose higher than 2000 mg/kg body weight. Moreover, there were no adverse effects noted in rats orally administrated 2-dDCB everyday via gavage for 28 days, even at the highest dose (2.0 mg/kg body weight/day) tested, which is 1000-times higher than the human daily intake of 2-dDCB estimated through an extreme exposure scenario. Overall, these results indicate that 2-dDCB is not likely to raise any human health concerns and irradiated foods containing palmitic acid can be recognized as safe for human consumption under the current international regulation systems for food irradiation.
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10
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Muanghorn W, Konsue N, Sham H, Othman Z, Mohamed F, Mohd Noor N, Othman N, Mohd Noor Akmal NSS, Ahmad Fauzi N, Packiamuthu Dewaprigam Solomen MM, Abdull Razis AF. Effects of gamma irradiation on tropomyosin allergen, proximate composition and mineral elements in giant freshwater prawn ( Macrobrachium rosenbergii). Journal of Food Science and Technology 2018; 55:1960-1965. [PMID: 29666550 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-018-3104-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Effects of food irradiation on allergen and nutritional composition of giant freshwater prawn are not well documented. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the effects of gamma irradiation on tropomyosin allergen, proximate composition, and mineral elements in Macrobrachium rosenbergii. In this study, prawn was peeled, cut into small pieces, vacuum packaged and gamma irradiated at 0, 5, 7, 10 and 15 kGy with a dose rate of 0.5 kGy/h using cobalt-60 as the source, subsequently determined the level of tropomyosin, proximate composition and mineral elements respectively. The results showed that band density of tropomyosin irradiated at 10 and 15 kGy is markedly decreased. Proximate analysis revealed that moisture, protein, and carbohydrate content were significantly different as compared with non-irradiated prawn. Meanwhile, gamma irradiated M. rosenbergii at 15 kGy was observed to be significantly higher in nickel and zinc than the non-irradiated prawn. The findings provide a new information that food irradiation may affect the tropomyosin allergen, proximate composition and mineral elements of the prawn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wipawan Muanghorn
- 1Food Science Technology Program, School of Agro-Industry, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100 Thailand
| | - Nattaya Konsue
- 1Food Science Technology Program, School of Agro-Industry, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100 Thailand
| | - Hasan Sham
- 2Malaysian Nuclear Agency, 43000 Kajang, Bangi, Malaysia
| | - Zainon Othman
- 2Malaysian Nuclear Agency, 43000 Kajang, Bangi, Malaysia
| | - Faizal Mohamed
- 3Department of Nuclear Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor Malaysia
| | - Noramaliza Mohd Noor
- 4Department of Imaging, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), 43400 Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan Malaysia
| | - Norsyafiqah Othman
- 5Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), 43400 Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan Malaysia
| | | | - Nurulhuda Ahmad Fauzi
- 5Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), 43400 Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan Malaysia
| | | | - Ahmad Faizal Abdull Razis
- 5Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), 43400 Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan Malaysia.,6Laboratory of Molecular Biomedicine, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), 43400 Serdang, Selangor Malaysia.,7Laboratory of Food Safety and Food Integrity, Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), 43400 Serdang, Selangor Malaysia
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11
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Pillai SD, Shayanfar S. Electron Beam Technology and Other Irradiation Technology Applications in the Food Industry. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2016; 375:6. [DOI: 10.1007/s41061-016-0093-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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12
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Irradiation Maintains Functional Components of Dry Hot Peppers (Capsicum annuum L.) under Ambient Storage. Foods 2016; 5:foods5030063. [PMID: 28231158 PMCID: PMC5302406 DOI: 10.3390/foods5030063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Revised: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hot peppers used as natural flavoring and coloring agents are usually irradiated in prepacked form for decontamination. The effects of gamma radiation on the stability of functional components such as capsaicinoids and antioxidant compounds (carotenoids, ascorbic acid and total phenolics) were investigated in hot peppers (Capsicum annuum). Whole dried peppers packed in polyethylene bags were gamma irradiated at 0 (control), 2, 4, and 6 kGy and subsequently stored at 25 °C for 90 days. The irradiation dose did not substantially affect the initial contents of capsaicinoids, ascorbic acid and total phenolics, though the concentration of carotenoids declined by 8% from the control (76.9 mg/100 g) to 6 kGy radiation dose (70.7 mg/100 g). Similarly, during storage for 90 days at ambient temperature the concentrations of capsaicinoids and total phenolics remained fairly stable with mean percent reductions from 3.3% to 4.2%, while the levels of total carotenoids and ascorbic acid significantly (p < 0.05) declined by 12% and 14%, respectively. Overall, neither irradiation nor subsequent ambient storage could appreciably influence the contents of functional components in hot peppers. These results revealed that gamma irradiation up to 6 kGy can be safely used for decontamination to meet the needs for overseas markets without compromising product quality.
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13
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Hazekamp A. Evaluating the Effects of Gamma-Irradiation for Decontamination of Medicinal Cannabis. Front Pharmacol 2016; 7:108. [PMID: 27199751 PMCID: PMC4847121 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2016.00108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In several countries with a National medicinal cannabis program, pharmaceutical regulations specify that herbal cannabis products must adhere to strict safety standards regarding microbial contamination. Treatment by gamma irradiation currently seems the only method available to meet these requirements. We evaluated the effects of irradiation treatment of four different cannabis varieties covering different chemical compositions. Samples were compared before and after standard gamma-irradiation treatment by performing quantitative UPLC analysis of major cannabinoids, as well as qualitative GC analysis of full cannabinoid and terpene profiles. In addition, water content and microscopic appearance of the cannabis flowers was evaluated. This study found that treatment did not cause changes in the content of THC and CBD, generally considered as the most important therapeutically active components of medicinal cannabis. Likewise, the water content and the microscopic structure of the dried cannabis flowers were not altered by standard irradiation protocol in the cannabis varieties studied. The effect of gamma-irradiation was limited to a reduction of some terpenes present in the cannabis, but keeping the terpene profile qualitatively the same. Based on the results presented in this report, gamma irradiation of herbal cannabis remains the recommended method of decontamination, at least until other more generally accepted methods have been developed and validated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arno Hazekamp
- Head of Research and Education, Bedrocan International BV Veendam, Netherlands
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14
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Sato M, Todoriki S, Takahashi T, Hafez E, Takasu C, Uehara H, Yamakage K, Kondo T, Matsumoto K, Furuta M, Izumi K. Modifications of azoxymethane-induced carcinogenesis and 90-day oral toxicities of 2-tetradecylcyclobutanone as a radiolytic product of stearic acid in F344 rats. J Toxicol Pathol 2015; 28:99-107. [PMID: 26028819 PMCID: PMC4444508 DOI: 10.1293/tox.2015-0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A 90-day oral toxicity test in rats was performed to evaluate the toxicity of 2-tetradecylcyclobutanone (2-tDCB), a unique radiolytic product of stearic acid. Six-week-old male and female F344 rats (n=15/group) were given 2-tDCB at concentrations of 0, 12, 60 and 300 ppm in a powder diet for 13 weeks. Slight dose-dependent increases in serum total protein and albumin in male rats were found, but these changes were not considered to be a toxic effect. The fasting, but not non-fasting, blood glucose levels of the male rats in the 300 ppm group and female rats in the 60 and 300 ppm groups were lower than those of the controls. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis showed dose-dependent accumulation of 2-tDCB in adipose tissue, notably in males. Next, we performed an azoxymethane (AOM)-induced two-stage carcinogenesis study. After injection of 6-week-old male F344 rats (n=30/group) once a week for 3 weeks, the animals received 2-tDCB at concentrations of 0, 10, 50 and 250 ppm in a powder diet for 25 weeks. The incidences of colon tumors for the 2-tDCB dosages were 34%, 45%, 40% and 37%, respectively, and were not statistically significant. These data suggest that 2-tDCB shows no toxic or tumor-modifying effects under the present conditions, and that the no-observed-adverse-effect level for 2-tDCB is 300 ppm in both sexes, equivalent to 15.5 mg/kg b.w./day in males and 16.5 mg/kg b.w./day in females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Sato
- Department of Molecular and Environmental Pathology,
Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, 3-18-15
Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Setsuko Todoriki
- Food Safety Division, National Food Research Institute,
2-1-12 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8642, Japan
| | - Tetsuyuki Takahashi
- Department of Molecular and Environmental Pathology,
Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, 3-18-15
Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Ezar Hafez
- Department of Molecular and Environmental Pathology,
Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, 3-18-15
Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Chie Takasu
- Department of Molecular and Environmental Pathology,
Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, 3-18-15
Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Hisanori Uehara
- Department of Molecular and Environmental Pathology,
Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, 3-18-15
Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Kohji Yamakage
- Division of Alternative Toxicology Test, Hatano Research
Institute, Food and Drug Safety Center, 729-5 Ochiai, Hadano, Kanagawa 257-8523,
Japan
| | - Takashi Kondo
- Department of Radiological Sciences, Graduate School of
Medicine and Pharmaceutical Science, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194,
Japan
| | - Kozo Matsumoto
- Department of Animal Medical Sciences, Faculty of Life
Sciences, Kyoto Sangyo University, Motoyama Kamigamo, Kita-ku, Kyoto 603-8555,
Japan
| | - Masakazu Furuta
- Laboratory of Quantum-beam Chemical Biology, Radiation
Research Center, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-2 Gakuen-cho, Sakai, Osaka 599-8570,
Japan
| | - Keisuke Izumi
- Department of Molecular and Environmental Pathology,
Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, 3-18-15
Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
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Process-induced undesirable compounds: Chances of non-thermal approaches. Meat Sci 2014; 98:392-403. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2014.06.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2014] [Revised: 06/21/2014] [Accepted: 06/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Yamakage K, Sui H, Ohta R, Toyoizumi T, Kawakami K, Matsumoto H, Takahashi T, Sasaki K, Ikezumi M, Negishi S, Izumi K, Todoriki S, Takashi K, Furuta M. Genotoxic potential and in vitro tumour-promoting potential of 2-dodecylcyclobutanone and 2-tetradecylcyclobutanone, two radiolytic products of fatty acids. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2014; 770:95-104. [PMID: 25344170 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2014.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2013] [Revised: 03/16/2014] [Accepted: 04/10/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The DNA-damaging and tumour-promoting effects of two 2-alkylcyclobutanones (2-ACBs), which are found in irradiated fat-containing foods, were investigated by use of the comet assay and in an azoxymethane (AOM)-induced colon-carcinogenesis study in rats, respectively. We conducted genotoxicity tests of 2-dodecylcyclobutanone (2-dDCB) and 2-tetradecylcyclobutanone (2-tDCB) according to the test guidelines for chemicals or drugs. In addition, a cell-transformation assay with Bhas 42 cells was performed to investigate their promoting potential in vitro. The Salmonella typhimurium mutagenicity assay (Ames test), conducted with five tester strains, revealed that neither 2-dDCB nor 2-tDCB possessed mutagenic activity. Moreover, both in the in vitro chromosomal aberration test on CHL/IU cells and the in vivo bone-marrow micronucleus test where mice were given 2-dDCB and 2-tDCB (orally, up to 2000 mg/kg bw/day), we did not detect any clastogenic effects. Furthermore, DNA strand-breaks were not detected in the in vitro comet assay with CHL/IU cells, and DNA adducts derived from 2-dDCB and 2-tDCB were not detected in the colon tissues of the mice used for the micronucleus tests, in rats from a repeated dose 90-day oral toxicity test (0.03% 2-tDCB in the diet), or in rats from the AOM-induced carcinogenesis study (0.025% 2-tDCB in the diet). An in vitro tumour-promotion assay with Bhas 42 cells revealed that the number of transformed foci increased significantly following treatment of cells in the stationary phase with 2-dDCB or 2-tDCB for 10 days. Our results indicate that neither 2-dDCB nor 2-tDCB were genotoxic chemicals. However, they exhibited promoting activity, at least in vitro, when Bhas 42 cells were continuously exposed to these chemicals at toxic doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohji Yamakage
- Hatano Research Institute, Food and Drug Safety Center, 729-5 Ochiai, Hadano, Kanagawa 257-8523, Japan.
| | - Hajime Sui
- Hatano Research Institute, Food and Drug Safety Center, 729-5 Ochiai, Hadano, Kanagawa 257-8523, Japan
| | - Ryo Ohta
- Hatano Research Institute, Food and Drug Safety Center, 729-5 Ochiai, Hadano, Kanagawa 257-8523, Japan
| | - Tomoyasu Toyoizumi
- Hatano Research Institute, Food and Drug Safety Center, 729-5 Ochiai, Hadano, Kanagawa 257-8523, Japan
| | - Kumiko Kawakami
- Hatano Research Institute, Food and Drug Safety Center, 729-5 Ochiai, Hadano, Kanagawa 257-8523, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Matsumoto
- Hatano Research Institute, Food and Drug Safety Center, 729-5 Ochiai, Hadano, Kanagawa 257-8523, Japan
| | - Toshitaka Takahashi
- Hatano Research Institute, Food and Drug Safety Center, 729-5 Ochiai, Hadano, Kanagawa 257-8523, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Sasaki
- Hatano Research Institute, Food and Drug Safety Center, 729-5 Ochiai, Hadano, Kanagawa 257-8523, Japan
| | - Mayu Ikezumi
- Hatano Research Institute, Food and Drug Safety Center, 729-5 Ochiai, Hadano, Kanagawa 257-8523, Japan
| | - Saki Negishi
- Hatano Research Institute, Food and Drug Safety Center, 729-5 Ochiai, Hadano, Kanagawa 257-8523, Japan
| | - Keisuke Izumi
- Department of Molecular and Environmental Pathology, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Setsuko Todoriki
- Food Safety Division, National Food Research Institute, 2-1-12 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8642, Japan
| | - Kondo Takashi
- Department of Radiological Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Sugitani 2630, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Masakazu Furuta
- Laboratory of Quantum-Beam Chemistry and Biology, Radiation Research Center, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-2 Gakuen-cho, Sakai, Osaka 599-8570, Japan
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Song BS, Choi SJ, Jin YB, Park JH, Kim JK, Byun EB, Kim JH, Lee JW, Kim GS, Marchioni E. A critical review on toxicological safety of 2-alkylcyclobutanones. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2014.05.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Leung EMK, Tang PNY, Ye Y, Chan W. Analysis of 2-alkylcyclobutanones in cashew nut, nutmeg, apricot kernel, and pine nut samples: re-evaluating the uniqueness of 2-alkylcyclobutanones for irradiated food identification. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2013; 61:9950-9954. [PMID: 24066811 DOI: 10.1021/jf403500j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
2-Alkylcyclobutanones (2-ACBs) have long been considered as unique radiolytic products that can be used as indicators for irradiated food identification. A recent report on the natural existence of 2-ACB in non-irradiated nutmeg and cashew nut samples aroused worldwide concern because it contradicts the general belief that 2-ACBs are specific to irradiated food. The goal of this study is to test the natural existence of 2-ACBs in nut samples using our newly developed liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method with enhanced analytical sensitivity and selectivity ( Ye , Y. ; Liu , H. ; Horvatovich , P. ; Chan , W. Liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometric analysis of 2-alkylcyclobutanones in irradiated chicken by precolumn derivatization with hydroxylamine . J. Agric. Food Chem. 2013 , 61 , 5758 - 5763 ). The validated method was applied to identify 2-dodecylcyclobutanone (2-DCB) and 2-tetradecylcyclobutanone (2-TCB) in nutmeg, cashew nut, pine nut, and apricot kernel samples (n = 22) of different origins. Our study reveals that 2-DCB and 2-TCB either do not exist naturally or exist at concentrations below the detection limit of the existing method. Thus, 2-DCB and 2-TCB are still valid to be used as biomarkers for identifying irradiated food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvis M K Leung
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology , Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
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