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Cattaneo I, Kalian AD, Di Nicola MR, Dujardin B, Levorato S, Mohimont L, Nathanail AV, Carnessechi E, Astuto MC, Tarazona JV, Kass GEN, Liem AKD, Robinson T, Manini P, Hogstrand C, Price PS, Dorne JLCM. Risk Assessment of Combined Exposure to Multiple Chemicals at the European Food Safety Authority: Principles, Guidance Documents, Applications and Future Challenges. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:40. [PMID: 36668860 PMCID: PMC9861867 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15010040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Human health and animal health risk assessment of combined exposure to multiple chemicals use the same steps as single-substance risk assessment, namely problem formulation, exposure assessment, hazard assessment and risk characterisation. The main unique feature of combined RA is the assessment of combined exposure, toxicity and risk. Recently, the Scientific Committee of the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) published two relevant guidance documents. The first one "Harmonised methodologies for the human health, animal health and ecological risk assessment of combined exposure to multiple chemicals" provides principles and explores methodologies for all steps of risk assessment together with a reporting table. This guidance supports also the default assumption that dose addition is applied for combined toxicity of the chemicals unless evidence for response addition or interactions (antagonism or synergism) is available. The second guidance document provides an account of the scientific criteria to group chemicals in assessment groups using hazard-driven criteria and prioritisation methods, i.e., exposure-driven and risk-based approaches. This manuscript describes such principles, provides a brief description of EFSA's guidance documents, examples of applications in the human health and animal health area and concludes with a discussion on future challenges in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Cattaneo
- Methodology and Scientific Support Unit, European Food Safety Authority, Via Carlo Magno 1A, 43216 Parma, Italy
| | - Alexander D. Kalian
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King’s College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, London SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Matteo R. Di Nicola
- Unit of Dermatology, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Via Olgettin 60, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Bruno Dujardin
- Methodology and Scientific Support Unit, European Food Safety Authority, Via Carlo Magno 1A, 43216 Parma, Italy
| | - Sara Levorato
- Methodology and Scientific Support Unit, European Food Safety Authority, Via Carlo Magno 1A, 43216 Parma, Italy
| | - Luc Mohimont
- Plant Health and Pesticide Residues Unit, European Food Safety Authority, Via Carlo Magno 1A, 43216 Parma, Italy
| | - Alexis V. Nathanail
- Methodology and Scientific Support Unit, European Food Safety Authority, Via Carlo Magno 1A, 43216 Parma, Italy
| | - Edoardo Carnessechi
- iDATA Unit, European Food Safety Authority, Via Carlo Magno 1A, 43216 Parma, Italy
| | - Maria Chiara Astuto
- Methodology and Scientific Support Unit, European Food Safety Authority, Via Carlo Magno 1A, 43216 Parma, Italy
| | - Jose V. Tarazona
- Methodology and Scientific Support Unit, European Food Safety Authority, Via Carlo Magno 1A, 43216 Parma, Italy
| | - George E. N. Kass
- Chief Scientist Office, European Food Safety Authority, Via Carlo Magno 1A, 43216 Parma, Italy
| | - Antoine K. Djien Liem
- Methodology and Scientific Support Unit, European Food Safety Authority, Via Carlo Magno 1A, 43216 Parma, Italy
| | - Tobin Robinson
- Plant Health and Pesticide Residues Unit, European Food Safety Authority, Via Carlo Magno 1A, 43216 Parma, Italy
| | - Paola Manini
- Feed and Contaminants Unit, European Food Safety Authority, Via Carlo Magno 1A, 43216 Parma, Italy
| | - Christer Hogstrand
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King’s College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, London SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Paul S. Price
- Retired United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA), 6408 Hoover Trail Road S.W., Cedar Rapids, IA 52404, USA
| | - Jean Lou C. M. Dorne
- Methodology and Scientific Support Unit, European Food Safety Authority, Via Carlo Magno 1A, 43216 Parma, Italy
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Advantageous Combinations of Nanoencapsulated Oregano Oil with Selected Antibiotics for Skin Treatment. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14122773. [PMID: 36559267 PMCID: PMC9780814 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14122773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of combinations between encapsulated oregano oil and the most commonly applied antibiotics (ciprofloxacin or gentamicin) against skin infections. In particular, chitosan-alginate nanoparticles loaded with oregano oil and the selected antibiotics were included in methylcellulose hydrogels. Consistency, spreadability, pH of the hydrogel and in vitro release rate of the oil were considered appropriate for topical application. The combination of encapsulated oil and gentamicin in the hydrogel resulted in a synergistic effect against methicillin-sensitive (MSSA) and methicillin-resistant (MRSA) Staphylococcus aureus strains. It was expressed in a fourfold reduction in the effective concentration of gentamicin and 98% inhibition of the bacterial metabolic activity. When ciprofloxacin was included in the combination instead of gentamicin, an additive effect with a two-fold decrease in the effective drug concentration and a 96% reduction in the bacterial metabolic activity were observed. Both combinations significantly inhibited the formation of MRSA biofilm by more than 90% when applied. In vivo application of the hydrogel containing the synergistic combination between the encapsulated oil and gentamicin did not induce irritation of the rabbit skin.
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Liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis of carvacrol in chicken tissues. J Vet Res 2022; 66:225-233. [PMID: 35892098 PMCID: PMC9281527 DOI: 10.2478/jvetres-2022-0028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Carvacrol is an essential oil derived from oregano that is used as a natural additive to improve the efficiency of livestock nutrition. Residues of natural additives such as carvacrol should be monitored in food of animal origin to ensure consumer safety. The aim of this study was to appraise the quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged and safe (QuEChERS) approach coupled with liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry as a means of carvacrol analysis in chicken tissue. Material and Methods A 5 ± 0.05 g portion of plasma, lung, muscle and liver was mixed for 15 min with 5 mL of 1-butanol and 20 mL of water, then centrifuged. A 0.5 mL volume from the top layer was transferred, then 60 mg of octadecylsilane sorbent, 30 mg of primary and secondary amine and 200 mg of MgSO4 were added. The extract was mixed and centrifuged. The top layer was filtered and then transferred to an autosampler vial for analysis by high-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Results The limit of detection was calculated at 0.06 μg g−1 and the limit of quantification was 0.2 μg g−1, with relative standard deviation repeatability and reproducibility below <20%. Conclusion The validation results showed that this method could be a good alternative to determination of carvacrol by gas chromatography and is suitable for carvacrol analysis in different matrices.
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Mariotti M, Lombardini G, Rizzo S, Scarafile D, Modesto M, Truzzi E, Benvenuti S, Elmi A, Bertocchi M, Fiorentini L, Gambi L, Scozzoli M, Mattarelli P. Potential Applications of Essential Oils for Environmental Sanitization and Antimicrobial Treatment of Intensive Livestock Infections. Microorganisms 2022; 10:822. [PMID: 35456873 PMCID: PMC9029798 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10040822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The extensive use of antibiotics has contributed to the current antibiotic resistance crisis. Livestock infections of Salmonella spp, Clostridium spp. and E. coli antimicrobial-resistant bacteria represent a public threat to human and animal health. To reduce the incidence of these zoonoses, essential oils (EOs) could be effective antibiotic alternatives. This study aims at identifying EOs safe for use, effective both in complementary therapy and in the environmental sanitization of intensive farming. Natural products were chemo-characterized by gas chromatography. Three S. Typhimurium, three C. perfringens and four E. coli strains isolated from poultry and swine farms were used to assess the antimicrobial properties of nine EOs and a modified GR-OLI (mGR-OLI). The toxicity of the most effective ones (Cinnamomum zeylanicum, Cz; Origanum vulgare, Ov) was also evaluated on porcine spermatozoa and Galleria mellonella larvae. Cz, Ov and mGR-OLI showed the strongest antimicrobial activity; their volatile components were also able to significantly inhibit the growth of tested strains. In vitro, Ov toxicity was slightly lower than Cz, while it showed no toxicity on G. mellonella larvae. In conclusion, the study confirms the importance of evaluating natural products to consolidate the idea of safe EO applications in reducing and preventing intensive livestock infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melinda Mariotti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biotecnologiche di Base, Cliniche Intensivologiche e Perioperatorie, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo A. Gemelli 8, 00168 Rome, Italy; (G.L.); (S.R.)
| | - Giulia Lombardini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biotecnologiche di Base, Cliniche Intensivologiche e Perioperatorie, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo A. Gemelli 8, 00168 Rome, Italy; (G.L.); (S.R.)
| | - Silvia Rizzo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biotecnologiche di Base, Cliniche Intensivologiche e Perioperatorie, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo A. Gemelli 8, 00168 Rome, Italy; (G.L.); (S.R.)
| | - Donatella Scarafile
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Agro-Alimentari, Università di Bologna, Viale G. Fanin 42, 40127 Bologna, Italy; (D.S.); (M.M.); (P.M.)
| | - Monica Modesto
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Agro-Alimentari, Università di Bologna, Viale G. Fanin 42, 40127 Bologna, Italy; (D.S.); (M.M.); (P.M.)
| | - Eleonora Truzzi
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Via G. Campi 103, 41125 Modena, Italy; (E.T.); (S.B.)
| | - Stefania Benvenuti
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Via G. Campi 103, 41125 Modena, Italy; (E.T.); (S.B.)
| | - Alberto Elmi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Veterinarie, Università di Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, Ozzano dell’Emilia, 40064 Bologna, Italy; (A.E.); (M.B.)
| | - Martina Bertocchi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Veterinarie, Università di Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, Ozzano dell’Emilia, 40064 Bologna, Italy; (A.E.); (M.B.)
| | - Laura Fiorentini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna (IZSLER)—Sede Territoriale di Forlì, Via Don Eugenio Servadei 3E/3F, 47122 Forlì, Italy; (L.F.); (L.G.)
| | - Lorenzo Gambi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna (IZSLER)—Sede Territoriale di Forlì, Via Don Eugenio Servadei 3E/3F, 47122 Forlì, Italy; (L.F.); (L.G.)
| | - Maurizio Scozzoli
- Società Italiana per la Ricerca sugli Oli Essenziali (SIROE), Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy;
| | - Paola Mattarelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Agro-Alimentari, Università di Bologna, Viale G. Fanin 42, 40127 Bologna, Italy; (D.S.); (M.M.); (P.M.)
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Yoncheva K, Benbassat N, Zaharieva MM, Dimitrova L, Kroumov A, Spassova I, Kovacheva D, Najdenski HM. Improvement of the Antimicrobial Activity of Oregano Oil by Encapsulation in Chitosan-Alginate Nanoparticles. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26227017. [PMID: 34834109 PMCID: PMC8623404 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26227017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Oregano oil (OrO) possesses well-pronounced antimicrobial properties but its application is limited due to low water solubility and possible instability. The aim of this study was to evaluate the possibility to incorporate OrO in an aqueous dispersion of chitosan—alginate nanoparticles and how this will affect its antimicrobial activity. The encapsulation of OrO was performed by emulsification and consequent electrostatic gelation of both polysaccharides. OrO-loaded nanoparticles (OrO-NP) have small size (320 nm) and negative charge (−25 mV). The data from FTIR spectroscopy and XRD analyses reveal successful encapsulation of the oil into the nanoparticles. The results of thermogravimetry suggest improved thermal stability of the encapsulated oil. The minimal inhibitory concentrations of OrO-NP determined on a panel of Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogens (ISO 20776-1:2006) are 4–32-fold lower than those of OrO. OrO-NP inhibit the respiratory activity of the bacteria (MTT assay) to a lower extent than OrO; however, the minimal bactericidal concentrations still remain significantly lower. OrO-NP exhibit significantly lower in vitro cytotoxicity than pure OrO on the HaCaT cell line as determined by ISO 10993-5:2009. The irritation test (ISO 10993-10) shows no signs of irritation or edema on the application site. In conclusion, the nanodelivery system of oregano oil possesses strong antimicrobial activity and is promising for development of food additives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krassimira Yoncheva
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Sofia, 1000 Sofia, Bulgaria; (K.Y.); (N.B.)
| | - Niko Benbassat
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Sofia, 1000 Sofia, Bulgaria; (K.Y.); (N.B.)
| | - Maya M. Zaharieva
- The Stephan Angeloff Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria; (M.M.Z.); (L.D.); (A.K.)
| | - Lyudmila Dimitrova
- The Stephan Angeloff Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria; (M.M.Z.); (L.D.); (A.K.)
| | - Alexander Kroumov
- The Stephan Angeloff Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria; (M.M.Z.); (L.D.); (A.K.)
| | - Ivanka Spassova
- Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria; (I.S.); (D.K.)
| | - Daniela Kovacheva
- Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria; (I.S.); (D.K.)
| | - Hristo M. Najdenski
- The Stephan Angeloff Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria; (M.M.Z.); (L.D.); (A.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +359-2-979-3161
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Di Vito M, Cacaci M, Barbanti L, Martini C, Sanguinetti M, Benvenuti S, Tosi G, Fiorentini L, Scozzoli M, Bugli F, Mattarelli P. Origanum vulgare Essential Oil vs. a Commercial Mixture of Essential Oils: In Vitro Effectiveness on Salmonella spp. from Poultry and Swine Intensive Livestock. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:antibiotics9110763. [PMID: 33142685 PMCID: PMC7693145 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9110763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella spp. represent a public health concern for humans and animals due to the increase of antibiotic resistances. In this scenario, the use of essential oils (EOs) could be a valid tool against Salmonella contamination of meat. This work compares the in vitro effectiveness of an Italian mixture of feed additives based on EOs (GR-OLI) with EO of Origanum vulgare L., recently admitted by European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) for animal use. Twenty-nine Salmonella serotypes isolated from poultry and pig farms were used to assess GR-OLI and O. vulgare EO antimicrobial propeties. O. vulgare EO was active on the disaggregation of mature biofilm, while GR-OLI was capable of inhibiting biofilm formation and disaggregating preformed biofilm. Furthermore, GR-OLI inhibited bacterial adhesion to Caco-2 cells in a dose-dependent manner. Both products showed inhibition of bacterial growth at all time points tested. Finally, the synergistic action of GR-OLI with commonly used antibiotics against resistant strains was investigated. In conclusion, the mixture could be used both to reduce the meat contamination of Salmonella spp. before slaughter, and in synergy with low doses of ciprofloxacin against resistant strains. Although EOs as feed additives are already used in animal husbandry, no scientific study has ever highlighted their real antimicrobial potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maura Di Vito
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Agro-Alimentari, Università di Bologna, Viale G. Fanin 42, 40127 Bologna, Italy; (M.D.V.); (L.B.); (P.M.)
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biotecnologiche di Base, Cliniche Intensivologiche e Perioperatorie, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo A. Gemelli 8, 00168 Rome, Italy; (M.C.); (C.M.); (F.B.)
| | - Margherita Cacaci
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biotecnologiche di Base, Cliniche Intensivologiche e Perioperatorie, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo A. Gemelli 8, 00168 Rome, Italy; (M.C.); (C.M.); (F.B.)
- Dipartimento di Scienze di Laboratorio e Infettivologiche, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Largo A. Gemelli 8, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Barbanti
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Agro-Alimentari, Università di Bologna, Viale G. Fanin 42, 40127 Bologna, Italy; (M.D.V.); (L.B.); (P.M.)
| | - Cecilia Martini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biotecnologiche di Base, Cliniche Intensivologiche e Perioperatorie, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo A. Gemelli 8, 00168 Rome, Italy; (M.C.); (C.M.); (F.B.)
| | - Maurizio Sanguinetti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biotecnologiche di Base, Cliniche Intensivologiche e Perioperatorie, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo A. Gemelli 8, 00168 Rome, Italy; (M.C.); (C.M.); (F.B.)
- Dipartimento di Scienze di Laboratorio e Infettivologiche, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Largo A. Gemelli 8, 00168 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-063-015-4218; Fax: +39-063-051-152
| | - Stefania Benvenuti
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Via G. Campi 103, 41125 Modena, Italy;
| | - Giovanni Tosi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia-Romagna “Bruno Ubertini”, Sede Territoriale di Forlì, Via Don E. Servadei 3E/3F, 47122 Forlì, Italy; (G.T.); (L.F.)
| | - Laura Fiorentini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia-Romagna “Bruno Ubertini”, Sede Territoriale di Forlì, Via Don E. Servadei 3E/3F, 47122 Forlì, Italy; (G.T.); (L.F.)
| | - Maurizio Scozzoli
- Società Italiana per la Ricerca sugli Oli Essenziali (SIROE), Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy;
| | - Francesca Bugli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biotecnologiche di Base, Cliniche Intensivologiche e Perioperatorie, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo A. Gemelli 8, 00168 Rome, Italy; (M.C.); (C.M.); (F.B.)
- Dipartimento di Scienze di Laboratorio e Infettivologiche, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Largo A. Gemelli 8, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Mattarelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Agro-Alimentari, Università di Bologna, Viale G. Fanin 42, 40127 Bologna, Italy; (M.D.V.); (L.B.); (P.M.)
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Bampidis V, Azimonti G, de Lourdes Bastos M, Christensen H, Dusemund B, Kos Durjava M, Kouba M, López‐Alonso M, López Puente S, Marcon F, Mayo B, Pechová A, Petkova M, Ramos F, Sanz Y, Villa RE, Woutersen R, Finizio A, Focks A, Teodorovic I, Gropp J, Mantovani A, López‐Gálvez G. Safety and efficacy of Nimicoat ® (carvacrol) as a zootechnical additive for weaned piglets. EFSA J 2020; 18:e06070. [PMID: 32874282 PMCID: PMC7448059 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2020.6070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Following a request from the European Commission, the Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the safety and efficacy Nimicoat® (carvacrol), as a zootechnical additive for weaned piglets. The additive is composed by carvacrol (≥ 40 %) as an active substance encapsulated with high-melting lipids. Nimicoat® is intended to be used in feed for weaned piglets at a minimum recommended dose of 250 mg/kg complete feed and at a maximum recommended dose of 1,000 mg/kg complete feed corresponding to a minimum and maximum of 100 and 400 mg carvacrol/kg complete feed, respectively. Based on a tolerance study, the FEEDAP Panel concluded that the use of Nimicoat® in feed for weaned piglet at the maximum recommended dose of 1,000 mg/kg feed is safe for the target animal; however, a precise figure for the margin of safety cannot be defined. Nimicoat® used in feed for weaned piglets at the maximum recommended concentration does not pose a safety concern for consumers. The additive is corrosive to eyes, skin and the respiratory mucosae. Concerning safety for the environment a Phase II was required; taking into consideration the data provided, the FEEDAP Panel concluded that the additive does not pose any risk to the terrestrial and aquatic compartments and that bioaccumulation potential for carvacrol is low and risk for secondary poisoning for worm/fish eating birds and mammals is not likely to occur. Only one study positively supporting efficacy of the additive was available; therefore, the FEEDAP Panel is not in a position to conclude on the efficacy of Nimicoat®.
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