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Cattaneo I, Kalian AD, Di Nicola MR, Dujardin B, Levorato S, Mohimont L, Nathanail AV, Carnessechi E, Astuto MC, Tarazona JV, Kass GEN, Liem AKD, Robinson T, Manini P, Hogstrand C, Price PS, Dorne JLCM. Risk Assessment of Combined Exposure to Multiple Chemicals at the European Food Safety Authority: Principles, Guidance Documents, Applications and Future Challenges. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:40. [PMID: 36668860 PMCID: PMC9861867 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15010040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Human health and animal health risk assessment of combined exposure to multiple chemicals use the same steps as single-substance risk assessment, namely problem formulation, exposure assessment, hazard assessment and risk characterisation. The main unique feature of combined RA is the assessment of combined exposure, toxicity and risk. Recently, the Scientific Committee of the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) published two relevant guidance documents. The first one "Harmonised methodologies for the human health, animal health and ecological risk assessment of combined exposure to multiple chemicals" provides principles and explores methodologies for all steps of risk assessment together with a reporting table. This guidance supports also the default assumption that dose addition is applied for combined toxicity of the chemicals unless evidence for response addition or interactions (antagonism or synergism) is available. The second guidance document provides an account of the scientific criteria to group chemicals in assessment groups using hazard-driven criteria and prioritisation methods, i.e., exposure-driven and risk-based approaches. This manuscript describes such principles, provides a brief description of EFSA's guidance documents, examples of applications in the human health and animal health area and concludes with a discussion on future challenges in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Cattaneo
- Methodology and Scientific Support Unit, European Food Safety Authority, Via Carlo Magno 1A, 43216 Parma, Italy
| | - Alexander D. Kalian
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King’s College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, London SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Matteo R. Di Nicola
- Unit of Dermatology, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Via Olgettin 60, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Bruno Dujardin
- Methodology and Scientific Support Unit, European Food Safety Authority, Via Carlo Magno 1A, 43216 Parma, Italy
| | - Sara Levorato
- Methodology and Scientific Support Unit, European Food Safety Authority, Via Carlo Magno 1A, 43216 Parma, Italy
| | - Luc Mohimont
- Plant Health and Pesticide Residues Unit, European Food Safety Authority, Via Carlo Magno 1A, 43216 Parma, Italy
| | - Alexis V. Nathanail
- Methodology and Scientific Support Unit, European Food Safety Authority, Via Carlo Magno 1A, 43216 Parma, Italy
| | - Edoardo Carnessechi
- iDATA Unit, European Food Safety Authority, Via Carlo Magno 1A, 43216 Parma, Italy
| | - Maria Chiara Astuto
- Methodology and Scientific Support Unit, European Food Safety Authority, Via Carlo Magno 1A, 43216 Parma, Italy
| | - Jose V. Tarazona
- Methodology and Scientific Support Unit, European Food Safety Authority, Via Carlo Magno 1A, 43216 Parma, Italy
| | - George E. N. Kass
- Chief Scientist Office, European Food Safety Authority, Via Carlo Magno 1A, 43216 Parma, Italy
| | - Antoine K. Djien Liem
- Methodology and Scientific Support Unit, European Food Safety Authority, Via Carlo Magno 1A, 43216 Parma, Italy
| | - Tobin Robinson
- Plant Health and Pesticide Residues Unit, European Food Safety Authority, Via Carlo Magno 1A, 43216 Parma, Italy
| | - Paola Manini
- Feed and Contaminants Unit, European Food Safety Authority, Via Carlo Magno 1A, 43216 Parma, Italy
| | - Christer Hogstrand
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King’s College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, London SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Paul S. Price
- Retired United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA), 6408 Hoover Trail Road S.W., Cedar Rapids, IA 52404, USA
| | - Jean Lou C. M. Dorne
- Methodology and Scientific Support Unit, European Food Safety Authority, Via Carlo Magno 1A, 43216 Parma, Italy
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Bampidis V, Azimonti G, Bastos MDL, Christensen H, Fašmon Durjava M, Kouba M, López‐Alonso M, López Puente S, Marcon F, Mayo B, Pechová A, Petkova M, Ramos F, Sanz Y, Villa RE, Woutersen R, Brantom P, Chesson A, Westendorf J, Manini P, Pizzo F, Dusemund B. Safety and efficacy of a feed additive consisting of a flavonoid-rich dried extract of Citrus × aurantium L. fruit (bitter orange extract) for use in all animal species (FEFANA asbl). EFSA J 2021; 19:e06709. [PMID: 34335921 PMCID: PMC8314171 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2021.6709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the safety and efficacy of a dried flavonoid-rich extract of Citrus × aurantium L. fruit (bitter orange extract), when used as a sensory additive for all animal species. The use of the additive in feed was not expected to increase the exposure to furocoumarins of those target species that are already fed citrus by-products to a relevant extent (< 5%). For dog, cat and ornamental fish, not normally exposed to citrus by-products, no conclusion could be drawn. The FEEDAP Panel concluded that the additive under assessment is safe up to the maximum proposed use level of 400 mg/kg for veal calf (milk replacer), sheep, goat, horse and salmon. For the other species, the calculated maximum safe concentration in complete feed is 102 mg/kg for chicken for fattening, 151 mg/kg for laying hen, 136 mg/kg for turkey for fattening, 182 mg/kg for piglet, 217 mg/kg for pig for fattening, 268 mg/kg for sow, 259 mg/kg for dairy cow and 161 mg/kg for rabbit. The FEEDAP Panel considered that the use in water for drinking is safe provided that the total daily intake of the additive does not exceed the daily amount that is considered safe when consumed via feed, except dog, cat and ornamental fish. No concerns for consumer safety were identified following the use of the additive up to highest safe level in feed for the target animals. The extract under assessment should be considered as irritant to skin, eyes and the respiratory tract, and as a skin sensitiser. Since the additive contains 5-methoxypsoralen, it may cause phototoxicity. The use of the extract in animal feed under the proposed conditions was not expected to pose a risk for the environment. Bitter orange extract was recognised to flavour food. Since its function in feed would be essentially the same as that in food, no further demonstration of efficacy was considered necessary.
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